Objl Act.

Verbl

Difflevel

The neurohypophysis stores and releases

a)

iH

b) prolactin c) qxytocin d) luteotrophic 2 NeurohyPOphysis is a derivative of a) Ihedulla b) spinal cord c) oerebrum d) llypothalamus Cavities!of the brain are called a) ~uricles b) ventricles c) coelom d) lumens Excessive production of 8TH during childhood causes a) acromegaly b) Addison's disease c) gigantism d) cretinism Pons varoli connects a) brain with spinal cord b) c~rebrum with cerebellum c) two lobes of cerebellum d) two cerebral hemispheres Match tl1efollowing hormones given in the column I, with their functions in column II Column I Column II i. 8orn,atotrophichormone p. stimulate milk products ii. Lute~nizing hormone q. stimulate growth Hi. Luteotrophic hormone (LTH) r. stimulates melanin pigment iv. Mel~ocyte stimulating t. stimulates gonads hOrlnone

K Recalls Easy

K Recognizes

Easy

K Recalls

Easy

K Recalls

Easy

K Recalls

Easy

U Correlates Difficult

a) b) c) d)

i - q, i-p, i-q, i - r,

ii - s, ii-q, ii-r, ii - s,

iii - p, iv - r iii-r, iv-s iii-s, iv-p iii - p , iv - q

K Recalls Easy

Total number of cranial nerves in human beings is a) 12 pairs b) 10 pairs c) 20 pairs d) 6 pairs Match the following parts of human brain listed under colU:ffiIlI, with functions given under column II,

ColumnI
a. Cerebral hemisphere b. Thalamus c. Cerebellum d. Medulla oblongata a) a-r, b) a=r c) a=s d) a=r, 9. Visual a) b) c) d) Which a) b) c) d) b=q c=p d=s b=s, c= q, d=t b-p c=q, d=r b=p c-q, d-s area is located in frontal lobe temporal to be parietal lobe occipital lobe

ColumnII
p. relaying sensory impulse q. posture and balance r. cardiac + respiratory centre s. voluntary control- intelligen~e hearing, speech etc.

A Correlates Average

K Recalls Easy

10

one of the following is a part of human brain? corpora allata corpora bigemina corpus quadrigemina corporia adiposae

K Recognises Easy

11

Huntington's Chorea is a disease that a) affects kidneys b) is common to Koreans c) leads to gradual degeneration of vision d) leads gradual degeneration of ne",ous system Choroid plexus is a network of a) nerves b) muscle fibres c) blood capillaries d) lymph capillaries

K Recalls Easy

12

K Recognises Difficult

Match the parts listed in Column I with the names of organs listed in Column II.

U
Recognises Average

Column I
i) bicu~pid valve ii) neplIFon iii) alveoli iv) cerebrum a) i -r, ii - q, iii - p, iv - s b) i - q, ii - p, iii - s, iv - r c) i -r, ii - s, iii - q, iv - P d) i- r, ii - q, iii - p, iv - s

Column II
p) q) r) s) brain lungs heart kidney

Example for hallucinogenic drug is a) qeroin b) I1lorphine c) ocaine d) lysergic acid diethyl amide In humap. beings the number of pairs of spinal nerves are a) 31 pairs b) 12 pairs c) 10 pairs d) 16 pairs Lateral a) b) c) d) Dorsal a) b) c) d) ACTH a) b) c) d) ventricles are present in cerebrum cerebellum medulla oblongata spinal cord rOot of spinal nerve is sensory nerve motor nerve mixed nerve cranial nerve i~ secreted by ~enal gland ~ituitary gland thyroid gland islets of Langerhans

K Recognises Easy

K Recalls Average

K Recalls Easy

K Recalls Average

K Recalls Easy

Which ~ of the brain is involved in loss of body equilibrium due to intoxi~ation by alcohol? a) c;erebrum b) Cerebellum c) Medulla oblongata d) Olfactory lobe

U Recognises Average

20

Substance produced in the blood of a host in response to an infection or entry of foreign substance a) antigen b) hormone c) plasma d) antibody a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) Transport of glucose into villi Diffusion of 02 across alveolar surface Maintenance of constant body temperature Passage of nerve impulses vas defrens oviduct ureter uriniferous tubules

u
Identifies Average

21 Which process doest not require cellular energy?

A Analyses Difficult

22 Nephrectomy refers to removal of

K Recalls Difficult

23

When cells of liver are dysfunctional, the disease caused is a) jaundice b) ulcer c) diabetes d) cyanosis a) b) c) d) fust generation second generation third generation both first and second generation

U Identifies Average

24 Purest and high potency vaccines are of

K Recalls Average

25

Symbiotic micro organisms present in the colon produce a) vitamin B complex b) vitamin B Complex c) vitamin D and vitamin B d) vitamin K and vitamin B complex

K Recalls Average

26 Largest immunoglobulin is
a) b) c) d) Ig A IgE Ig I IgM

K Recognises Average

The eveJ;1t which initiates blood clotting is a) production of enzyme thrombin b) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin c) ~xcess flow of blood through capillaries d) contact with a platelet plug The traIlsport of C02 in blood is mostly in the form of a) gas b) ~arbonic acid c) ~icarbonate d) oxy haemoglobin In which of the two body organs does re-absorption of water take place? a) qolon and kidneys b) IPdney and liver c) kidney and gall bladder d) liver and duodenum During inspiration (inhalation) what happens to the diaphragm and ribcage1
Diaphragm Ribeage

U Identifies Average

U Identifies Average

U Identifies Average

a b c d

becomes flatter becomes flatter becomes more curved becomes more curved

downwards, inwards outwards, upwards downwards, inwards outwards, upwards

U Establishes relationship Average

The major homeostatic regulating mechanism is a) autonomic b) under conscious control c) iequires only positive feed back d) self limiting Which qne of the following statement is true ? a) T lymphocytes are antibody mediated, B lymphocytes are cell mediated. b) "$othT and B lymphocytes are cell mediated c) B lymphocytes are cell mediated and T lymphocytes are ~tibody mediated d) Both T and B lymphocytes are antibody mediated The function of villi in the ileum of small intestine is to a) absorb amino acids b) carry blood c) transport fat d) absorb carbohydrate

U Recognises Difficult

U Identifies Average

K Recalls Easy

34

Which part of the brain controls the breathing rate? a) Cerebrum b) Cerebellwn c) Medulla oblongata d) Spinal cord Hwnan excretory system has four parts which are listed below: 1. Urethra, 2. Bladder, 3. Kidney, 4. Ureter The correct order in which waste passes through them is a) 1,2,3,4 b) 1,4,3,2 c) 2,1,34 d) 3,4,2, 1 Which secretion released into alimentary canal speeds up fat digestion? a) Bile b) Intestinaljuice c) Pancreatic juice d) Saliva Blood from the heart is carried to lungs by a) pulmonary artery b) pulmonary vein c) aorta d) superior vena cava Find the odd one out a) Angiology b) Cardiology c) Haematology d) Nephrology Crossing of air and food that occurs in the mouth cavity is ~alled a) pharyngial charsma b) optic charsma c) synopsis d) oral charsma In a nephron, the inner surface of Bowman's capsule is lined by a) polocyte b) polar cells c) podocytes d) epitheliwn The correct pathway of systemic circulation is a) lungs -left atriwn - left ventricle -aorta- arterial system b) lungs -left atriwn - right ventricle - arterial system - lejft

K Recalls Easy

35

A Analyses Difficult

36

u
Distinguishes Difficult

37

K Recognises Average

38

U Identifies Difficult

39

K Recalls Average

40

A Analyses Difficult

41

U Identifies Average

ventricle c) lungs- right atrium -left atrium - aorta -left ventricle - arterial system-left auricle d) lungs -left ventricle- venous system - right atrium -aorta-left atrium -arterial system

42

Bile canibe prevented to pass into duodenum by a) ardiac sphincter b) bicuspid valve c) ~yloric valve d) sphincter of Boyden

K Recognises Difficult

43 The movement of food along the alimentary canal is by

a) b) c) d) ingestion peristalsis egestion autolysis

K Recalls Easy

44

The liver lobes are separated by a) cardiac sphincter b) diaphragm c) lpmbar ligament d) (alsiform ligament The bacterium which causes peptic ulcers is a) s,treptococcus pyrogenes b) Helicobacter pylori c) .Mycobacterium bovis d) Leptospira interrogans

K Recalls Easy

45

K Recalls Average

46 Epiglott~s is meant for preventing

a) b) c) d) ~ntry ~ntry entry entry of of of of food into stomach food into larynx air into oesophagus food into nasal chamber

K Recalls Average

47 Narrowing of lumen of artery due to deposition of fats is called

a) b) c) d) atherosclerosis thrombosis arteriosclerosis q:tyocardial infarction

K Recalls E/!.sy

48

Which has the thickest wall? a) left auricle b) right auricle c) left ventricle d) right ventricle

K Recalls Easy

49

Damage of cerebellum leads to 10ss of posture. Why?

K Gives reason Easy K Gives reason Easy K Gives reason Easy K Gives reason Average K Gives reason Easy K Gives reason Easy K Gives reason Easy K Gives reason Easy K Gives reason Easy K Give reasons Difficult K Gives reason Difficult K Recalls Easy K Names Easy K Dermes Easy

50 51

Why narcotic drugs are called psychedelic agents? How is epilepsy caused?

52

Why stimulated drugs are called "Superman" drugs?

53

LH in males is called ICSH. Why?

54

What happens when of ADH decreases?

55

.Pituitary gland is called master gland. Why?

56

An oxytocin injection is administered to a pregnant women during parturition. Why? Cerebrum is well developed in man when compared to other animals. Why?
I

57

58

An injury to the cerebrum can lead to loss of muscular movements. Why?

59. What does over-secretion of thyroxine lead to?

60. What is corpora quadrigemina?

61. Name the structure that forms the floor of cerebral hemisphere

62. What is meant by hallucinogen?

63.

Name the bony case that protects the brain?

K Recalls Easy K Names Easy K Defines Easy K Recalls Easy K Recalls Easy K Recalls Average K Recalls Easy K Recalls Easy K Names Difficult K Recalls Easy K Names Easy K Recalls Easy K Recalls Easy

64.

Name the pituitary hormone that causes ovulation.

65.

What is reflex action?

66.

Name the membrane covering of CNS.

67.

What are ventricles of brain?

68.

Which structure of brain secretes CSF?

69.

Which part of the CNS is enclosed in the vertebral column ?

70.

Expand GABA.

71.

Name the structUre that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

72.

What is' Foramen Magnum?

73.

Inadeq~te production of which neurotransmitter causes Parkinson's disease? What at'e opiates?

74.

75

Name the two important glands which help in maintenance of blood glucose level.

76

Name the pancreatic hormone that acts as hyperglycemic factor.

K Recalls Easy

77

What is milieu interior?

K Recalls Average K Recalls Easy U Distinguishes Average K Recalls Easy U Gives reason Difficult K Recalls Easy K Recalls Difficult U Explains Difficult K Recalls Average U Recalls Average K Recalls Average K Recalls Difficult K Mentions Easy U Explains Average

78

Name the cells which secrete insulin.

79

Mention two differences between IDDM and NIDDM?

80

Name the antibacterial agent present in our saliva.

81

Why only attenuated pathogens are used for vaccine?

82

Expand ECG.

83

Name the most abundant phagocyte cell in our body.

84

How is colostrum beneficial to infants?

85

What is epitome?

86

Mention the various types of T cells.

87

What is autoimmune disease? Give two examples.

88

Mention any four classes of immuno-globulins.

89

Mention the two types of protein chains present in an antibody molecule. How is haemolytic jaundice caused in infants ?

90

U
Recognizes Easy K Recalls Easy K Recalls Easy K Recalls Average

While all infants are lactose tolerant, adults are lactose intolerant. Why?

K Recalls Easy K Identifies Easy K Recalls Easy K Recalls Easy U Recalls Average

100

What happens when calcium ion deficient blood of an injured person IS exposed to air?

A Analyses Difficult K Defines Average

102

What happens to the heart when the coronary artery is blocked?

U Interprets Average K Recalls Average

U
Gives reason Average

105

Which enzyme in RBC is involved in hydrating C02 to carbonic acid?

K Recalls Easy

K Recalls Easy U Gives reason Average K Recalls Easy U Recognises Average

110

Name the hormone that influences re-absorption of water in DCT and collecting duct.

K Recalls Easy K Recalls Easy

112

Which part ofthe nephron re-absorbs most of the water from primary urine?

U Identifies Average K Recalls Average K Recalls Easy K Recalls Average K Recalls Easy

U
Identifies Easy

118

List any four digestive glands involved in digestion and mention their secretions

U Describes Average

A Differentiates Difficult

120

Why are the systemic and pulmonary circulations referred to as greater and lesser circulation?

U Gives reason Average U Compares Average K Mentions Average K Recalls Easy U Explains Average U Explains Average

126

State th importance of counter -current multiplier system in renal functioning.

U Analyses Difficult K Recalls Average

K

Recalls Average

129

Mention the steps involved in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

K Lists Average U Compares Average

131

Describe how each part of the nephron works in eliminating the waste material

U Describes Average K Recalls Average

K Recalls Average K Lists Easy K Mentions Average U Distinguishes Average K Lists Easy K Recalls Average U Explains Average K Recalls Average K Recalls Average K Mentions Average

K
Recalls Easy K Recalls Easy

145 Write four distinguishing features between cerebrwn and cerebellum.

U Distinguishes Average K Recalls Average U Relationship Average

147 Mention the causes and effects of diabetes injpidus.

148

Mention the 5 hormones of adenohypophysis and anyone function for each of them. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the sagittal sections of human brain. Explain any five ill effects of alcoholism to the human body.

K Recalls Average

149

S
Draws Average U Explains Average

150

151

With a neat labelled diagram of the T.S. of spinal cord, explain its parts.

s,u
Draws, explains Average U Explains Average

152

What are gonadotropic hormones / gonadotropins? Write their functions in human male and females.

153

What i~ homeostasis? Explain the role played by liver and pancreas to maintain blood glucose levels. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the human digestive system.

U Explains Average

154

S
Draws Average

155

With a neat-labeled diagram, describe the typical structure of the antibocly. List th~ differences between T lymphocytes and B-Iymphocytes in thymus. Describe cardiac conducting system with a neat-labeled diagram.

S
Draws Average U Distinguishes Average

156

157

S
Draws Difficult

158

Write the causes and symptoms of a) Cyanosis b) Myocardial Infarction

U Relations Average

159

Draw a neat labeled diagram of human respiratory system. Define inhalation and exhalation. Draw a neat labelled diagram of nephron.

S Draws Average S Drawing Average

160

Multiple choice - answers (one mark each) 1 2 c d

3 4
5

b
c a

6 7 8
9. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

a
a c d c d c c d a
a

a
b

19
20 21

b
d b

.22
23
24

d
a
c

25 26 27

28
29

30 31 32 33
34

d d d c a b

a
c d
c

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

a
b d

a
c a d b d

45
46 47 48

b
b
a

52

These drugs influence a person to awake for long periods and he is capable of doing a lot of more work than others. It stimuJates the ICSH interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of testis to release male sex hormones, testosterone.

53

55

Because hormones of pituitary gland control the functions of other endocrihe glands. It stimulates/helps in contraction of smooth muscles of uterus at the time of child, birth (parturition). Because during the course of evolution, human brain has improved speech, reasoni~g and other activities. Because the motor areas of the cerebrum controls the muscular movements.

56

57

58

60

The 2 pairs of optic lobes on the dorsal side of the mid brain are called cOfPOra:quadrigemina.

62.

Mind e~panding narcotic drugs or Psychedelic drugs which can alter though~, feelings and perception

72.

It is an opening of the cranium through which medulla oblongata is continued as spinal cord.

77

.The intercellular fluid in which the cell extracts all the reqUired metabolites.

IDDM Hypo secretion of insulin No resistance to insulin

NIDDM Not caused due Hypo secretion of insulin Resistant to insulin

81

Attenuated pathogens act as safe antigens for the production of specific antibodies

OR Antibody binding site of the antigen. 86 Memory T - Cells Killer T - Cells Helper T - Cells Suppresser T - Cells Immune system attacking the cells of its own body Examples- 1) Acquired haemolytic anemia 2) Rheumatic fever 3)IDDB 4) Myasthenia gravis Ig A 19B IgE

87

88

IgG
IgM (4 x Y4= 1 mark) 89 Two light chains Two heavy chains (~+ ~= I mark) Indi,ect supply of oxygen within the womb Dirc::ctsupply of oxygen soon after the birth, destroys excess ofRBC and ,leads to jaundice. (~+ ~.= 1 mark)

90

92

Diet containing all components of food in required quantity and proportion to maintain health.

95 96 97

Absence of lactase enzyme in adults. Pancreatic acini/exocrine part. It has bQth exocrine and endocrine parts. Exocrine part is called acini and endocrine part is Islet of Langerhans.

99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116

Pulmonary vein Blood fails to clot soon Low rate of heart beat I abnormally slow heart action Myocardial Infarction I heart attack or localized death of cardiac muscles due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood. Volume of the blood pumped during one ventricular syst';>le. It is caused due to dust or hay. Carbonic anhydrase Haemoglobin C shaped cartilaginous rings prevent tracheal collapse Liver Particular capillary network surrounding the loop of Henle. Antidiuretic hormonelADHI Vassopresin Squamous epithelium Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Erythropoietin and Renin Separation of low molecular substances UrochromelUrobilinogen Pituitary gland Pineal gland (~+ Y2= 1 mark)

117

Cardiac Pyloric Ileo-caecal Spinster of Odii ( ~ x 4 = 2 marks) Salivary glands Gastric Glands Pancreas - Saliva Isalivary juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice

118.

Liver Intestinal gland ( ~ x 4 = 2 marks)

- Bilejuice - Intestinal juice/Saccus entericus

119

A V Node
Located at the junction of the right auricle & right ventricle Short size P~ setter Rhythm influenced by S -Anode (4x~=2marks)

SANode
located on the wall of the right auricle long size pace maker auto-rhythmic

120

Systemic circulatipn - blood circulates from heart to all parts of the body and back- greater circulation Pulmonary circulation- blood circulates from heart only to lungs and back to the heart-lesser circulation (1 + 1= 2 marks) .

121

Rightlung
shorter bfQader has cardiac notch has 3 lobes (4x ~=2marks) longer narrow no cardiac notch has 2 lobes

122

Bronchi

- Primary Secondary Tertiary Bronchiole - Terminal Respiratory Alveolar duct (Bronchi and its braches - 1, bronchiole and its branches - 1)

123

Causes
allergens heredity bacterial infection temperature psychostress

Symptoms
breathing in is easy breathing out is difficult wheezing cough bronchial spasm

124

Loading of C02 Unloading of C02 Value points Entry of CO2 into plasma and then to RBC At tissue level formation of carbonic acid in RBC dissociation of carbonic acid into C02 and H20 exit of CO2 from RBC into plasma (1 + 1 = 2 marks) Blood is filtered in the Malphigian corpuscle under extra .pressure All contents of blood except the cells and proteins are filtered and filtrate contains excretory materials and certain useful substances (1 + 1 = 2 marks) Filtrate becomes concentrated due to loss of water in the descending loop The filtrate looses NaCI to become hypotonic in the ascending loop Excess of urine passes back into filtrate in the ascending loop of Henley . The filtrate makes 3 trips between cortex and medulla to form urine (4 x ~=2marks) (4 x ~ Oxalate stones Calcium or Magnesium phosphate stones Uric acid stones Cystine stones Mixed stones = 2 marks)

125

126

127

128

96 % water 2.5% organic substances 1.5% Inorganic substances (any 2) Chlorides Sulphides Phosphates Sodium, Potassium Calcium, Magnesium Drugs, mucous cells and dead WBC. ( ~ + ~ + 1 = 2 marks) Surgical insertion of catheter into the body cavity Loading of dialysate into the body cavity Retention for known period

129

Draining out the dialysate through catheter (4x ~=2marks) Diabetes mellitus Caused due to deficiency of insulin Glucose is lost through urine Uremia, ketosis, acidosis are involved. Diabetes insipidus Caused due to hyposecretion of autodiuretic hormone Dilute urine is excreted. Uremia without ketosis and acidosis occurs.

131

Malphigian capsule- Ultra filtration Tubular part - Secretion and re-absorption, counter-current multiplier system Collecting tubule - Formation of urine by re-absorption of water (3 parts - 1, function of each part -1 = 2 marks) Neurological disease uncontrolled excessive activity of brain result~ in repeated seizures/fits symptoms: (a) loss of consciousness (b) biting of jaws (c) foamy saliva (d) involuntary contraction of arms and legs (Definition -1, symptoms - 2 x ~ = 1 = 2 marks) It is a ~egenerative disease of the brain cells leading to dementia (progressive loss of mental ability). Alzheimer's occurs after the age of 40 due to decreasing neurotransmitters Symptoms: (a) Loss of memory (b) Loss of vocabulary (c) Irritable moody and confused nature (d) Hallucinations . (e) Disorientation (mental imbalance) (d) Poor judgment (loss of visual memory, loss of ability to work/write ltalk/read I eat. (Defmition -1, symptoms - 2x ~ = 1 = 2 marks) Regulates body temperature Osmo-regulation . Controls function of pituitary gland Controls hunger, thirst, sex ( ~ x 4 = 2 marks)

132

133

134

135

a. Tremors in hands, legs, head b Bradykinesia (difficulty to work in the beginning) c. Difficulty in speaking d. Impaired walking e. Depression, confusion, dementia ( 4 x ~ = 2 marks)

White matter
Comprises of axonnerve Myelinated axon White in colour In brain grey is outside, white is inside

Grey mat*er
consists of cyton and dendrites nerve non myelinated axon grey in colour in spinal cord grey is inside white is outside

(4 differences x ~ = 2 marks) 137 It controls muscular movements of specific parts of body Receives sensory information from receptors of all parts of the body A centre of memory, intelligence, learning,judgnient, awareness, will power, vision, hearing, thinking, speech, mood and emotion. Controls glandular secretion Transmits molar impulses to skeletal muscles for the action (4 x ~ = 2 marks)

138

Any two functions:

Regulates heart beat Regulates respiration Swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, secretion of saliva Regulates BP Reflex centers

139

Caused due to hyper secretion of S.H/G.H. in adults

Symptoms:
Abnormal elongation of arms, flat bones Abnormal thickening of the skin, fmgers Enlargement of nose and lips Giving gorilla like appearance with lower nose and hands; jaw protruding forward, forehead slanting forward, nose, hands, feet become larger Body hunched back (kyphosis) Soft tissues become larger (Cause -1, symptoms (any 2) x ~ = 1= 2 marks)

140

The fluid present in the sub- arachnoid space / cerebrospinal fluid. Functions Protects brain and spinal cord from physical shocks Provides nutrition Removes wastes from brain and spinal cord Keeps CNS moist Maintains constant internal environment. (Definition - 1, functions 2 x ~ - 1 = 2 marks) Coordinates voluntary movements Maintains body balance (equilibrium and postures) Controls rapid muscular activities like running, cycling, typing, talking etc. Maintains muscle tone (1 + 1 = 2 marks) Abrupt (sudden) jerky movement of arms and legs (Chorea) Mental disorders Reducing acetylcholine and GABA Severe dementia Respiratory irregularity Depression, injtability Mental deterioration leading to dementia (4x ~=2marks) (4 x ~ Drugs can damage the body Alter the mood, memory Causes diseases in drug addicts Suffer from anaemia Vitamin and deficiency diseases Disorientation and death = 2 marks)

141

142

143

144

It is the centre for many reflexes called spinal reflexes, which reduces the load of brain Provides nerve connections to large number of body parts. It conducts sensory and motor impulses to and from the brain (reflex arc). (1 + 1 =2 marks)

145

C~rebrum
Largest part of brain Part of forebrain

Cerebellum Smallest part of brain Part of hind brain

(4 146

Consists of 2 hemispheres It is hollow from inside with 2 lateral ventricles Controls both voluntary and involuntary activities Surface bears many convolutions, fissures, Sulci It is a seat of 98% brain activity including memory, will, intelligence and emotions It is 4/5 ths the weight of human brain x ~ = 2 marks)

Consists of 3 lo~s, 2 cerebral hemispheres and central Verm1S It is solid Controls involuntary activities only Surface bears fissures but no convolutions. It maintains equilibrium and erect posture of human body.

It controls numbers of body activities Response to harmful stimuli is very quick. So as to minimize harm to the body, always accurate, useful, purposeful response to stimuli Avoids overtaxing of brain Reflex action co-ordinates various body activities (l + 1 = 2 marks) Causes: Deficiency of ADH or Vasopressin Effects: Polyuria (excessive dilute urine and frequent urination Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Hydration: Electrolyte imbalance, loss of strength (Causes - 1, effects (any two) - 2 x ~ - 1 = 2 marks)

147

148

G.H (STH) a) Promotes normal growth of bones and muscles or HGH (Human growth hormone - protein synthesis mammary gland ACTH - a) Controls the growth of adrenal gland, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortical hormones TSHfITH - (a) Controls growth and development of thyroid gland (thyrotropic hormones) (b) Production of thyroxin from thyroid:,gland FSH - (a) Development of Graff'm follicle in female (Gametokinetic factor) (b) Spermatogenesis in male

LH - (a) Ovulation in females, ovarian follicles into corpus leuteum (ICSH) (b) Testosterone in males

(pRL) PLIL TH - (ai Stimulates milk secretion and growth of mammary gland (latogenic) (b) Maintains corpus leuteum (c) Osmoregulation MSH - (a) Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin pigments (skin colour) (Mentioning 5 hormones - 2 ~ , one function each - 2 ~ = 5 marks) Neat diagram with any 8 labels Cerebrum Cerebellum Medula oblongata Pons Corpus calossum Thalamus Pituitary gland Pineal body Hypothalamus Mid brain Corpora quadrigemina

150

Any five:
Excess of consumption of alcohol affects various organs Effects on CNS- acts as depressant, coma, death In stomach- gastritis, ulceration and cancer In liver- liver damage, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver inflammation On Heart- coronary heart disease hypertension, heart attack On Kidney - kidney failure Reproductive System- Reduces sperm production in males, in females loss of fertility, menstruation, abortion Effect on foetus- causes heart defects in foetus Effect on muscles- degenerating contractile fibrils of muscles Blood system- reduces blood sugar level, different tissues become deficit of nutrients RBC size increases RBC and platelets number reduces Growth- alcohol delays sexual maturity, causes development of small sex organs, sterilization, impotency, feminization in males. (5 x 1 = 5 marks)

151

Diagram with any 6 labels: White matter Grey matter Central canal Dorsal fissure

Ventral fissure Dorsal and veI1tral horns Sensory nerve

Explanation points. H Shaped (Butterfly) 2 dorsal horns 2 ventral horns 1 central canal with CSF Dorsal fissures Ventral fissure (Diagram - 2, labels (any 6) -1, explanation (4 points)- 2 = 5 marks) 152 Hormones which influence the function of gonads 3 types-FSH LH LTH Functions FSHIn females: promotes growth and maturation of Graffian follicle Stimulates oestrogen hormone FSH+ LH - normal menstrual cycle In Males: Growth and maturation of testis Stimulates spermatogenesis LH (ICSH) In females: Stimulates ovulation Promotes formation of corpus leuteum Produces progesterone hormone

In males: Stimulates ICSH cells to produces testosterone LTH or (PL) - Lactogenic hormone In females: Promotes production of milk in mammary glands Maternal instincts (parental care) In males: helps in paternal instincts (Definition -1, names of hormones - 2, functions - 2) 153 Maintenance of constant internal environment within the tolerable physiological limits Liver 'converts excess glucose to glycogen by glycogen sis whenever the glucose level falls below the normal range in the blood (80 to 120 mgldL) Liver also converts carbohydrates to glucose by a process, gluconeogenesis to raise the glucose level to the normal range in blood. Excess of glucose is converted into non carbohydrate products like lipids by lipogenesis. Insulin produced by beta cells of Islets of Langerhans converts glucose to glycogen Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into fats (lipids) by lipogenesis. Glucagon of cells of pancreas promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose whenever glucose level in blood decreases. Insulin promotes permeability of cell membrane for the utilization of glucose by the body tissues. Glucagon promotes the conversion of fats into glucose by lipolysis. (Definition - 1, role of liver (2 points) - 2, role of pancreas (2 points) - 2 = 5 marks) Diagram and any eight labels: Mouth Buccal cavity Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum

154

Ileum Large intestine Anus Liver Pancreas Salivary glands

(Diagram - 3, labels (any 8) - 2 = 5 marks) 155 Labell~d diagram Description

Y - shaped protein molecule has a complimentary group to bind with antigen Antibody molecule has four polypeptides 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains linked with disulphide bonds Variable sequence of amino acids in variable regions Sequence of amino acids is constant in constant region (Diagram - 1, labels (atleast 4) - 1, description (3-4 points) - 3 = 5 marks)

156

T Lymphocytes
Responsible for cellmediated immunity Differentiate in thymus

B-Lymphocytes
antibody - mediated immunity differentiates in bone marrow life span short antigens as well as helper T cells memory T- cells are absent only 2 types antibodies are produced

Life span long Stimulated by antigens Memory T -cells are present 4 types are present Antibodies are not produced Produce chemicals like perforins and cytolysin T- cells react with cancer cells

no reaction with cancer cells protection against pathogens oflymph and blood

Protection against pathogens that enter the cells (6 - 8 differences = 5 marks)

157

Labeled diagrams with 4 correct labels. Description of SAN with internode pathways A V N with bundle of HIS' Purkinje fibre system (Diagram - 2, labels (atleast 4) - 1, description - 2 = 5 marks)

158

Cyanosis Causes
Septal holes Transposition of aorta Right ventricular hypertrophy

Symptoms
Bluish coloration on skin, tongue and nail murmur between heart beat shortness of breath

stenosis Patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)

increased heart beat numbness in armsllegs

Myocardial Infarction
Causes Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis. thrombus formation (coronary thrombosis) smoking alcoholism hypertension Diabetes mellitus Symptoms chest pain (angina pectoris) profuse sweating shortness of breath nausea fainting anxiety

(Cyanosis causes - 3 x ~ = 1 ~, symptoms 2 x ~ = 1; MI causes 3 x ~ = 1 ~ ; symptoms 2 x ~ = 1) 159 Neat labeled diagram with 10 correct labels each (Diagram - 2, labels (at least 6) - 1, definition - 2 = 5 marks) Diagram Labels (any 6) Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) Descending limb Henle's loop Ascending limb Distal convoluted tubule (OCT) Collecting duct (Diagram -3, labels (any 6) - 2 = 5 marks)

160