ORACIN SIMPLE

1. Question tags:
Para formar esta pregunta corta utilizaremos el auxiliar de la frase principal y su sujeto pero de signo contrario. Si no tuviera auxiliar entonces utilizaramos el auxiliar "to do". Si la oracin es afirmativa, la pregunta coletilla es negativa y viceversa. Ejemplos:

Oraciones afirmativas Your brother is older than you, isn't he? (Tu hermano es mayor que t, no es as?) You can help me, can't you? (Puedes ayudarme, verdad?) John is getting married, isn't he? (John se casar, verdad?) You worked yesterday, didn't you? (Trabajaste ayer, si?) Sarah likes ice cream, doesn't she? (A Sarah le gusta el helado, no?) Oraciones negativas You're not from here, are you? (No eres de aqu, no?) Kate's not American, is she? (Kate no es americana, verdad?) Peter never liked Susan, did he? (A Peter nunca le gust Susan, verdad?) They didn't go to class yesterday, did they? (No fueron a la clase ayer, verdad?) You can't dance, can you? (No puedes bailar, no?)

Nota: Con el verbo "to have", hay dos posibilidades: Ejemplos: United Kingdom They've got a dog, haven't they? (Tienen un perro, no?) United States They have a dog, don't they? (Tienen un perro, no?) Excepcin: Con el verbo "to be" en la primera persona de oraciones negativas, se usa "aren't" en la pregunta coletilla. Ejemplos: I am not wrong, am I? I am wrong, aren't I? LAS TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR

o Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares. o Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en interrogativo
NEGATIVO.

o Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en interrogativo

AFIRMATIVO.

1.

ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en INTERROGATIVO NEGATIVO: aren't you? isn't he? isn't she? isn't it? aren't we? aren't you? aren't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: It's a beautiful day, isn't it? Es un da hermoso, no? Martha is angry, isn't she? Marta est enojada, verdad? You are really tired, aren't you? Ests muy cansado, no? They're very nice people, aren't they? Son personas muy agradables, no? Ten presente que en el ingls conversacional para la primera persona del verbo TO BE se utiliza aren't I? como equivalente de am I not? slo usado en el ingls muy formal. (El tag question ain't I? es considerado slang, es decir, poco educado). Sorry. I'm very late today, aren't I? Disculpa. Llegu muy tarde hoy, no?

2.

ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en INTERROGATIVO AFIRMATIVO: am I? are you? is he? is she? is it? are we? are you? are they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: I'm not late today, am I? No llegu tarde hoy, verdad? It isn't a beautiful day, is it? No es un da hermoso, verdad? Martha isn't angry, is she? Marta no est enojada, verdad? They aren't very nice people, are they? No son personas muy agradables, verdad?

3.

ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PAST SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en INTERROGATIVO NEGATIVO: wasn't I? weren't you? wasn't he? wan't she? wasn't it? weren't we? weren't you? weren't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: It was a beautiful day, wasn't it? Fue un da hermoso, no? Martha was angry, wasn't she? Marta estaba enojada, verdad?

You were visiting OM Personal, weren't you? Estuviste visitando OM Personal, verdad? They were watching TV, weren't they? Ellos estaban viendo televisin, no?

4.

ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PAST SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en INTERROGATIVO AFIRMATIVO: was I? were you? was he? was she? was it? were we? were you? were they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: It wasn't a beautiful day, was it? No fue un da hermoso, verdad? Martha wasn't angry, was she? Marta no estaba enojada, verdad? You weren't visiting OM Personal, were you? No estuviste visitando OM Personal, verdad? They weren't watching TV, were they? Ellos no estaban viendo televisin, verdad?

5.

IMPERATIVOS Y SUGERENCIAS O INVITACIONES Despus de la clusula LET'S el tag question que corresponde es shall we? (en INTERROGATIVO AFIRMATIVO). Observa: Let's go out for a walk, shall we? Salgamos a dar una vuelta, qu te parece?Let's study tomorrow morning, shall we? Estudiemos maana por la maana, s? Despus del imperativo (DO / DON'T DO) el tag question que corresponde es will you? (en INTERROGATIVO AFIRMATIVO). Observa: Smoke outside in the balcony, will you? Fuma afuera en el balcn, s?Don't smoke in this room, will you?No fumes en esta habitacin, de acuerdo?

6.

QUE PRONOMBRES UTILIZO EN ESTOS CASOS? a) Si la oracin comienza con THIS o THAT utiliza IT This is a new book, is it? Este es un libro nuevo, no? b) Si la oracin comienza con THESE o THOSE utiliza THEY These are new books, are they? Este son libros nuevos, no? c) Si la oracin comienza con los compuestos de THING (everything, something, anything, nothing) utiliza IT Nothing is easy, is it? Nada es fcil, verdad?

d) Si la oracin comienza con los compuestos de ONE o BODY (everyone, someone, anyone, no one, everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody) utiliza THEY Nobody can ignore this situation, can they?

2. The passive

My purse has been stolen. They are said to be very rich. Money should be kept in a bank. We were given free tickets for the circus. We would like to be listened to.

ALLEGED BELIEVED CONSIDER ED EXPECTED said that he is 108 years old = He is said to be 108 years old KNOWN It is said that she works 16 hours a day = She is said to work 16 hours a day REPORTED THOUGHT UNDERSTO OD

It is

ORACIN COMPUESTA
1. Both and, neither nor; either ornot only but also

Both restaurants are very good = Both of these restaurants are very good Both my parents are from London = Both of my parents are from London Neither restaurant is expensive = Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed We can go to either restaurant I havent been to either of those restaurants Both... and : Both Chris and Pat were late I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home Neither...nor: Neither Chris not Pat came to the party Either... or: Either you apologise or Ill never speak to you again Not only...but also I read not only English but also I write it / No slo leo en ingls, sino que tambin lo escribo He played not only for Washington but also for Detroit and Pittsburgh tambin el violn.

Mary plays not only the guitar but also the violin. Mary no solo toca la guitarra sino

2. I wish, Id rather; If only I wish

I wish I knew his phone number. En el presente. I wish I had known that Gary was ill. I would have gone to see him. En el pasado
Nota Dont use would have after wish (I wish it had been warmer, been warmer) I would rather

not I wish it would have

PREFER AND WOULD RATHER TO / ING I prefer to live in the country / I prefer living in the country 3 options:

I prefer this coat to the other one I prefer driving to travelling by train I prefer to drive rather than travel by train

WOULD PREFER I would prefer to drive WOULD RATHER

I would rather drive (no to drive)

 I`d rather not to drive I would rather stay at home than go to the cinema
Id rather you did something (= I would prefer to do) If only/ I wish Las dos formas significan lo mismo, aunque "if only" es ms enftico. 3. "Whether" / "If" Ambas conjunciones se pueden utilizar indistintamente en preguntas indirectas, del tipo "yes" or "no." Ejemplos:

respuesta ser s o no) I don't know if/whether I will go to the beach next weekend. No s si ir a la playa el prximo fin de semana.(La respuesta ser s o no) Tambin se usan indistintamente en las oraciones con "or", pero normalmente se usa ms "whether", que tambin es ms formal que "if". Por lo tanto, en escritos formales, si su uso es indistinto, se debe optar por "whether". Ejemplo:

She asked if/whether I liked this city. Ella pregunt si me gustaba esta ciudad.(La

I would like to know if/whether she tells the truth or she is a liar. Me gustara saber si
ella dice la verdad o es una mentirosa.

Pero, slo se usa "whether" en los siguientes casos: 1. Antes de un verbo en infinitivo: She cant decide whether to marry him. Ella no puede decidir si se casa con l. 2. Despus de una preposicin: There are doubts about whether the system is safe. Existen dudas acerca si el sistema es seguro. 3. Antes de "or not": The question is whether or not the government has the right to interfere. La pregunta es si el gobierno tiene o no el derecho a interferir. 4. Al principio de la primera clasula de una oracin. Whether you study or lose time is not my concern. Si estudias o pierdes el tiempo no es mi problema. 5. En la segunda clusula de una oracin. I don't care whether you study or lose time. No me importa si estudias o pierdes el tiempo. 6. Despus de verbos que se consideren formales:

We discussed whether we should look for a new job. Hablamos si deberamos buscar otro empleo.

Slo se usa "if" y NO "whether" en oraciones condicionales, o que indiquen una posibilidad. Ejemplos: - If you leave I'll be very sad. Si te vas estar muy triste. -I can lend you some money if you want. Te puedo prestar dinero si quieres. -She'll study all night long if necessary. Ella estudiar toda la noche si es necesario. - My mom will buy a car only if she gets a better job. Mi mam comprar un auto slo si consigue un mejor trabajo.

4. Adverb placement

beginning of clause/sentence

usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes and occasionally NOT: always, ever, rarely, seldom and never*

Usually we see him at church. Last night we went dancing.

end of the clause/sentence

usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes and occasionally NOT: always, ever, rarely, seldom and never*

Weve performed there occasionally. Where did you eat yesterday? All the bedrooms are upstairs. Have you taken the TOEFL yet? Have you eaten dinner already?

adverbs of time: today, every week, finally, already, soon

adverbs of manner (how something is done): slowly, suddenly, badly, quietly

She sang that aria very well. He drives competently.

middle of sentence after BE verb adverbs of certainty: certainly, definitely, clearly, obviously, probably They are definitely suited for each other. Theyll probably arrive late.

after auxiliary verb before other verbs after BE verb after auxiliary verbs before other verbs adverbs of frequency: never, rarely, sometimes, often. usually, always, ever

He has apparently passed the class. They obviously forgot to read the directions. He is rarely morose. We have never eaten Moroccan food. He always takes flowers to his girlfriend. She quite often invites people for Thanksgiving. They almost never go to the theater.

after BE verb after auxiliary verbs before other verbs

focusing adverbs: even, only, also, mainly, just

He is only five years old. We dont even know his name. Weve already eaten dinner. He also rents chainsaws. I am finally ready. He is still planning to go tonight. We just finished painting the house.

adverbs of time: already, still, yet, finally, eventually, soon, last, just

after BE verb after auxiliary verbs before other verbs

adverbs of manner (how something is done): slowly, suddenly, badly, quietly

She is slowly finishing her PhD. He has carefully gathered the evidence. We methodically checked all the bags.

* always and never can begin imperative sentences. Never argue with the referee. Always wear your seatbelt.

5. Reported speech

NOW

THEN / AT THAT MOMENT.

6. Whom (2 OPCIONES): SUSTITUYENDO A WHO (PERO SLO CUANDO HACE REFERENCIA AL OBJETOCUANDO WHO SE PUEDE OMITIR) O CON UNA PREPOSICIN Ejemplos:

She was a woman whom I loved very much. [She was a woman (who) I loved very much]
The woman whom I wanted to see was away [The woman (who) I wanted to see was away]

You use who when you are referring to the subject of a clause and whom when you are referring to the object of a clause. Ejemplos:

The man with whom she was living was my uncle. Those children, many of whom were abandoned by their families.

7. Comparativa correlativa: the + comparative forms, the + comparative forms Ejemplos: The harder they worked The hungrier they became. The more they work, the better they will feel. o Expressions:

The sooner the better. The more the merrier.

8. Consecutiva: so, so + adjthat, such + noun that Ejemplos: It was such a difficult exercise that I decided not to do it). 6. Concesiva: although, even though, though, Ejemplos: Even though he is not wealthy, he spends money like water.

CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE PRESENT Used for scientific facts or general truths. If you heat butter, it melts. If you put water in a cooler, it freezes.

If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

FIRST CONDITIONAL IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL or WONT) Used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future. It is generally used for things which may happen. If you study hard, you will pass your exams.

If we do not protect the panda bears, they will soon become extinct.

SECOND CONDITIONAL IF + SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL (WOULD or WOULDNT). If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons. (Si el PRIMER verbo de la oracin es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas) Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future. It is generally used for things which don't or won't happen.

If I were rich, I would buy a castle. If I were him, I would go and see a doctor.

If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly.

You can replace IF by UNLESS in the examples above. THIRD CONDITIONAL IF + PAST PERFECT + CONDITIONAL PERFECT HAD+3COLUMNA//WOULD+HAVE+3COLUMNA Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, things which did not happen in the past.

If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you. If you had saved your money, you could have bought a laptop. If you hadn't been late for work so often, they wouldn't have fired you.

Otros enlaces : as long as, provided, . You cant go unless youre a member Ill see you tomorrow unless I have to work late (= if I dont have to work late) You can borrow my car as long as you promise not to drive too fast. Travelling by car is convenient provided /providing (that) you somewhere to park (if only you have somewhere to park).

Nota When youre talking about the future, dont use will after unless/as long as providedproviding. Use present tense. (Im not going out unless it stops raining)

Connect ors
Temporales: as, once, when, before, after, until / till, while, as soon as, since. Concesivos: although, in spite of, despite, however, but, on the other hand,

Nevertheless (NO OBSTANTE) Nevertheless, she managed to buy a new TV set. Though. Though it rained a lot, Even though I will not be here tomorrow, go without me. (se sabe que no voy a
estar ac maana). SEGURO.

maana) DUDA. Causales: Because.

Even if I am not here tomorrow, go without me. (no se sabe si voy a estar ac

For:
Ejemplos:

We'll have to stay home, for it is raining outside.( Tendremos que quedarnos en casa porque est lloviendo afuera) She turned on the lights, for she was afraid of the dark.(Encendi las luces porque tena miedo a la oscuridad).

Since - puesto que, ya que Ejemplos:

He won't understand, since he doesn't speak English. They decided to go to sleep, since it was very late.
As - puesto que, ya que Ejemplos: She failed to pass the exam, as she made many mistakes. They couldn't find us, as they didn't have our address. Due to / owing to - debido a Ejemplos: The unemployment was high due to the economic crisis. They had a delay owing to the traffic jam. Consecutivos: As a result.

Such/ Sothat talque: o I was so stressed that I had to go on holiday. o She felt such pain that she began to cry. Somany- tantosque: o They caused so many problems for him that he left work. So entonces: o His car broke down, so he took it to a garage. Therefore-por tanto: o I don't know her phone number, therefore I can't call her. o She didn't study, therefore she coudn't pass the exam.

Finales: to, in order (not) to, so as (not) t, so (that), in case, for+ing. Condicionales: unless, as long as, provided, providing, and y or (else). Provided/providing-siempre que: o We'll go fishing this afternoon, provided it doesn't rain. o You can borrow my car providing you return it today. As long as-siempre que: o You can stay here as long as you work hard.

Modales:

As, as if, as though-como si: o They treat me as if they didn't know me. o Bill started to spend money as though he had won the lottery

EL SUSTANTIVO
El sustantivo singular y plural: - Sustantivos que se usan slo en plural (clothes, goods, ). Alms.= Limosna Dominoes.= Domin. Pincers.= Pinzas Scales.= Balanza Thanks.= Gracias Bellows.= Fuelle Glasses.= Gafas Pliers.= Alicates Scissors.= Tijeras Tongs.= Tenazas Billiards.= Billar Goods.= Mercancas Clothes.= Ropa Oats.= Avena

Premises.= Local Pyjamas.= Pijama Shorts.= Pantaln Spectacles.= Gafas corto Trousers.= Pantalones Victuals.= Vituallas

- Summation plurals (sustantivos contables de objetos con 2 partes) (scissors, shorts,). - Plurales no marcados morfolgicamente (cattle, police, ). - Sustantivos singulares terminados en s (economics, athletics, measles, ). El sustantivo contable e incontable: - Sustantivos slo incontables (information, luggage, news, weather, advice ). - Sustantivos ms comunes pertenecientes a dos clases (a paper / some paper). - El sustantivo incontable de origen verbal (heating,). Sustantivos que se refieren a un colectivo (crew, party, staff, ). a a a a a a a a a band of soldiers bouquet of flowers brood of hens bunch of grapes caravan of camels cast of hawks circle of friends clowder of cats clump of trees a a a a a a a a a collection of coins colony of ants crew of sailors crowd of people deck of cards dray of squirrels drove of cattle dole of doves fleet of ships a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese/tourists/children a gam of whales a gang of thieves a group of people a herd of cattle a herd of elephants a hive of bees

a a a a a a a

horde of children leap of leopards mass of people mob of hooligans pack of cards panel of experts parliament of owls

a a a a a a a

party of visitors plague of locusts pride of lions school of fish set of teeth sheaf of papers shelf of books

a a a a a

shoal of fish sloth of bears stack of chairs/papers/dishes string of pearls swarm of b

EL ADJETIVO Adjetivos relativos y absolutos: gradable (difficult / hungry) y non-gradable (dead

/ married); extreme (starving, amazing, awful...).

Gradable and Non-gradable non-grading adverbs absolutely utterly completely totally nearly virtually essentially mainly almost non-gradable adjectives awful excellent terrified dead impossible unique chemical digital domestic classifying absolute extreme

Here are some example sentences with non-gradable adjectives:

 Her exam results were absolutely awful. She will have to take the exam again. Is there anything like it in the world? It must be virtually unique. It starts an essentially chemical reaction.

Adjetivos seguidos de preposicin (keen on music, sorry for/about, compare with/to). According + to Accustomed + to Afraid, frightened, terrified, scared, proud, ashamed, jealous, envious, suspicious + of (someone / something) Angry, annoyed, furious + about (something) / with (someone for doing something) Anxious + about Aware, conscious + of (something) Capable, incapable + of (something) Crowded + with (people) Delighted, pleased, satisfied, disappointed, bored, fed up + with (something) Different + from (someone / something) Excited, worried, upset + about (something) Famous + for (something) Fit + for Fond + of (someone / something) Full + of (something) Good, bad, excellent+ at (doing something) / for (someone / something) Impressed + by (someone / something) Interested + in (something) Keen + on (something) Married, engaged + to (someone) Nervous + of Nice, kind, good, generous, mean, stupid, silly, intelligent, clever, polite, rude, unreasonable + of (someone) Prepared + for Ready + for Responsible + for (something) Short + of (something) Similar + to (something) Sorry + about (something) / for (doing something) Successful + in Surprised, shocked, amazed, astonished + by (something) Tired + of (something) Used + to

 Likely / Unlikely para expresar probabilidad (I am likely to see him in London). Im likely to be late home this evening (I will probably be late home)

EL DETERMINANTE
El artculo: a/an, the. Revisin y extensin de la normas bsicas. - Uso del artculo con: elementos nicos (the moon); ordinales ( Elisabeth II), familias (the Browns), peridicos (The Times), instituciones (the Government), cargos pblicos (the Prime Minister) y ciertos nombres locativos (the Pacific Ocean, the river Thames). - Ausencia de artculo: hablando en general (I like flowers); en titulares de prensa (actor to wed athlete) y con ciertos nombres locativos (Mount Everest, Lake Windermere). LOS ARTCULOS: 7 PUNTOS PARA RECORDAR Estas siete reglas bsicas te ayudarn a utilizar correctamente los artculos: REGLA 1 No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de pases. Sin embargo existen algunas excepciones a esta regla, por ejemplo: the United States, the Netherlands, the Philippines. Otros lugares geogrficos con los que no utilizamos el artculo son los nombres de los continentes, ciudades, lagos, montaas y calles: Europe, Africa, New York, Buenos Aires, Lake Michigan, Lake Geneva, Mont Blanc, Mount Aconcagua, Fifth Avenue, Florida Street. Pero utilizamos el artculo con estos lugares geogrficos: nombres de ros, canales, ocanos, mares y cordilleras o cordones montaosos: the Amazon, the Parana, the Panama Canal, the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Andes, the Alps, the Himalayas.

REGLA 2 No se utiliza el artculo para referirse a sustantivos no contables (o sustantivos contables en plural) de una manera indefinida. the advice (el consejo) no es correcto the love (el amor, el cario) no es correcto the letters (las cartas) no es correcto Pero, sin embargo, utilizamos el artculo 'THE' en la estructura 'THE' + noun + a phrase para indicar a quin o a qu nos estamos refiriendo especficamente: the advice of a counsellor the love (that) Martha gave her children the letters on Manuel's desk. REGLA 3 No se utiliza el artculo en ciertas frases preposicionales con 'instituciones' (por ejemplo. church (iglesia), college (colegio), home (hogar), hospital (hospital), prison (crcel), school (escuela), university (universidad): My wife's in hospital. They go to church every Sunday. He's in prison for armed robbery.

 Go to

bed immediately!!

En los ejemplos anteriores estamos pensando en la funcin de la institucin. Pero cuando cuando pensamos en la institucin como lugar especfico, entonces utilizamos el artculo 'THE': Susan's in the hospital round the corner. I want to go to the church where the poet is buried. The conditions in the old prison were really bad. Don't put your shoes on the bed. REGLA 4 No se utiliza el artculo con nombres de persona: Jane Fonda, Dr Valladares, Pope Paul. Pero utilizamos el artculo 'THE' para enfatizar que alguien o algo es el ms famoso de su especie o categora: You mean the Jane Fonda? Asimismo utilizamos el artculo 'THE' con ttulos de persona: the Pope, the doctor, the Emperor of Japan. Utilizamos los artculos 'A' o 'AN' con trabajos y profesiones (un aspecto gramatical que muchos hispano-parlantes no suelen recordar): Sandra is a doctor, Mike is an engineer. REGLA 5 No se utiliza el artculo para referirse a sustantivos contables en plural, pero utilizamos la estructura 'THE' + an adjective para referirnos a una categora de personas en forma global: the old, the handicapped, the homeless, the Argentinians, the Chileans. REGLA 6 No se utiliza el artculo con determinadas expresiones de tiempo: at night, at sunset, before sunrise, after sunrise. Pero con muchas expresiones de tiempo comunes, utilizamos el artculo 'THE': in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in the past, at the moment, during the day. REGLA 7 No se utiliza el artculo cuando hacemos referencia al nombre de un deporte: I don't like tennis, Do you play football? Pero utilizamos el artculo 'THE' para referirnos a instrumentos musicales: Jorge Essen plays the piano beautifully.

EL VERBO

Presente Simple y Continuo. Presente Perfecto Simple con for y since; ever y never; con just, yet y already. Presente Perfecto Continuo vs. Presente Perfecto Simple. Presente Perfecto vs. Pasado Simple; Pasado Perfecto Simple y Pasado Perfecto Continuo (He got sunburnt because he had been lying in the sun too long). Formas de expresar el futuro: will, going to Presente Continuo y Presente Simple. Iniciacin al Futuro Continuo: will be + -ing (In a few moments we will be landing in Bilbao) y al Futuro Perfecto: will have + participio pasado (He will have arrived by midnight).

Verbos modales can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to, need, will

- La forma had better (Youd better book in advance). 1. Usos del infinitivo y de la forma ing . Revisin y extensin. - Los verbos stop, remember, forget y try seguidos de infinitivo o gerundio con cambio de significado (I stopped to smoke/smoking).
Stop:

Stop + gerund means to finish an action in progress: Ejemplos:

o I stopped working for them because the wages were so low.

Stop + to-infinitive means to interrupt an activity in order to do something else, so the infinitive is used to express a purpose: o o Try: I stopped to have lunch. (= I was working, or travelling, and I interrupted what I was doing in order to eat.) It's difficult to concentrate on what you are doing if you have to stop to answer the phone every five minutes.

Try + gerund means to experiment with an action that might be a solution to your problem.

Ejemplos:

If you have problems sleeping, you could try doing some yoga before you go to bed, or you could try drinking some warm milk. I can't get in touch with Carl.' 'Have you tried-mailing him?'

Try + to-infinitive means to make an effort to do something. It may be something very difficult or even impossible: Ejemplos:

The surgeons tried to save his life but he died on the operating table. We'll try to phone at 6 o'clock, but it might be hard to find a public telephone. Elephants and mice have to try to live together in harmony. Remember, forget + infinitive: refers forward in time to things that one still has or still had to do at the moment of remembering or forgetting. Ejemplos:

You must remember to pick up Mr. Brown from the airport tomorrow. I forgot to buy the milk.

o o

Remember, forget + gerund refers back to the past to things that one did. Forget...ing is used mostly in the phrase Ill never forget...ing... and expressions with similar meanings. I still remember buying my first bicycle. Ill never forget meeting the President.

2. Diferencias entre: In time y On time; In the end y At the end; Like y As; "On time" = puntualmente o "a tiempo". Nota Existe otra expresin en ingls, "on the dot" que significa realmente "puntualmente"; pero he decidido poner "puntualmente" para "on time" para que os hagis a la idea de "llegar a la hora". Si por ejemplo tenemos una cita a las 4 de la tarde, y llegas exactamente a las 4 de la tarde, te puedo decir: "You are on time." Llegas a tiempo, a la hora sealada. "In time"= "a tiempo para" o "con tiempo para". Nota Para distinguirlo de "on time" aado "para". No llegas exactamente a la hora, pero por ello no significa que llegues tarde porque an queda tiempo.

 Ejemplos: -He wasn't on time. l no lleg a tiempo. -But he was in time for the meeting. Pero, l lleg a tiempo para la reunin. Nota: Todava no haba comenzado la reunin y pudo participar en ella. Ejemplos: - You are never on time. Nunca llegas a tiempo. - You are just in time for dinner. Llegas justo a tiempo para la cena. In the end = finally, after a long time: In the end, I got a visa for Russia.

At the end = at the point where something stops: I think the films a bit weak at the end.

"Like" se traduce por "como / igual que / similar a / parecido a" con el sentido de similitud. Se trata de una comparacin: o o o He behaved like a kid (no es que fuera un nio, pero lo pareca) Your car is fast like a rocket He looks like his father

"As" se traduce tambin por "como" con el sentido de "en calidad de". Se trata de una identidad. o o Use this rope as a belt (la cuerda no se parece a un cinturn, pero se utiliza haciendo la funcin de cinturn) The army used this building as its headquarters

En el siguiente ejemplo se puede ver la diferencia entre "like" y "as": My house is always full of people, it is like a hotel (es parecido a un hotel) The building where I live was used before as a hotel (funcion en calidad de hotel) Tambin se utiliza la preposicin "as" con profesiones: My brother works as a lawyer

Prepositio ns

Good Bad Excellent

AT

Check Carry Congratulate Jealous Envious Suspicious Aware Conscious Capable Incapable Fond Full Nervous Tired Capable. Intention.

ON

Bored Fed up Crowded Delighted Pleased Satisfied Disappointed

WITH

Approve Ahead End Sort Lack Afraid Frightened Terrified Scared Proud Ashamed

OF

Responsibility Reason Necessary Opt Famous Fit Prepared Ready Responsible Impressed
Surprised Shocked Amazed Astonished Arrested.

FOR

Successful Interested

IN

BY

According Accustomed Married Engaged Similar

TO

Angry Annoyed Furious Anxious Excited Worried Upset

ABO UT

ENGLISH

ESPAOL

up: a look: a piercing scream: a broad smile. a tender kiss: a deep sigh: a blank look: GIVE an impressive performance: full details: a great pleasure: a nasty shock: a lengthy speech: a hand: rid of: trough the rest of the month: GET an eye on: beyond a joke: a mess: MAKE a scene: to terms with: into fashion: COME in handy: true: What is you beef? In view of: Set aside for: Coupled with: In recent times: Phased out: Out of date: All of a sudden: Beyond my means: Out of sight: To stand the line: To put some money aside. To have a go at: Go on a binge: Clever devices: Widely used: The more the better: For the better or for the worse. As clear as mud:

Echar a perder/rendirse/Dejar de (fumar). Corregir. Producir un grito penetrante. Sonrer mucho. Dar un tierno beso. Suspirar profundamente. Mirar perplejo. Hacer una gran actuacin. Dar todos los detalles. Recibir un gran susto. Dar un discurso montono. Echar una mano. Deshacerse de. Llegar a fin de mes. Echarle el ojo. Pasar de castao oscuro. Hacerse un lo. Montar un numerito. Llegar a un acuerdo. Ponerse de moda. Ser til, venir bien. Hacerse realidad. Qu te preocupa? A la vista de. Destinado a, dirigido a. Junto con. En los ltimos tiempos. Desfasado. Caducado/fuera de moda. Suddenly. Fuera de mi alcance. Fuera de vista. Esperar la cola. Ahorrar dinero. Insultar. Ir de juerga. Aparatos inteligentes. Ampliamente utilizado. Cuantos ms mejor. Para mejor o para peor (cambio). Claro como el agua

On balance: Pleasantly surprised: Every other day/every 2nd day Be in blank: I take your word: I was made redundant: Taking into account: Year after year: In so far as: In the meantime: Have words with: Be on first-name terms: Faulty goods: Break bad news:

Poniendo en una balanza. Gratamente sorprendido. Cada 2 das Quedarse en blanco. Te tomo la palabra. Me despidieron. Teniendo en cuenta. Ao tras ao. En la medida en que. Mientras. Tener unas palabras con (quejarse). Llevarse bien. Artculos defectuosos. Dar malas noticias.

Phrasal verbs

ENGLISH as: to: across: round: up: over: down: up with: on: in: off: down: to: by: a headache: somebody to do something: through: the newspaper: away: paid: better: out of: in touch: over: rid of: into trouble (sing): the chance: over: away with: bogged with: in: up: of: out: back: up for: for: over: part IN: part ON: up: after: over from: to: on: notice of: a glimpse: away. off: out: up: in:

ESPAOL Venir a ser. Llegar a (p.e. conclusin). Encontrarse, dar con. Visitar. Aparecer. Suceder. Enfermarse. Pensar, aportar. Tener una buena relacin / Subir (transporte/bici/caballo). Subir (coche). Abandonar, bajarse de. Coger/ bajar/ disfrutar. Llegar a. Arreglrselas, aparselas. Enfermar. Pedir. Pasar. Comprar. Escaparse. Ser pagado. Convertirse en. Dejar de. Ponerse en contacto. Superar/ recuperarse de (enfermedad). Deshacerse de. Meterse en los. Tener la oportunidad Comunicar informacin // recuperarse de enfermedad/shock. Salir impune. Quedarse empantanado. Utilizar, incluir. Preparar, establecer//organizar. Deshacerse de. Salir de viaje//disponerse a. Retrasar, posponer. Apostar por // compensar. Mudarse, ir a Llevar, coger, pasar por encima. Formar parte de un grupo. Participar en una actividad. Empezar a hacer / ocupar. Parecerse a. Reemplazar. Empezar a gustar, aficionarse a. Emplear. Fijarse en. Echar un vistazo. Traicionar, delatar, chivar. Expulsar, emanar, desprender. Distribuir, repartir. Dejar de/rendirse. Entregar.

COME

GET

SET

MAKE

TAKE

GIVE