Journal+of+Composite+Materials 1988 Shi 694 716

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A General Boundary Integral Formulation for the Anisotropic Plate Bending Problems
Guimin Shi and Gerard Bezine Journal of Composite Materials 1988 22: 694 DOI: 10.1177/002199838802200801 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jcm.sagepub.com/content/22/8/694
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A General Boundary Integral Formulation for the Anisotropic Plate Bending Problems
GUIMIN SHI AND GERARD BEZINE Laboratoire de Mécanique des Solides (UA CNRS 861) 40, avenue du Recteur Pineau 86022 Poitiers, FRANCE
(Received January 17, 1987) (Revised June 26, 1987)
ABSTRACT In this paper, a new direct boundary integral element method is presented for the analysis of Kirchhoffs anisotropic plate bending problems. The two boundary integral equations are derived from the generalized Rayleigh-Green identity after introducing the fundamental singular solution of an infinite plate corresponding to the problem of interest. By a simple discretization procedure with straight elements for the boundary, and constant assumption for the unknown boundary functions, two boundary integral equations are obtained in the matrix form. Several computational examples concerning orthotropic plate bending problems are presented. The numerical results obtained by our method as compared with some analytical results show that the present numerical scheme is a versatile tool which gives a satisfactory accuracy. Key words: boundary integral equations, anisotropic plate bending, Kirchhoffs theory, DBEM.
INTRODUCTION
boundary applied elastic I N plates according the Kirchhoffls theory have achieved
RECENT YEARS,
the
element methods
to the flexure of thin

some
to
satisfac-
integral equations mostly by means of the so-called indirect methods, which have certain shortcomings from the viewpoint of general-purpose and numerical analysis. During the past few years, however, Bezine [1], Stern [2], and Du, Yao and Song [3] et al. independently proposed the boundary integral equations in terms of the boundary variables having definite physical meanings from the different starting points for the analysis of isotropic thin plate bending problems. This method is usually known as the direct method. Recent developments and some interesting extensions of the direct boundary element methods applied to the flexure of isotropic plate were investigated by Shi [4] and Bezine [5].
694 Journal
tory results. The pioneering work of the subject established the boundary
of COMPOSITE MATERIALS,
Vol. 22 -August 1988
0021-9983/88/08 0694-23 $4.50/0 @ 1988 Technomic Pubhshmg Co., Inc

695
However, for the analysis of thin anisotropic plate bending problems, very few attempts have been made up until now by the direct boundary element methods. To the knowledge of the authors, the BEM appears to have been used only twice.
First, Wu and Altiero [6] proposed a numerical solution procedure for the bending problems of anisotropic plates based on an indirect method, and they computed some example problems. Later, Kamiya and Sawaki [7] investigated a
simplified direct boundary element method for the flexure of an orthotropic plate by analogy with the method devised for the isotropic plate bending problems, and gave a single numerical example of an orthotopic clamped circular plate. In the present paper, we propose a new Direct Boundary Element Method (DBEM) for the analysis of Kirchhof~s anisotropic plate bending problems. This formulation derives from the well-known generalized Rayleigh-Green identity in the case of anisotropic plate bending theory [8]. Since the boundary integral equations are established in terms of the principal physical quantities, namely, the deflection, the normal slope, the bending moment, the Kirchhoffls equivalent shear force and the jumps of twisting moment, which appear in the conventional boundary conditions, this method is applicable to anisotropic plate bending problems under arbitrary boundary conditions, and particularly when the domain has a non-smooth boundary. For this aim, we propose an original approach in order to eliminate the twisting moment at the corners on the boundary of the plate. And for the first time we give the expressions of all the kernels involved in the two boundary integral equations. Some numerical examples illustrate the precision of the current method for the practical applications.
Kirchhofrs
Theory of Anisotropic Plate Suppose an anisotropic plate in the cartesian coordinates system o-xyz (Figure 1), occupying the domain Sl with a boundary r. This plate is loaded by a transverse
Figure
1. Definition of the
plate.

696 load intensity p(x,y). According to the Kirchhoffs theory of anisotropic plate flexure [10,11], the fundamental equations of the problem can be written as follows :
1.
Governing equation
where w(x,y) is the lateral deflection, Dll, D,2, flexural rigidities of the anisotropic plate. 2. Boundary conditions
D22, D66, D16, D26
are
the
where ii is the outward unit normal vector to the boundary r, and Mn, Vn respectively the normal bending moment and the Kirchhoi~s equivalent shear force on the boundary r. 3. Bending and twisting moments, and transverse shear forces inside So
are

697 4.
Operators
defined
on
the
boundary
where a = (x,ii), R is the curvature radius at a smooth point of the boundary r, and Tn (.) is the operator of the twisting moment. The constants are defined
as
and
and

698
Rayleigh-Green Identity and Fundamental Solution The boundary integral equations for the bending problems of thin isotropic plates were obtained by several authors in different ways. Now we are going to establish two boundary integral equations of anisotropic plate bending problems by using the Generalized Rayleigh-Green identity. In the case of anisotropic plate, this identity can be written as follows [8]
Generalized
where w and u are two functions with sufficient degree of continuity, m is the number of corner points of the boundary, [[ ...]].,, is the jump at corner s, along the boundary arc corrdinate s, and 00 (.) is defined by
We introduce
now
the fundamental
singular
solution r~ which satisfies
where 6(Q,P) is the Dirac delta-function behaving singular at the source point P(xo,yo). The solution of Equation (10) stands for the deflection at point Q(x,y) of an infinite anisotropic plate subjected to a concentrated lateral load D22 at point
P (xo~yo).
Lekhnitskii
proved that
the characteristic
equation
of
Equation (1),
i.e.

699 could not have real roots in the [11]. Let

case
of
anisotropic homogeneous
elastic
plates
be the roots of the characteristic system (rO) such as
Equation (11). Defining
polar
coordinates
then the fundamental lows [6,8,9]
singular solution wS(r,O)
WS(Q,P) can be expressed as fol-
where
and

700 and
with
It should be noted that in the functions Rk(r,6) and ~(r,9), the coefficient a is an arbitrary constant for our method. One can always choose, for example, that a = 1 (In fact the value of a does not modify the numerical solution). Note also that if the flexural rigidities satisfy
then, the solution given in Equation (14) takes

a
case, the fundamental
singular
solution
can
an indeterminate form. For such be written as [6,12]
Boundary Integral Equations From the generalized Rayleigh-Green identity [8], if we choose w as the deflection of the plate under consideration, and u as the fundamental solution WS(Q,P), and making use of the properties of Dirac 6-function in connection with Equation (1), the following integral representation is obtained:

701
equation gives, in fact, the value of deflection w at a point P (xo, yo) inside of the boundary known and unknown variables. In the same way as for the analysis of istropic plate bending problems, when the interior point P (xo, yo) approaches to one point on the boundary r, one obtains the first boundary integral equation [5,8] :
terms
This 0 in
For a plate bending problem, there are always two unknowns at any point of the boundary. Consequently we must establish a second boundary integral equation for solving the problem of interest. This one is obtained by differentiating Equation (21) with respect to point P (xo, yo) in the direction of the outward unit normal no at P (xo, yo). This new boundary integral equation can be formed as fol-
lows
give in Annexe the expressions of aw,lan, Mn(wS), Vn(WS), Tn(wS), awlan., awlanoan, aM&dquo;(w$)lano, av&dquo;(ws)lano and c3T&dquo;(ws)lano which appear in two boundary integral equations (21) and (22). Equations (21) and (22) involve four fundamental boundary variables, i.e., deflection w, normal slope awlan, bending moment M&dquo;(w) and Kirchhoffs equivalent shear force Y&dquo;(w), whose two should be the unknowns of the problem
We

702 and two others are given by the two boundary conditions. However, in the other hand, the twisting moment T&dquo;(w) is not considered as a fundamental variable in our numerical treatment, and it will be expressed in terms of the fundamental variables in the following. In fact, from the expression ofM,, and Tn associated with w in the formulas (4), one can obtain for Mn(w) and T,,(w) the following forms:
where the coefficients
are
defined
as
From
Equation (23)
we can
then
easily
express
T&dquo;(w)
as
follows
After the discretization of the boundary, one can always approximate a2wlanat = alat(awlan) by the nodal values of awlan, and a2wlat2 by those of w, at several nodes near the corner points of the boundary. So we prove that the twisting moment T&dquo;(w) can be always expressed in terms of w, awlan and M,,(w).

703 In these
Equations (21)
conditions, one can calculate the two boundary unknowns by applying and (22).
Numerical Formulation
The boundary r is discretized into n straight elements N, (i = 1, ..., n) with node C, defined at the middle point of each segment. The boundary variables w, awlc3n, Mn(w) and V,,(w) are supposed to be constant along each element N,, their values being those taken by the variables at the node C,. So, on placing successively the source point P(xo, Yo) at every node C,(i = 1, n), one can finally write Equations (21) and (22) in the matrix form as follows
a
...,
where [~i], [B,], [C1], [Dl] and [Az], [B2], [C2], LD2] are eight n by n matrices whose components can be computed numerically from the boundary integrals in Equations (21) and (22); {w}, lawlan), {Mn} and {Vn} are four nxl vectors whose components are the nodal unknowns or knowns; ~7i}, {p2} are two known columns calculated from the surface integrals, and ft,], {t2} are ruel vectors taking into account the jumps in Equations (21) and (22). By using Equation (25), the vectors {tl} and {t2} can be expressed in function of M, fawlani and IM,,]. Consequently Equations (26) and (Z7) can be rewritten in the following forms
where [A{], [Bl], [Cnand [~2], [B2 ] , [C21, and { p i } , { p2are the modified matrices and vectors after having added the jumps at the corners of the boundary into the corresponding matrices and vectors in Equations (26) and (27). For a discretization of the boundary into n constant elements, we have, a priori, 2 unknowns at each node C, and hence 2n unknowns on the boundary. In fact, Equations (28) and (29) contain 4n fundamental variables, i.e., [w], ~w/3~, {M&dquo;} and I Vnwhose 2n are given by the boundary conditions [2], accordingly it remains 2n variables which are the unknowns of the problem. On the other hand, we have exactly 2n equations given by (28) and (29). Consequently we can finally obtain a system of 2n linear equations for solving 2n unknowns

704 where {Xis a column vector of the 2n unknowns, [E] is a 2nx2n matrix, and ( f] is a known 2nxvector. When the linear system (30) is solved, and all of the variables on boundary are known, then it is possible to compute the deflection w at an arbitrary point inside the domain So by using the integral representation (20).
Numerical Results
The first application of our Direct Boundary Element Method (DBEM) is a square orthotropic plate simply-supported on its four edges. The flexural rigidities can be written as
and
2.068 x 10&dquo; Nlm2, E~ = E)15, VX = 0.3, Gxy = 6.055 x 0.01 m. The boundary of the plate is discretized into 40 elements, each edge having 10 equal length segments. straight For such a square orthotropic plate bending problem, an anlytical solution is given in [10,11]. Moreover, Wu and Altiero have studied this plate subjected to uniformly distributed lateral load, and given some computational results [6]. In our practical computation, we have obtained the numerical results for the normal slope and the Kirchhoffls equivalent shear force on the boundary, and for the deflection at some points inside the domain. We have treated two cases:
= =
where we set Ex 101 Nlm2 and h
~ ~
an a
uniform load per unit area p concentrated load F at the centre of the
plate
In Table 1 we compare the numerical results obtained by the present DBEM with the results given by the analytical solution [11] for deflection values at the centre of the plate in these two different loads cases.

705
Table 1. Deflection at the centre of
a
simply-supported orthotropic plate.
of edges of the plate. We see that the numerical results DBEM are in very good agreement with the exact solution, since the error is only about 0.5 %. Also, results for the deflection along the two axes of symmetry of the plate under an uniform load or a concentrated force are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. Once again, we compared our numerical results with the analytical solution and, for the case of an uniform load, with the results given by Wu and Altiero [6]. These results show that our method has a very good precision. In the end we present the numerical boundary results for the normal slope in Figure 4 and Figure 5, and for the Kirchhoffs equivalent shear force in Figure 6 and Figure 7 along the two demi-edges of the plate for the two load types respecWhere
a
is the
length
computed by
our
tively.
All these results are in good agreement with those available from analytical solution or other numerical methods. They prove the accuracy of our before mentioned numerical technique. Our second example problem consists of a square orthotropic plate whose all
Figure 2. plate with
Deflection
an
along
two demi-axes of
symmetry of
simply-supported orthotropic
uniform load.

Figure 3. plate with
Deflection along two demi-axes of concentrated force at its centre.
symmetry of a simply-supported orthotropic
Figure 4.
Normal uniform load.
slope along
two
demi-edges of a simply-supported orthotropic plate with
706

Figure 5.
a
Normal slope along two demi-edges of a simply-supported concentrated force at its centre.
orthotropic plate
with
Figure 6. Kirchhoffs shear force along two demi-edges of a simply-supported orthotroppic plate with an uniform load.
707

Figure
plate
7. Kirchhoffs shear force along two demi-edges of with a concentrated force at its centre.
simply-supported orthotropic
Figure 8. Deflection along the axis of symmetry of a cantilever orthotropic plate with a concentrated force at its centre.
708

709
four edges are clamped. For solving this problem we have used the same discretization for the boundary as in the first example. Numerical results are the deflection inside the domain, the bending moment and the Kirchhoi~s equivalent shear force on boundary. The computational results show that the maximal deflection value occurs at the centre of the plate:
for
an
uniformly distributed
load p. And
for a concentrated force F applied at the centre of the plate. In Table 2 we give the numerical results on boundary for the bending moment Mn and the Kirchhof~s equivalent shear force Vn in the dimensionless forms. To test the performance of our DBEM for various boundary conditions, we have treated as a last numerical example a square cantilever orthotropic plate under a concentrated load F at its centre. The discretization of the boundary is the same as in the previous examples. In the practical computation, we have obtained for this problem the numerical results for the deflection w along the axis of symmetry (Figure 8), the deflection w and the normal slope awlan along the free edges (Figure 9 and 10). For the bending moment M,, and the KirchhofTs equivaTable 2.
Boundary numerical results obtained by for a clamped orthotropic plate.
our
DBEM

Figure
9. Deflection along the free trated force at its centre.
edges
of
cantilever
orthotropic plate
with
a concen-
Figure
10. Normal
slope along the free edges of a cantilever orthotropic plate with
a con-
centrated force at Its centre.
710

711
lent shear force Vn maximum values
along the clamped edge,
the numerical results show that the
and
occur at
the centre of the
clamped edge
for both M~ and Vn.
CONCLUSION
A new direct boundary integral equation-boundary element method for the solution of Kirchhofps anisotropic plate bending problems has been presented. Owing to the characteristics of the two proposed boundary integral equations and to the new numerical treatment for the twisting moment on boundary, this method can be used to analyse the flexure of anisotropic plates with any plan forms under arbitrary conventional boundary conditions, particularly for the plates with a boundary having some corner points. Numerical results of the practical computation of some example problems show that this direct boundary element method has a satisfactory accuracy. And one of the most interesting features of the present numerical technique is the considerable reduction in the data preparation to run a practical anisotropic plate bending problem.
ANNEXE
The kernel functions involved in the boundary integral Equations (21) and (22) be obtained by using the boundary operators (4) with respect to the fundamental solution w$(r,9) given in (14). In other words, one can give the expressions of the kernels as follows:
can

712
where o = (x, no), and the constants have been defined in (5), (6) and (7). The derivatives of the fundamental solution in (33) and (34) can be expressed by those of the functions R,(r,9), S,(r,6) (i = 1,2) given in (15) and (16). For ex-
ample :
So we give only the derivatives of R,(rO) and S,(r,9) in the Derivatives of R,(r,9) (i = 1,2):
following.

713

714
Derivatives of
S, (r, 8) (I
1,2):

715
REFERENCES
"Boundary Integral Formulation for Plate Flexure with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions," Mechanics Research Commumcations, 5(4):197-206 (1978). 2. Stern, M. "A General Boundary Integral Formulation for the Numerical Solution of Plate Bending Problems, Int. J. Solids and Structures, 15 769-782 (1979). 3. Du, Q., Z. Yao and G. Song. "Solutions of Some Plate Bending Problems Using the Boundary Element Method," Appl. Math. Modelling, 8(1):15-22 (1984).
1. Bezine, G

716
4.
Shi, G. "On Boundary Element Methods for Thin Plate Flexure with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions," some Preliminary Research Reports on Boundary Element Method, No. 84-1, Tsinghua
5. Bezine, G.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
University, Beijing, China (1984). "Application de la Méthode des Équations Intégralesà la Résolution des Problèmes Statiques et Dynamiques Stationnaires ou Transitoires de Flexion de Plaques Minces. Extension à des Problèmes de Mécanique des Fluides Pour des Écoulements Visqueux en Régime de Stokes," Thèse de Docteur ès Sciences Physquies, Poitiers, France (1982). Wu, B. C. and N. I. Altiero. "A New Numerical Method for the Analysis of Anisotropic ThinPlate Bending Problems," Comp. Math. Appl. Mech. Engg. , 25:343-353 (1981). Kamiya, N. and Y. Sawaki. "A General Boundary Element Method for Bending Analysis of Orthotropic Elastic Plates," Res. Mechanica, 5:329-334 (1982). Shi, G. "Etude de la Flexion des Plaques Amsotropes par la Méthode des Équations Intégrales de Frontière," Rapport de DEA, Poitiers, France (1986). Suchar, M. "On Singular Solutions in the Theory of Anisotropic Plates," Bulletin de lAcadémie Polonaise des Sciences. Série des Sciences Techniques, 12:29-38 (1964). Timoshenko, S. and S. Woinowsky-Krieger. "Theory of Plates and Shells," New York :McGrawHill (1959). Lekhnitski, S. G. "Anisotropic Plates," New York:Gordon and Breach (1968). Lukasiewicz, S. "Local Loads in Plates and Shells," The Netherland:Sijthoff and Noordhoff In(1979).
ternational Pub.
13. Zienkiewicz, O. C. "The Finite Element Method," 3rd Edition,
England:McGraw-Hill (1977).

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American Society for Composites

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to the flexure of thin

Vol. 22 -August 1988

0021-9983/88/08 0694-23 $4.50/0 @ 1988 Technomic Pubhshmg Co., Inc

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D22, D66, D16, D26

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solution r~ which satisfies

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699 could not have real roots in the [11]. Let

be the roots of the characteristic system (rO) such as

Equation (11). Defining

then the fundamental lows [6,8,9]

singular solution wS(r,O)

WS(Q,P) can be expressed as fol-

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then, the solution given in Equation (14) takes

case, the fundamental

an indeterminate form. For such be written as [6,12]

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where the coefficients

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where we set Ex 101 Nlm2 and h

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simply-supported orthotropic plate.

Figure 2. plate with

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Figure 3. plate with

Deflection along two demi-axes of concentrated force at its centre.

symmetry of a simply-supported orthotropic

Normal uniform load.

demi-edges of a simply-supported orthotropic plate with

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Boundary numerical results obtained by for a clamped orthotropic plate.

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9. Deflection along the free trated force at its centre.

slope along the free edges of a cantilever orthotropic plate with

centrated force at Its centre.

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lent shear force Vn maximum values

along the clamped edge,

the numerical results show that the

the centre of the

for both M~ and Vn.

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. Zienkiewicz, O. C. "The Finite Element Method," 3rd Edition,