International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

Wireless Electricity Generation and Transmission: A Focus on Tesla Coil

Adapa Mahesh babu 4th year Rollno:08ME1A0201 Electrical &Electronics Engineering ramachandra college of engineering maheshbabuadapa@gmail.com

Abstract:
Suddenly you come to see that one fine day the employees of power supply department are busy in mounting towers in your locality and are removing the wires that supply your household power. Asking them, they answered instead of wires entering your house,we will mount an wireless device that wil acquire power from base station and will help for efficiect functioning of household appliances.Its sound unbelievable to you !!! Isnt it? But it is possible. Latest science and technological developments are turning this dream into reality. And Tesla Coil is the name behind it. The paper considers the capability of Tesla Coil of generating wireless electricity and the views, ideas, and experiments conducted by Nikolo Tesla of transmitting huge amount of power wirelessly which can established the truth. Here we are trying to channelize our thoughts to physical real life effects. It will be like heaven for those people to whom god has gifted noting but only the power to think.

Tesla is most famous for conceiving the rotating magnetic field principle (1882) and then using it to invent the induction motor together with the accompanying alternating current long-distance electrical transmission system (1888). In 1884, leaving the warfare of his birthplace behind, Tesla moved to the United States of America to accept a job with the Edison Company in New York City. In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternate-current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse's Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of AC electricity over large distances. X-rays and friendships In April 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single node vacua tubes . On July 30, 1891, he became a naturalized citizen of the US and established his Houston Street laboratory in New York. He lit vacuum tubes wirelessly in it, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission. When he was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. Wireless and the AIEE - Tesla served as the Vice-President of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now part of the IEEE) from 1892 to 1894. From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without wires, effectively building the first radio transmitter. War of currents - In the "War of Currents" era in the late 1880s, Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison became adversaries due to Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current (AC) advocated by Tesla. Colorado Springs - In 1899, Tesla decided to go for his highvoltage high-frequency experiments. He chose this location primarily because of the frequent thunderstorms, the high altitude (where the air, being at a lower pressure, had a lower dielectric breakdown strength, making it easier to ionize), and the dryness of the air (minimizing leakage of electric charge through insulators). Tesla reached Colorado Springs on May 17, 1899. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris.Tesla spent nearly nine months from June 1, 1899 and

Keywords:
Tesla Coil , Wireless energy transfer , Tesla Coil Controller,Power Consumption , Wardenclyfee Tower.

Introduction:
The idea of wireless generation and transmission of power is on the table of experiment form long while ago. We need to develop devices that generate voltages / currents wirelessly and transmit them in the RF range or household requirement stage. Ongoing engineering revolutions in field of transmission and distribution help the dream to come in reality. The person who showed the way of dreaming wireless power is NIKOLO TESLA. ABOUT NIKOLO TESLA:

Nikolo Tesla, born on July 9th and July 10th, 1856 in the village of Smiljan near Gospic, in the Lika region of the Military Frontier (Krajina) of the Habsburg Monarchy, now in Croatia), was a physicist, inventor, and, electrical engineer of unusual intellectual brilliance and practical achievement. He was of Serb descent and worked mostly in the United States.
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Wireless Electricity Generation and Transmission: A Focus on Tesla Coil

January 7, 1900, in the Colorado Springs lab. He was developing a system for wireless telegraphy, telephony and the transmission of power, experimented with high-voltage electricity and the possibility of wireless transmitting and distributing large amounts of electrical energy over long distances. Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for his next project, the the stablishment of a wireless power transmission facility that would be known as Wardenclyffe. n March 21, 1900, Tesla was granted US685012 patent for the means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. Magnifying transmitter - The lab possessed the largest Tesla Coil ever built, fifty-two feet (16 m) in diameter, known as the Magnifying Transmitter (further MT). It was a three-coil magnifying system requiring different forms of analysis. Tesla used it to transmit tens of thousands of watts of power wirelessly; it could generate millions of volts of electricity and produce lightning bolts more than one-hundred feet (30 m) long. Tesla became the first man to create electrical effects on the scale of lightning. On July 3, 1899, Tesla discovered terrestrial stationary waves within the earth. He demonstrated that the Earth behaves as a smooth polished conductor and possesses electrical vibrations. Tesla conducted experiments contributing to the understanding of electromagnetic propagation and the Earth's resonance. It is well documented (from various photos from the time) that he lit hundreds of lamps wirelessly at a distance of up to twenty-five miles (40 km). He transmitted signals several kilometres and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground. He transmitted signals several kilometres and lit neon tubes conducting through the ground. He researched ways to transmit energy wirelessly over long distances.He discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 Hz (Hertz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed resonant frequency. Cosmic waves - Tesla in the Colorado Springs lab recorded cosmic waves emitting from interstellar clouds and red giant stars. Radar - Nikola Tesla, in August 1917, first established principals regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive RADAR units in 1934. In the 1917 The Electrical Experimenter, Tesla stated the principals of modern military radar in detail.. . Tesla stated, "For instance, by their [standing electromagnetic waves] use we may produce at will, from a sending station, an electrical effect in any particular region of the globe; [with which] we may determine the relative position or course of a moving object, such as a vessel at sea, the distance traversed by the same, or its speed." . Teslas proposal was first successfully implemented to find find aircraft (after their later proliferation) and surface ships during World War II. Emil Girardeau, working with the first French radar systems, stated he was building radar systems "conceived according to the principles stated by Tesla" .Dynamic theory of gravity - When he was eighty-one, Tesla challenged Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, announcing he was working on a dynamic theory of gravity and argued that a field of force was a better concept and did away with the

curvature of space.

International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics Death and afterwards - Tesla died alone in the hotel New Award, biggest airport in Serbia (Belgrade) was renamed Yorker of heart failure, some time between the evening of Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, selected as a fellow of the January 5 and the morning of January 8, 1943. At the time of IEEE and was awarded the Edison Medal, was also made a his death, Tesla had been working on some form of teleforce fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of weapon, or Death Ray, the secrets of which he had offered to Science, was also made fellow of the American Electrothe United States War Department on the morning of January Therapeutic Association. 5. Tesla's funeral took place on January 12, 1943 at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, New York What is a Tesla Coil? City. Education - Fluent in seven languages (English, Serbian, Croatian, Hungarian, French, German, Italian), Elementary school: Gospic (Croatia), Secondary school: Karlovac (Croatia), *Undergraduate ** Baccalaureate of Physics: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz) ** Baccalaureate of Mathematics: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz) ** Baccalaureate of Mechanical Engineering: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz) ** Baccalaureate of Electrical Engineering: Austrian Polytechnic Institute (Graz) *Graduate studies ** PhD in Physics: University of Prague (Prague). Further Achievements - Turbines and pumps ( 1906 ) , Tower of Dreams , Robots and Telautomatics ( 1897 ) Recognition and honors - The tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux density (or magnetic induction). It is a unit to define the intensity (density) of a magnetic field. This SI unit is named after Nikola tesla, IEEE Nikola Tesla A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge transformer coils, named after the inventor, NIKOLO TESLA. Tesla coils are composed of coupled resonant electric circuits. It is a special transformer that can take the 110v electricity from our or destroy the coil wire, supports, nearby objects, or anything else in the way house and capable of converting it rapidly to a great deal of high-voltage high fequency,low amperage power.The high frequency output of even a small Tesla coil can light up fluorescent tubes held several feet away without any wire connections. A large number of spent or discarded fluorescent tubes ( their burned out cathodes are irrelevant )will light up if hung near a long wire running from a Tesla coil while using less than 100 watts drawn by the coil itself when plugged into an electrical outlet. The high frequency high-voltage energy produced possesses qualities unlike conventional electricity. It defies most insulation material , transmits energy without wires , produces heat , light , and noise yet harmlessly passes through human tissue with virtually no feeling or shocking effects.

Wireless Electricity Generation and Transmission: A Focus on Tesla Coil

Construction:
A Tesla coil is a category of disruptive discharge transformer coils, named after their inventor, Nikola Tesla. Tesla coils are composed of coupled resonant electric circuits. Nikola Tesla actually experimented with a large variety of coils and configurations.

constructed disruptive coil. The primaries each have twenty turns of No. 16 B & S rubber covered wire and are wound separately on rubber tubes not less than a 1/8th inch thick. The secondary has 300 turns of No. 30 B & S silk-covered magnet wire, wound on rubber tube or rod, and the ends encased in glass or rubber tubes. The primaries must be large enough to be loose when the secondary coil is placed between the coils. The primaries must cover around two inches of the secondary. A hard rubber division must be placed between these primary coils. The ends of the primaries not connected with the capacitors are lead to a spark gap. Another early Tesla coil was protected in 1897 known as "Electrical Transformer". This transformer developed (or converted) currents of high potential and was comprised of a primary and secondary coil. This Tesla coil had the secondary being inside of, and surrounded by, the convolutions of the primary coil. This Tesla coil comprised of a primary and secondary wound in the form of a flat spiral. One coil, the secondary in step up transformation, of the device consisted of a longer fine-wire. The apparatus was also connected to the Earth when the coil was in use. Utilization and Production: Transmission - A large Tesla coil of more modern design can operate at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (a million watts; hundreds of thousands of horsepower). It should therefore be adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge (spark), or possibly a ball of plasma, may break out and damage,

Early coils The American Electrician gives a description of an early tesla coil wherein a glass battery jar, six inches by eight inches, is wound with 60 to 80 turns of American wire gauge No. 18 B & S magnet wire. Into this is slipped a primary consisting of eight to ten turns of AWG No. 6 B & S wire, and the whole combination immersed in a vessel containing linseed or mineral oil. Disruptive "Tesla" coils In the spring of 1891, Tesla gave demonstrations with various machines before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at Columbia College. Tesla developed a series of coils that produced high-voltage, high-frequency currents. The setup can be duplicated by a Ruhmkorff coil, two condensers (now called capacitors), and a second, specially constructed, disruptive coil.

Later coils:
Tesla, in System of Transmission of Electrical Energy and Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy, described new and useful combinations employed in transformer coils. The transmitting coil or conductor arranged and excited to cause currents or oscillation to propagate through conduction through the natural medium from one point to another remote point therefrom and a receiver coil or conductor of the transmitted signals. The production of currents of very high potential could be attained in these coils.

The Ruhmkorff coil, being fed from a main source, is wired to capacitors on both ends in series. A spark gap is placed in parallel to the Ruhmkorff coil before the capacitors. The discharge tips were usually metal balls under one inch in diameter, though Tesla used various forms of dischargers. The capacitors were of a special design, small with high insulation. These capacitors consisted of plates in oil that were movable. The smaller the plates, the more frequent the discharge of this early coil apparatus. The plates also help nullify the high self inductance of the secondary coil by adding capacity to it. Mica plates were placed in the spark gap to establish an air current jet to go up through the gap. This helped to extinguish the arc, making the discharge more abrupt. An air blast was also used for this objective. The capacitors are connected to a double primary (each coil in series with a capacitor). These are part of the second specially

Some of Tesla's later coils were considerably larger and operated at much higher power levels. Tesla coils achieve

International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

great gain in voltage by loosely coupling two resonant LC circuits together, using an air-core (ironless) transformer. Unlike a conventional transformer, whose gain is limited to the ratio of the numbers of turns in the windings, Tesla coils' voltage gain is proportional to the square root of the ratio of secondary and primary inductances. Later coil types are an aircore, dual-tuned resonant transformer that generates very high voltages at radio frequencies (RF). The coil achieves a great gain in voltage by transferring energy from one resonant circuit (the primary) to the other (the secondary) over a number of cycles. Tesla Coil operation is significantly different from a conventional transformer whose gain is limited to the ratio of the numbers of turns in the windings. Modern Tesla Coils are designed to generate long sparks, Tesla's original system were designed for wireless communication. so he used large radii of curvature to prevent corona and streamer losses. Tesla coils' outer conducting surfaces, which are charged to a high potential, have large radii of curvature to minimise leakage of the oscillating charges through corona discharges or sparks. The intensity of the voltage gain of the circuit with a free, or elevated, toroid is proportional to the quantity of charge displaced, which is determined by the product of the capacitance of the circuit, the voltage (which Tesla called "pressure"), and the frequency of the currents employed.

LC circuits. Modern Tesla Coils use vacuum tube or power transistor oscillators to excite the primary and generate high frequency current.

Typical Tesla Coil Schematic Alternate Tesla Coil Configuration The Tesla Coil primary winding, spark gap, and tank capacitor are all connected in series. Once the gap fires, the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical. In the typical circuit (above), the spark gap's short circuiting action prevents high frequency oscillations from "backing up" into the supply transformere. Regardless of which configuration is used, the HV transformer must be of a type that self-limits its secondary current by means of internal leakage inductance. A normal (low leakage inductance) high voltage transformer must use an external limiter (sometimes called a ballast) to limit current. NST's are designed to have high leakage inductance to limit their short circuit current to a safe level.

Safety and precautions - It is advisable to begin the

tuning, in which the primary coil's resonant frequency is set to the same value of the secondary coil's, using low-power oscillations, then increasing the power until the apparatus has been brought under control . Air discharges - While generating discharges, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The electric currents that flow through these discharges are actually due to the rapid shifting of quantities of charge from one place to other places (nearby regions of air). The process is similar to charging or discharging a capacitor. The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a displacement current. Tesla Coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called space charge regions). When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates a magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance. The energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles, and most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred into the secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of the toroid's RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding toroid begins to undergo dielectric breakdown, forming a corona discharge .

Operational Principle:
Later coils consist of a primary tank circuit, which is a series LC circuit composed of a high voltage capacitor, spark gap, and primary coil; and the secondary LC circuit, a series resonant circuit consisting of the secondary coil and the toroid. Most modern coils use only a single secondary coil. The toroid actually forms one terminal of a capacitor, the other terminal being the Earth (or "ground"). The primary LC circuit is "tuned" so that it will resonate at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer. unlike a conventional transformer, which may couple 97%+ of the magnetic fields between windings, a Tesla Coil's windings are "loosely" coupled, with the primary and secondary typically sharing only 10-20% of their respective magnetic fields. Tesla Coils spread their electric field over a large distance to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air. Most Modern Tesla coils use simple toroids, typically fabricated from spun metal or flexible aluminum ducting, to control the high electrical field near the top of the secondary and to direct spark outward,and away, from the primary and secondary windings. The circuit consists of a secondary coil that is inductively coupled to the primary, one end of which is connected to a good earth ground, while its other end is usually connected to a smoothly shaped discharge terminal (often called a topload). The important requirement is that the primary and secondary sides must be tuned to the same resonant frequency to allow efficient transfer of energy between the primary and secondary

Wireless Electricity Generation and Transmission: A Focus on Tesla Coil

sculpture. It currently resides in a private sculpture park at Kakanui Point near Auckland, in New Zealand.rivate Sculpture Park at akanui Point near Auckland, in New Zealand. Popularity - Tesla coils are very popular devices among certain electrical engineers and electronics enthusiasts.

A small later-type "Tesla coil" in operation. The output is giving 17-inch sparks. The diameter of the secondary is 3 inches. The power source is a 10000 V 60 Hz current limited supply. In a spark gap Tesla Coil the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50500 times/second, and previously formed leader channels don't get a chance to fully cool down between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse. Reception - The secondary coil and its capacitor can be used in receive mode. The parameters of a Tesla Coil transmitter are identically applicable to it being a receiver, due to reciprocity. Impedance, is not applied in an obvious way; for electrical impedance, the impedance at the load (eg., where the power is consumed) is most critical and, for a Tesla Coil receiver, this is at the point of utilization (such as at an induction motor) rather than at the receiving node. The skin effect myth: The dangers of high frequency electrical current are sometimes perceived as being less than at lower frequencies. Large Tesla Coils and Magnifiers can deliver dangerous levels of high frequency current, and they can also develop significantly higher voltages voltages (often 250,000500,000 volts, or more).

Vry big tesla coil is shown every year at the Coachella music and arts festival, in Coachella, Indio, California, USA. i)Tesla coils are featured in the Command & Conquer series of strategy computer games by Westwood Studios as a powerful defensive weapon on the Soviet side. ii)In the Destroy All Humans! Video game, it is utilized as an anti-air emplacement. iii)Tesla coils, as well as an operational Tesla Death Ray make an appearance in Tomb Raider: Legend. iv)In the game Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura by Troika Games, weapons such as the Tesla Gun, Tesla Pistol, or the Tesla Rod can be created by combining certain weapons with a Tesla coil. v) In the game Tremulous, Tesla generators can be utilized by the human team as base defenses which zap enemies who come near. vi) In a game Return to Castle Wolfenstein, Authors used Tesla Gun, which fired electrical discharge "rail", or in alternate firing mode, gun would fire electricall ball into target. vii) Tesla Coils are featured part of the Thaddius encounter in World of Warcraft's Naxxaramas dungeon. viii) The Electroshock cannon in the PC game Evil Genius is a Tesla Coil, in the game it is depicted to spin after each discharge, possibly to generate Static electricity Wireless energy transfer is the transfer of electromagnetic energy for power to do work via conduction, induction, or transmission without a physical connection.Wireless energy transfer, by definition, does not require a physical medium through which to flow.

Because of the higher voltages, large systems can deliver higher energy, potentially lethal, repetitive high voltage capacitor discharges from their top terminals. Doubling the output voltage quadruples the electrostatic energy stored in a given top terminal capacitance.

Instances and devices - One of the largest Tesla coils

ever built, known as the "Magnifying Transmitter". The world's largest currently existing 2-coil Tesla coil was made by Greg Leyh. It is a 130,000 watt unit, part of a 38 foot tall

International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

A fluorescent with no wires attached to it, held near the antenna, will glow when thetransmitter is activated relaying the abbreviation "SOS" by Morse code will cause the light to correspondingly blink "SOS" as electromagnetic induction by the transmitted signal causes the gas inside the lamp (acting as a natural receiver) to glow, not unlike the causal mechanism in the aurora borealis. With the basic principle thus established, the challenge then is to channel the energy of transmission to ensure efficient reception, whereupon it can be converted into useful power, a flashlight beam focused narrowly (by a lens) onto a solar cell will mimimize the amount of energy which does not fall on the receiver and is ambiently lost . The advent of technology for much higher transmission frequencies, like those used by microwave transmitters, created the possibility of relaying electromagnetic energy through the application of directional antennas, such as the one invented by Hidetsugu Yagi. Lasers, which create a coherent and tightly confined beam of light energy, are even more appropriate. In most cases, such solutions are not economical as compared to the simpler standard of power transmission by copper wire. Wireless energy transfer is therefore most applicable to situations where the energy receiver cannot be copper-tethered to the energy source such as sending energy to an airplane or spacecraft, or transmitted between planetary bodies, or from orbital solar power satellites to a rectenna on Earth.

connection, each being called a terminal.. It is clearly specified by Tesla that the earth as being one of the conducting media involved in ground and air system technology. The other specified medium is the atmosphere above 5 miles elevation. While not an ohmic conductor, in this region of the troposphere and upwards, the density or pressure is sufficiently reduced to so that, according to Teslas theory, the atmospheres insulating properties can be easily impaired, allowing an electric current to flow. Teslas theory further states that the conducting region is developed through the process of atmospheric ionization, in which the effected portions thereof are changed to plasma. The presence of the magnetic fields developed by each plants helical resonator suggests that an embedded magnetic field and flux linkage is also involved. Flux linkage with Earths natural magnetic field is also a possibility, especially in the case of an earth resonance transmission system. The atmosphere below 5 miles is also viewed as a propagating medium for a portion of the aboveground circuit, and, being an insulating medium, electrostatic induction would be involved rather than true electrical conduction. In 1935 Tesla spoke about the transmission of propulsive power to ships at sea "through the stratosphere" using this technique . "The principles of this high tension power, generated by shore plants and transmitted through the upper reaches of the air, illuminating the sky, turning night into day and at the same time supplying power, have occupied Dr. Tesla's attention on and off now for the past thirty-five years. . .. #### "There is a method of conveying great power to ships at sea which would be able to propel them across oceans at high speed. . . . #### "The principle is this. A ray of great ionizing power is used to give to the atmosphere great powers of conduction. A high tension current of 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 volts is then passed along the ray to the upper strata of the air, which strata can be broken down very readily and will conduct electricity very well. "A ship would have to have equipment for producing a similar ionizing ray. The current which has passed through the stratosphere will strike this ray, travel down it and pass into the engines which propel the ship." Earth itself would behave as a resonant LC circuit that could be electrically excited at predescribed frequencies. However, Earth resonance would be of a very low frequency (about 7 Hz) which would, perhaps, utilize Schumann resonance. Alternatively, a surface or ground wave, similar to the Zenneck wave could have been utilized.According to Tesla, the planet's large cross-sectional area provides a low resistance path for the flow of earth currents. The greatest losses are apt to occur at the points where the transmitting and receiving stations are connected with the ground. This is why Tesla stated,"You see the underground work is one of the most expensive parts of the tower. In this system that I have invented it is necessary for the machine to get a grip of the earth, otherwise it cannot shake the earth. It has to have a grip on the earth so that the whole of this globe can quiver, and to do that it is necessary to carry out a very expensive construction."

Tesla:
The development of wireless energy transfer began in earnest with the lectures and patents of the electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (and is described in his 1916 deposition on the history of wireless and radio technology). In experiments around 1899, Tesla was able to light lamps filled with gas (similar to neon) from over 25 miles away without using wires. Tesla used a high frequency current. During his experiments in Colorado, he lit ordinary incandescent lamps at full candle-power by currents induced in a local loop consisting of a single wire forming a square of fifty feet each side, which includes the lamps, and which was at a distance of one-hundred feet from the primary circuit energized by the oscillator (Century Magazine, June 1900). The construction of a global system for wireless telegraphy, telephony, and transmission of power centered on his Wardenclyffe Tower, started over a century ago by Tesla. In practice, the transmitter electrically influences both the earth and the space above it. Tesla believed that energy cold be efficiently transmitted from the facility by true electrical conduction through the earth, and either displacement currents, i.e., electrostatic induction or, with a high-power system, true electrical conduction through plasma. Tesla called his wireless technique the "disturbed charge of ground and air method." The ground-air system depends upon passage of electrical current through both the earth and the atmosphere. To accommodate this, the Wardenclyffe-type World System transmitter/receiver facility includes both an air and a ground

Wireless Electricity Generation and Transmission: A Focus on Tesla Coil

To close the circuit, in theory, a second path would be established between the plants' elevated high-voltage terminals through rarefied upper-level atmospheric strata. The connection would be made by electrostatic induction or conduction through plasma. Tesla firmly believed that Wardenclyffe would permit wireless transmission and reception across large distances with negligible losses.

i) High Power Vaccum Medium Power Tesla Tube tesla Coil Coil

ii) Table Top Tesla Coil

iii)

High Power Tesla Coil -

Types of Tesla Coil:

i) High Power Vacuum Tube Tesla Coil - These spectacular display devices produce arcs and sparks quite unlike the damped spark gap driven Tesla coils. Operation does not require a noisy spark gap that produces copious amounts of RFI radio frequency interference but operates efficiently at the quarter wave frequency of the secondary coil . The circuit of the vacuum tube device is nothing more than a high powered Hartley radio frequency oscillator tuned to the resonant frequency of the secondary coil. The circuit uses a medium powered 833A triode transmitting tube that inherently has a high grid to plate capacitance and is readily available. The plate section of the coil is wound with 1/4 inch copper tubing. The grid feed back coil is wound with #16 litz wire. The secondary is wound with #24 litz wire on a properly prepped plastic form . The output of the oscillator is relatively closely coupled to the secondary coil designed for high Q performance and self resonant to the 1/4 wave of the oscillator frequency. Input power to the coil is raw unrectified AC at 3000 volts rms with a current of .5 amps. Peak voltage is over 4000 volts and is supplied by a conventional plate transformer being fed by a voltage adjustable variac for power output control. A pulse signal controls the grid of the tube allowing a wide range of spark texture variation by changing the duty cycle and frequency. ii) Easy to Build Table Top Tesla Coil - Produces 8 -12" Visible Lightning -Like Discharges. Fully adjustable. Transmit wireless energy , Materials glow, disintegrate, burn , ION motors, induction fields , ION motors, induction fields , Amazing and spectacular special effects iii) Medium Power Tesla Coil - 18 DISCHARGES!! 500,000 Volts!!Intended for TO 30"

4 To 6' DISCHARGES!! 1,500,000 Volt Floor ModelIdeal for special effects, advertising, attention getting, advanced laboratory studies, and the hobbiest familiar with the use of high voltage. Uses Dangerous HIGH VOLTAGES!! Advanced Project for High Voltage Research Spectacular Display of Natures Fireworks Materials Testing Rotary Spark Gap Size - 6' Height x 24" Square base

Worlds Smallest Tesla Coil - Generate Bolts of Lightning, Crashing Against the Inner Walls of a 5" Lamp!

Display Experiments, Produces Intense Discharges! Uses Dangerous HIGH VOLTAGESPower enough for most R&D experiments. Air Cooled Tungsten Spark Gap. Size - 30" H x 16 sq , Weight - 35 lbs. Table top , Choice of 115/220 Operation , Parts Individually Available This Tesla coil is built using transparent polycarbonate materials. This is truly a spectacular looking device

Generate Up To 75 KV Discharges Experiment With HV Effects Plasma In A Jar, St Elmo's Fire, Corona Etc. Output Discharge Control Small Size 3 in.x 2 in. x 1.5 in. 115V Line Direct Operation

Micro Mini Mite Tesla Coil Lights Up A 4 Ft Florescent Tube Without Contact!!! Yet Only 3" Tall! * Super Magic Trick Pyrotechnics * Generate Plasma

International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

* Build a Small Jacobs Ladder Operation

* 12 VDC/115 VAC

Mini Tesla Lightning Machine - With Adjustable "On and Off" Time Settings 2 to 3" Spark Discharge 12 VDC/115 VAC/battery . Safe at High Frequencies , Adjustable Output

The wireless transfer of energy is used in various devices, such as electric toothbrushes (to recharge their batteries), the transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) systems in artificial hearts like AbioCor and most notably in mobile phones. A fully developed World System would, conceivably, allow for the removal of many existing high-tension power transmission lines, and facilitate the interconnection of electrical generation plants on a global scale.

Some notes on Power Consumption of Tesla Coil :

1) Power Supply - Initially, a circuit without a step-up transformer is used. Then up to 170 V to the inverter is to be applied. But the voltage was not high enough to make significant sparks. Then a step-up transformer is to be used ahead of the inverter.It appeared that a factor of ten (10(170) = 1700 V) would give me enough range. So a 240/2400 transformer is bought. This is an oil filled transformer, sometimes called a pole pig. one was rated at 5 kVA, so the rated input current is 5000/240 = 20.8 A. This is a very conservative rating, for continuous operation in a 40oC ambient. It was expected it to run four hours at 30 A without a problem, and 10. The power circuit is shown below :

Solid State Tesla Coil and Jacobs Ladder - Turns A Normal Light Bulb Into A Spectacular Plasma Display!! Build a Plasma Tornado Amazing and bizarre effects!

Transmits Wireless Energy

Noiseless Operation Pyrotechnic Effect 12 VDC/5 Amps or Battery 115 VAC Optional Converter Adjustable Frequency

Uses of Tesla Coil Tesla also used various versions of his coil in experiments with fluorescence, x-rays, wireless power for electric power transmission, electrotherapy, and telluric currents in conjunction with atmospheric electricity. The Tesla coil is an early predecessor (along with the induction coil) of a more modern device called a flyback transformer, which provides the voltage needed to power the cathode ray tube used in some televisions and computer monitors. The disruptive discharge coil remains in common use as the "ignition coil" or "spark coil" in the ignition system of an internal combustion engine. A modern low power variant of the Tesla coil is also used to power plasma globe sculptures and similar devices. Low power Tesla Coils are also sometimes used as a high voltage source for Kirlian photography.

# I had 2400 VAC rather than 230 VAC, which made my LI = (2400/230)(15) = 156.5 mH-A. The rated current for my transformer is 2.8 A at 2400 V, so L = 156.5 / 2.8 = 56 mH ; The capacitor bank was formed of 16 electrolytic capacitors rated at 1400 F and 450 V. Four were placed in series to get a string rated at 350 F and 1800 V. Two strings were then paralleled to get a rated capacitor C3 of 700 F and 1800 V. Two more strings were added to get another capacitor C3 for the negative supply. The figure shows the measured value of the capacitors, 740 F rather than 700 F. Finally, resistors R1 were added to discharge the capacitor bank. These are 35 k, 100 W resistors, two in series on each side of the supply. At full voltage of 1700 V, the power dissipation on each side is P = V ^2/ R = (1700)^2 / 70000 = 41 W (1) or about 20 W per resistor. The resistors are mounted at an angle in free air, so air can flow by convection through the interior of the resistors. The nominal rated voltage difference between V and V + is 24002 = 3394 V, or about 1700 V.Power was run into and out of the capacitor bank with wire made by the Alpha Wire.

2. Gate Driver and Inverter:

Wireless Electricity Generation and Transmission: A Focus on Tesla Coil

The last generation is shown in Fig. 2 are four Harris HGTG18N120BND IGBTs in series in each leg.. # Calculations: During inverter operation, each resistor carries 1/4 of the total supply voltage while its IGBT is off, and 0 while its IGBT is on. The power dissipation for a total voltage of 3400 V is P = V^2 / R =(3400 / 8)^2 / 430000 = 0.42 W during the off period, and double this amount, or 0.84 W during inverter operation. 3. Current Sense Resistors: In the metal case containing the inverter, there are several other components besides those shown in Fig. 2. These include the current sense resistors, a filter for the current waveform to the scope, a small current transformer for supplying current information to the controller, and some high frequency capacitors for voltage and current support. These are shown in Fig. 3. The switches SW1-SW8 represent the 8 IGBTs in the inverter.

P = (70) ^2 (0.02) = 98 W which is a little over four times the steady state rating. For the intermittent operation used here, R1 should last indefinitely, at least until the IGBTs blow. 4. IGBT Over current Protection:

5. Tesla Coil Controller:

# Need for Switching - The switcher provides a square wave voltage to the Tesla coil input. A square wave can always be composed into a fundamental and a series of odd harmonics of sine waves. The magnifier is not resonant at exactly three (or five, or seven) times the fundamental frequency, so the harmonics always face a very high surge impedance. The current will build up at the resonant frequency but not at the harmonics. This means that a square wave of applied voltage will produce only a sine wave of current. This sine wave will be in phase with the voltage at resonance, will lag above resonance, and lead below resonance. The difference between hard and soft switching is shown in Fig. 4. Two plots of an (approximately) square wave of voltage applied to a Tesla coil, with the resulting(approximately) sinusoidal current are given here. In the 1st plot the voltage takes about 300 ns to make the transition. There is little ripple and the current waveform is reasonably smooth. In the 2nd plot, the voltage transition lasts only about 100 ns.

6. Waveform Plots: n the following figures, A1 and A2 refer to the two analog channels of the HP 54645D oscilloscope. A1 is the voltage waveform applied to the Tesla coil, measured at the output of the inverter. A2 is the current, as represented by the voltage across a 0.02 resistor. A scale of 100 mV/div would be 5 A/div.

Fig. 8 shows the same waveforms after 1 ms of operation (except for Channel 4, which is no longer of interest to us).

Fig. 9 shows the voltage applied to the Tesla coil and the resulting current for about 4.5 ms. The voltage is A1 at the top of the figure and the current is A2 at the bottom. Operation is well below breakout.

A spark that occurs 1.9 ms into the pulse train with 900 V applied might occur 1.2 ms after start with 1200 V applied. A current of about 30 A (rms) just before spark was observed frequently. The power dissipated in R1 with this current in it is

P = I^2 R = (30)2(0.02) = 18 W which is within the range of a 22 W resistor. The most critical limit in the circuit is that of the IGBTs, which is 100 A peak in short bursts. If the peak current is 100 A in a sinusoidal waveform, then the rms current limit is 70 A. At 70 A, the power dissipation in R1 is

International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics Fig. 10 shows a closeup of the waveforms when ENABLE goes high and stays there. goes low. Both outputs of the 34066 go low, so Channel 0

Wireless Electricity Generation and Transmission: A Focus on Tesla Coil

In Fig. 10. It turns out that the current never misses a beat. The voltage has a cycle that is half the normal length, such that at the end of the short cycle, voltage is out of phase with current. Fig. 11 shows the voltage and current waveforms later in the cycle.

TESLA COILS SAFETY: 1.0) Electrical Hazards, Fuses and Safety Switches - Tesla coils use high voltages, and the risk of death or injury is significant. The following general guidelines are suggested: Never adjust tesla coils when the power is turned on. High voltage capacitors may hold a charge long after power is turned off. Always discharge capacitors before adjusting a primary circuit. Make sure the metal cases of transformers, motors, control panels and other items associated with tesla coils are properly grounded. The low voltage primary circuit is extremely dangerous! These voltages are especially lethal to humans. Make sure these circuits are well insulated so users cannot come in contact with the A.C. line voltage. A safety key should be used in the low voltage circuit to prevent unauthorized use. Use adequate fusing of the primary power and/or circuit breakers to limit the maximum current to your control panel. Do NOT count on your home circuit panel to provide adequate protection! Never operate a tesla coil in an area where there is standing water, or where a significant shock hazard exists. 2.0) Burns - Tesla coils can cause burns, especially due to RF discharges from the secondary. Stay out of the immediate vicinity of a tesla coil. 3.0) Induction Field Effects - Tesla coils operate in a pulsed mode, and strong electric and magnetic fields are locally produced. In addition, significant amounts of RF may be produced if the grounding is poor, or before spark breakout. This can result in induced currents in other conductors, like test equipment, nearby computers and electronics, and metal structures in the facility. Turn off computers and sensitive test equipment, and move it away from the vicinity of your coils. . Construct a dedicated RF ground, and make sure it is properly connected before firing any coil of substantial size. # Fire from other induced currents - Tesla coils are good at inducing currents. Beware of metal things that are connected to the same ground as a tesla coil. # Hazards to electronics - A tesla coil must be connected to a ground that is separate from the house ground or water pipes. Connecting anyone coil to either of these grounds is a recipe for disaster. 4.0) .0) Ozone, NOx, and Vapors - A sparking tesla coil produces ozone, nitrogen-oxygen compounds, and probably a host of other potentially toxic substances. Do not operate a large coil in an enclosed area for long periods of time. Make sure ventilation is adequate at all times. When constructing secondaries, adequate ventilation must be used, when coating coils with varnish, etc. 5.0) Ultraviolet Light and X-ray Production - The light produced in a spark contain substantial amounts of hard ultraviolet light and produce a large amount of visible light.

"Don't Look At The Arc!" . T he visible light is extremely bright, and the ultraviolet light will damage your eyes, and can cause skin cancer. To study spark gap, use welder's glasses. 6.0) Radio Frequency Interference - Tesla coils are generally inefficient as antennas go, but can still produce a fair amount of RF, especially if operated with a large top capacitance, before spark breakout. Significant quantities of RF can also be produced if the RF grounding is inadequate. This can cause interference with TV's, radios, and other electronics.Try to improve ground first . In addition, every tesla coil should be wired with a power line conditioner in series with the primary circuit. These are relatively inexpensive and are very effective in keeping RF out of the house wiring. 7.0) Fire Hazards - Fires can be caused by an overheated spark gap, equipment failure (e.g., shorted transformer), corona discharge, induced currents, to name a few causes. When coil is running it is to be sured that there are no flammable substances around. For example, gas cans (e.g., for a lawnmower), ammunition, sawdust, fireworks, etc. Walls and ceilings can also be ignited, so fire extinguisher handy should be kept handy. 8.0) Chemical Hazards - Old capacitors and transformers often used PCB oils for insulation. This oil is a known carcinogen. Similarly, the materials used to coat coils (e.g., varnish) may contain hazardous chemicals. Consult a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be consulted for any materials used. 9.0) Explosion Hazards - Explosions can and do occur with tesla coils! The rotary gap and capacitors are the most frequent culprits, but nearby flammables are also at risk. # Rotary gaps - During operation, rotary gaps spin at high speeds. The spinning rotor or disk is subjected to tremendous force. At a modest 3600 RPM, the periphery of a 10" disk is subjected to a force of 1835 G's. The peripheral speed of the 10" disk is 107 MPH. At 10000 RPM, the edge of the disk is running at about 300 MPH! The best way to guard against this danger is to shield the rotor and build the entire system carefully and take pains to balance it. # Capacitors - Capacitors are great at releasing energy very quickly. The explosion danger in a capacitor occurs when it shorts out and suddenly produces a large volume of hot vaporized gas. Since capacitors are usually in an air tight container, the volume of gas will cause the container to explode, sending pieces of solid cap guts and oil all over. One recommended method of shielding capacitors is in an HDPE (High Density PolyEthylene) pipe . 10.0) Noise Hazards - Tesla coils produce a lot of noise, and large coils can damage one's hearing. Ear protection should be bought from nearby gun shop if large coils are operated.large coils. Scope for further modifications: 1) Transmission of power through satellite: Transmiiting power from earth to satellite and then from satellite to earth through orbital satellite. 2) Optica Fibre Trans mission : The generated energy in the RF range is transformed into opti cal domain by optical transducers or by the help of LEDs or LASERS.Then this energy is transmitted via optical fibre to the different sub stations or base stations. This stations again transform the optical energy into required electrical energy

International Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

and transmits it through the directive antennas termed as towers.

Conclusion:
The wireless power generation and distribution concept has opened up a new dimension is the field of science and technology. It is making humans believe in the unbelievable. With this technology teaming up with Tesla Coil, antenna, transformer, and wireless propagation can bring out a revolution, and where the winner will be mankind. Its now a matter of time to see that all the streets, highways are now free of wires running from one end to other and the houses,offices , institutions bears the wireless devices to receive energies transmitted wirelessly from base stations

Reference:
Tesla, Nikola, My Inventions, Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and Oct, 1919. ISBN 0910077002 Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". Electrical Experimenter May 1919. Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". Electrical Experimenter May 1919. (Public_Broadcasting_Service) Pratt, H., "Nikola Tesla 1856-1943", Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, September, 1956. Page, R.M., "The Early History of Radar", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue). Tesla, Nikola, "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy", The Century Illustrated Magazine. W.C. Wysock, J.F. Corum, J.M. Hardesty and K.L. Corum, "Who Was the Real Dr. Nikola Tesla? (A Look at His Professional Credentials)".