Exponentials and basic algebra

Contents

1
Syllabus guide chapter 1

1.1 Identities and the nature of proof 1.2 Index laws 1.3 The distributive law and algebraic expansion 1.4 Binomial expansion 1.5 Factorisation 1.6 Quadratic factorisation 1.7 Algebraic fractions 1.8 Operations with algebraic fractions 1.9 Formulas

Syllabus subject matter

s

Basic knowledge and procedures Basic algebraic manipulations s Identities, linear equations and inequalities
s

Exponential and logarithmic functions and applications Index laws and definitions 1 s Definitions of ax and log ax for a Algebra is the basic tool of engineering, science and technology. The banking of curves to ensure that a large highway intersection can handle traffic safely is calculated using algebra. The widths of lanes, the placing of lights and even the design of crash barriers all rely on algebra.

1.1 Identities and the nature of proof

An identity is an algebraic statement of a general rule. It is true for all values in the stated range. The symbol is sometimes used, for emphasis, instead of = when the identity is written.

An equation or inequation may be true for some value(s). An identity is true for the stated range of values. The equation 5x 2 = 18 is true for one value. The equation 5x 3 = 3x 2(5 x) is not true for any values. The identity (x 2)2 = x2 4(x 1) is true for every value. Since an identity is true for all possible values, it may be difcult to prove. It may be demonstrated by substituting a range of values, but this is not a proof.

A proposed identity can be disproved by a single counter-example. That is, a single case where a proposed identity is not true is enough to disprove it.

Consider the following statements: 5x 2 = 18 is true only when x = 4. 5x 2 = 3x 2(1 x) is true for all values of x. Based on what has been said, if x may be any number: 5x 2 = 18 is not an identity 5x 2 = 3x 2(1 x) is an identity. The following symbols and abbreviations are often used in proofs and demonstrations.

Symbol or abbreviation or Iff LHS RHS

Meaning Identically equal to Implies/If then If and only if Left-hand side Right-hand side

Example
Solution

1
2x for positive values of x.

Demonstrate the identity x2 + 1

We should try some very small, medium and very large values of x. Write the identity. x2 + 1 2x Substitute x = 0.001 and work out both sides. LHS = 1.000 001 RHS = 0.002 LHS RHS

NEW QMATHS 11B

Substitute x = 0.5 and work out both sides.

LHS = 1.25 RHS = 1 LHS RHS Substitute x = 1 and evaluate both sides. LHS = 2 RHS = 2 LHS = RHS Substitute x = 4 and evaluate. LHS = 17 RHS = 8 LHS RHS When x = 1000: LHS = 1 000 001 RHS = 2000 LHS RHS It seems that the identity may be true for positive values of x. Further testing should focus on values close to 1.

Example
Solution

Find counter-examples for these proposed identities. a x2 + 4x 3x + 1 b x3 = 1 + (3x + 1)(x 1) a Write the identity. Substitute x = 5 in both sides and evaluate. x2 + 4x 3x + 1 LHS = 45 RHS = 16 LHS RHS Now try x = 0. LHS = 0 RHS = 4 LHS RHS The proposed identity is not true for x = 0, so it is not an identity. x3 = 1 + (3x + 1)(x 1) LHS = 1 RHS = 1 + 0 =1 LHS = RHS Now try x = 2 and evaluate. LHS = 8 RHS = 1 + 7 1 =8 LHS = RHS Try x = 5. LHS = 125 RHS = 1 + 16 4 = 65 LHS RHS The proposed identity is not true for x = 5, so it is not an identity.

b Write the identity. Substitute x = 1 and evaluate both sides.

EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

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Spreadsheet

Technology
Testing a number of values of a variable in an equation can be tediousespecially if the equation is complex. You can use a spreadsheet to carry out the calculations. Imagine that you had to investigate this identity: 8x3 2x2 7x + 22 (2x2 3x + 2)(4x + 5) + 12 The following Excel screen dump shows a spreadsheet that could be used to investigate the identity as x takes on different values. The left-hand side of the identity was entered into cell B2 and the right-hand side in cell C2 as shown. Then values of x from 50 to 50 in steps of 10 were placed in cells A2 to A12. By copying cell B2 through to B12 and C2 through to C12, you can see if the identity is true for these values. In this spreadsheet the procedure was then repeated for values of x from 5 to 5 in steps of 1. Now this process can be repeated over and over without tedious calculations. Set up your own spreadsheet to investigate this identity. Once youve set it up, test other ranges of values for x such as 1 to 1 in steps of 0.1. Does the identity appear to be true for all values of x? Using this method, can you be sure that 8x3 2x2 7x + 22 (2x2 3x + 2)(4x + 5) + 12 is an identity?

Enter the righthand side here.

Enter the equation here.

Enter the lefthand side here.

Try the range 50 to 50 in steps of 10 rst.

Next try the range 5 to 5 in steps of 1.

The mathematical proof of an identity must follow a logical sequence. The proof is set out in small steps with reasons given for proceeding from one step to the next. Each step must follow logically from the previous steps, or be a previously known mathematical fact. In many cases, we can start from one side of the identity and work to the other side. It is incorrect to start with the whole identity and end up with a3 = a3 or 0 = 0. We already know this is true and it isnt what we want to prove.

NEW QMATHS 11B

Example
Solution

Prove the identity a3 8 + (a 2)(a2 + 2a + 4) for all real values of a. Start with the RHS, as it is the most complex. Write down the RHS. RHS = 8 + (a 2)(a2 + 2a + 4) Expand the brackets. = 8 + a(a2 + 2a + 4) 2(a2 + 2a + 4) Expand again. = 8 + a3 + 2a2 + 4a 2a2 4a 8 Collect like terms. = a3 + 2a2 2a2 + 4a 4a + 8 8 Simplify. = a3 = LHS

Exercise

1.1

It may be helpful to work in pairs or small groups for this exercise. 1 Demonstrate the following. a+b a -----------ab for positive values of a and b 2 2 (x + 1)(x 1) + 1 b x c a2 + b2 2ab d y4 (y2 + 4)(y + 2)(y 2) + 16 e x
1 -- (x 2

Additional exercise
1.1

+ y)

y for all values of x

2 Find counter-examples for each of the following proposed identities. a (x 1)(x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) = 5x4 5x3 5x2 + 6x 1 b (x + 1)2 (x 9)(x + 12) x 3 + x 2 2x 4 c x2 x 1 = --------------------------------------x+2 x3 + x2 + x + 1 -----------------------------------d (x + 1)2 x x7 1 e x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x = -------------- 1 x1 3 Prove each of the following identities. a x3 + 1 (x + 1)(x2 x + 1) b (a + b)3 a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 c (x2 + y2 + x + y xy + 1)(x + y 1) x3 + y3 1 + 3xy d (x + 1)2(x 3) x3 x2 5x 3 e x(x 3) 3(x 3) 4 Use a spreadsheet to investigate the following identities. a x3 + 8x2 + 17x + 10 (x2 + 6x + 5)(x + 2) b b(b + 5) b2 + 4b 60 c 2p3 11p2 + 18p 9 (2p2 9p + 9)(p 1) d (a + 12)(a 9) 1 + 2a + a2 e 3x2 x4 2x3 + 8x + 4 (x + 1)2(2 x)(2 + x)
Spreadsheet

EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

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1.2 Index laws

In junior mathematics you have dened powers only for positive whole-number exponents. This gives us the following index laws. The index laws allow us to multiply and divide by powers.

Four index laws If m and n are positive integers and a is any number: First law: am an = am + n Second law: am an = am n (for m Third law: (am)n = amn Fourth law: (ab)n = anbn

n)

We can extend the denition of powers to zero, negative and fractional indices.
Extra material
Index laws

Zero index
A meaning for the zero index can be demonstrated as follows: Apply the second law to 34 34: 34 34 = 34 4 = 30 But 34 34 = 81 81 = 1 So to be consistent we should have 30 = 1. This demonstration could be repeated for any base except 0, so we say that a0 = 1.

Negative index
Similarly, we can demonstrate a meaning for a negative index. Suppose an did exist. Then we could write: an an = a(n + n) = a0 = 1 a n a n 1 1 ------------------- = ---Dividing by an: an = ---an an an 1 a n 1 an ------- = ---------- = ---So and n n 1 1 a a

Fractional index
Finally, suppose a q did exist. Then we could do the following:
a -- = a q q 1 q 1 q - 1 --

= a1 = a
1 --

So, to the power q would be a. In other words, for the laws to be consistent a q would have to be the qth root of a. This means that: aq =
p -aq 1 -q q

1 -aq

a (a p) = (q a )
p

NEW QMATHS 11B

Now the square root of a negative number is not real, and neither is any even root of a negative number. For example, there are no real numbers for 4 or 4 81. This means that the procedure for a q will not always work in cases where a is negative. As well as that, the concept of a qth root only makes sense if q is positive. For this reason it is assumed that a and q are both positive for fractional indices. The square root sign, , is also called the radical sign.
p --

The denition of powers can be extended to negative and rational indices by dening: a0 = 1 (a 0) 1 (a 0) an = ---an a q = q ( a p ) = (q a ) where p is an integer, q is a positive integer and a is positive.
p -p

Example

Simplify and express with positive indices: 4h 6 3h 2 2m n 3m n 6n a -------------------------b ---------------------------------------------h 3 6h 5 12 m

Solution
a Write the expression. Simplify numerical part and apply index laws. Evaluate and simplify. Write with a positive exponent. b Write the expression. Express bases as products of prime factors. Apply index laws. Apply index laws. Evaluate exponents. Apply the denitions of powers. Evaluate and simplify.

4h 6 3h 2 --------------------------h 3 6h 5 12 = ----- h(6 + 2 3 5) 6 = 2h6 2 = ----h6 2m n 3m n 6n ----------------------------------------------12 m 2m n 3m n ( 2 3 )n = -------------------------------------------------------------( 22 3 )m 2m n 3m n 2n 3n = -----------------------------------------------------------22 m 3m = 2(m n + n 2m) 3(m n + n m) = 2m 30 1 = ------ 1 2m 1 = -----2m

EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

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Example
a x3 x

5
b
6

Simplify the following using index notation. 8a 4 x3 8 a

8 -3

Solution
a Write the expression. Apply the denition of a fractional index. Apply index laws. Evaluate exponents. b Write the expression. Express bases as products of prime factors. Apply the denition of a fractional index. Apply index laws. Simplify exponents and apply index laws. Evaluate exponents and simplify. Evaluate and write with a positive exponent. x
1 --

= x3 x 2 = x
1 3 + -2 7 --

= x2
6

8a 4
6 1 --

8 a

8 -3 8 -3 8 -3

23 a4

23 a
1 --

= ( 23 a4 )6 ( 23 )2 a = 26 a6 22 a =2
1 + 3 -- -- 2 2 3 4 -- -- 3 -8 -3

2 + 8 --3 3

= 22 a2 4 = ---a2

Additional exercise
1.2

Exercise

1.2
c g7 g 4h4 k 8q6 1 ---h9 3y 2 g ---------m5 3k 3 k ---------b 1 c
1 --

1 Express with positive indices. a a2 b 43 e y6 f (cd 2)4 i 2k1 j 7p4 2 Express without denominators. 1 1 a ---b ---y4 43 y2 4 j8 e ----f ------p6 i6 1 2x 4 i ------j -------8 x y 4 3 Express as roots (using radical signs). a 62 e i
3 -49 2 1 2 -m 2 1 -1 --

d 54 h (4h)4 l (4v2)1 t4 d ---k6 2m 1 h -----------z4 20r 9 l ------------5w 6

3 --

b z4 f j
7 -v3 1 -u 4

c g

216 3
1 2 -8 3 1

d y5 h l
1 1 -16 4

1 -k -- 2 9

( p 3 ) 5

1 --

NEW QMATHS 11B

4 Express the following as powers. a e i

3 9

k w 28 4

b f j

3 c3

5
4

d h l

5 4

4 e3
7

g ( 3 64 ) k ( 8 )5

q6

( 6 16 )

5 Simplify and express with positive indices. a r 6 r 4 b 4y5 3y4 c e 12 p 6 6 p 2 -----------------------------8 p 1 3 p 4 j 5 5 j 4 d ------------------------10 j 7 5k 3 10k 5 -------------------4 2k k 2 h 5k3m6 (k3m4)5 f j l 12 p 4 q 3 ( 2 pq 4 ) 2 -----------------------------------------------------( 3 p 1 q 4 ) 3 ( 18 p 4 ) 2 c7d 8 ---------d 5 b3 ( 8c 2 d 3 ) 1 -------------------------4 2 c 2 d 3

2m 3 m 10 ---------------------------12m 6 g 3g3h4 5g4h6 8v 4 w 2 4v 10 w 8 -------------------------------------------2vw 9 v 6 w 3

e 2 f 4 3 4e 3 f 4 k ---------- --------------- e 5 f 3e 6 f 6 a a4

6 Simplify and express with positive indices. a b b2 c 3n3 2 n 5 e 4 3 w2 3 p5w6 g 7

4

d 6g5 2 3 g 4 f 5
3 3

m 3 n 2 2 m 5 n 6 p 12 q 8 3 4 p 10 q 9

s2u6

9s 8 u 3

h 8

7 Work out (evaluate). a 16 4 e i

1 -36 2 3 --

b 90 f j n
3

83

1 --

d 360 h 81 2 l
1

2 -27 3

g 170 k 64 3 o s
3
1 - ----- 4 16

1 -6 --

49 2
2 -3

3 --

36 4
3 2 - 4
2 -216 3 1 -43

6 --

2 --

32 5

m 8 q u

p 180 t
- 6 1 2 - 4 1

9 - ----- 2 16 3 - 2 1 2 --

r v

1 1 -25 2 5 -( 0.01 ) 2

16

x 1000

4 -3

8 Simplify and express with positive indices. 2n + 2 2n 3 a -------------------------------2 2n 5 3j + 1 2j + 3 c ------------------------------6j 15 4i 5 21 2i + 1 e ----------------------------------------35 2i 2 45 2i 3 5 2k 5 k 1 b -------------------------5 2k 2 6 2n m 9 n + m d -----------------------------------36 n m f 8 2 f 3 16 4 f -------------------------------------4f + 2
EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

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Graphics calculator

Technology
Investigating the graphs of powers 1 Use Y= from the GRAPH menu on the Casio calculator or the Instruments or Sharp calculator to enter the function y = 2x. Enter the function as: Y1 = 2
ENTER ^ X,,T Y=

on the Texas
^ X,T,, n

EXE

or Y1 = 2

or Y1 = 2

ab

X//T/n

ENTER .

Use GRAPH (TI or Sharp) or F6 = DRAW to look at the function. You may need to change the maximum and minimum values of X and Y using
1 x
WINDOW

or V-Window.

2 Enter the function y = -- and graph it on the same set 2 of axes as y = 2x. 3 Comment on the shapes of the graphs.

4 Use your graphics calculator to investigate the shape of graphs of ax by using different values for a. 5 Clear the previous graphs and enter y = x2. Graph it. 6 Next enter y = x2 and graph it on the same set of axes as the graph of y = x2. (Note: On graphics calculators the () key is used for negatives like 5, and the key is used for subtraction, like 4 5.) 7 Comment on the shapes of the graphs.
1 --

8 Now look at the graphs of y = x2 and y = x 2 on the same screen and describe the shapes of the graphs. 9 Continue to experiment with graphs of y = x3 and y = x3, y = x3 and y = x 3 , and so on. 10 Can you see any patterns regarding the shape of the graphs of y = a x and y = x a as the value of a changes? Note: Default settings are used in all graphics calculator instructions in this textbook and CD-ROM, so students may need to reset some functions.
1 --

1.3 Distributive law and algebraic expansion

We looked at identities at the beginning of this chapter. The distributive law is a very important identity in algebra. It can be used to expand brackets (expansion), and in reverse to perform factorisation.

Distributive law For all real numbers a, b and c:

NEW QMATHS 11B

a(b + c) = ab + ac

10

The distributive law is known by this name because the term outside the brackets is distributed to all terms inside the brackets as shown below: a(b + c) = ab + ac To expand (simplify) an algebraic expression, all brackets are progressively removed using the distributive law, then like terms are collected.

Example
Expand the following. a 4y4(2y3 5y + 8) c 2(7v + 5)2(v 4)

6
b (4u 3k)(2u 5k) d (2p 3q + 2)(3p + q 4) 4y4(2y3 5y + 8) = 4y4 2y3 + 4y4 5y + 4y4 8 = 8y7 20y5 + 32y4 (4u 3k)(2u 5k) = 4u(2u 5k) 3k(2u 5k) = 4u 2u + 4u 5k 3k 2u 3k 5k = 8u2 20ku 6ku + 15k2 = 8u2 26ku + 15k2 2(7v + 5)2(v 4) = 2(7v + 5)(7v + 5)(v 4) = 2[7v(7v + 5) + 5(7v + 5)](v 4) = 2(49v2 + 35v + 35v + 25)(v 4) = 2(49v2 + 70v + 25)(v 4) = 2[49v2(v 4) + 70v(v 4) + 25(v 4)] = 2(49v3 196v2 + 70v2 280v + 25v 100) = 2(49v3 126v2 255v 100) = 98v3 252v2 510v 200 (2p 3q + 2)(3p + q 4) = 2p(3p + q 4) 3q(3p + q 4) + 2(3p + q 4) = 6p2 + 2pq 8p 9pq 3q2 + 12q + 6p + 2q 8 = 6p2 7pq 3q2 2p + 14q 8

Solution
a Write the expression. Expand using the distributive law. Simplify terms. b Write the expression. Expand using the distributive law. Expand againwatch the minus signs. Simplify terms. Collect like terms and simplify. c Write the expression. Write out the squared term. Expand: multiply by (7v + 5). Expand again. Collect like terms and simplify. Expand: multiply by (v 4). Expand again. Collect like terms and simplify. Expand: multiply by 2. d Write the expression. Expand using the distributive law. Expand again, taking care with signs. Collect like terms and simplify.

Exercise

1.3
b d f h j l 3n(5n + 2m 4) 7h2(5h3 3h2 + 7f e) 2y4(3 y3 2y 6y2) 3h2j(2j 2 5j + 1) 5xyz2(2x4 5y3z + 3xy4) 3p(p3 q3) 2q(q3 4p4)
EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

1 Expand the following. a 5(3h 6) c 3q(4q 8) + 2q2(q + 1) e 5y(y3 y + 4) 6(y 3y2) g 4t4(5t2 2t + 7) i 4b3k2(2bk + 7) 3b2k(2b b2k2) k 2f 3(g f ) 3g(g f 3)

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CHAPTER 1

2 Expand the following. a (a + 1)(3a 4) c (4h + 3)(7h + 5) e (7m 8)(6m + 7) g (2p 5g)(5p 3g) i (5u + 3w)(7u 6w) k (5e 6f)(5e 7f ) 3 Simplify the following. a (3r 4)(3r + 2)(r 1) c (m + 5f )2(m 3f) e 5(3v + 7)(v 4)2 g (4q 5p + 8)(q p + 4) i (6y 3z + 1)(2y + 3z 1) k (c2 + 5c + 7)(c3 2c2 + 4c 1) 4 Expand the following. a (a b)(a + b) c (g + 3h)(g 3h) e (3q 4)(3q + 4) g (3p + 7q)(3p 7q) i (5 x)(5 + x) 5 Expand the following. a (a b)2 c (x + y)2 e (5f + 4)2 g (4h + 3m)2 i (7a + 5b)2 k (8v + e)2 6 Expand the following. a (a + b)(a2 ab + b2) c (a b)(a2 + ab + b2) e (z + 1)(z2 z + 1) g (p + 5)(p2 5p + 25) i (3u 4v)(9u2 + 12uv + 16v2)

b d f h j l b d f h j l b d f h j b d f h j l b d f h j

(3v + 4)(5v 8) (4g 7)(9g + 2) (a b)(5a 3b) (3t + j)(7t + 3j) (8x 5y)(8x + 9y) (5z 7u)(7z + 4u) (2t g)(t + g)(3t 4g) (5k 2a)2(k 3a) 7b(2b + 1)(b 4)(3b 6) (2g h 4)(4g + 3h 9) (2z2 3z + 4)(z2 + 5z + 2) 3cd 2(5c 4d)(3c2 2d3 + 2) (x + y)(x y) (y 6)(y + 6) (4r 5s)(4r + 5s) (8i 3j)(8i + 3j) (8 + 5k)(8 5k) (k m)2 (3y 4)2 (2a 7)2 (2p 5j)2 (2f 9)2 (6f 10c)2 (m + n)(m2 mn + n2) (x y)(x2 + xy + y2) (d 3)(d 2 + 3d + 9) (2 + 3k)(4 6k + 9k2) (5e 2i)(25e2 + 10ei + 4i2)

1.4 Binomial expansion

Expressions that consist of two terms, such as 3 + 5y and 4a 7b, are called binomial expressions. As part of the previous exercise, you multiplied two binomial expressions using the distributive law. There are two methods for expanding binomial expressions, as shown in Example 7.

12

NEW QMATHS 11B

Example
Expand the following. a (2c 3d)(4c + 5d )

7
b (2 f 3)( f + 6)

Solution
a Method 1 (distributive law) We can use the distributive law to multiply two binomials. The rst term in the rst bracket is multiplied by both terms in the second bracket, then the second term is multiplied by both terms in the second bracket. Write the expression. Think this. Write this. Collect like terms and simplify. = 2c 4c + (2c 3d)(4c + 5d) Inner Last 2c 5d + 3d 4c + 3d 5d

1st by 1st

1st by 2nd 2nd by 1st 2nd by 2nd 2 + 10cd 12cd 15d2 = 8c = 8c2 2cd 15d2

Method 2 (FOIL) In this method, the order of multiplication is not changed, but the way of thinking is different. We think of the terms as First, Outer, Inner and Last as shown below. First Outer

(2c 3d)(4c + 5d) Inner Write the expression. Think this. = 2c 4c +( Last

First Do the addition of Outer and Inner products in your head and write the answer. b Method 1 (distributive law) Write the expression. Think this. Write this. Collect like terms and simplify. Method 2 (FOIL) Write the expression. Think this. Collect like terms in your head and write the answer.

Outer

= 8c2 2cd 15d2 (2 f 3)( f + 6) = 2 f f + 2 f 6 + 3 f + 3 6 = 2 f 2 + 12 f 3f 18 = 2 f 2 + 9f 18 (2f 3)( f + 6) = 2 f f + (2 f 6 + 3 f ) + 3 6 = 2 f 2 + 9f 18

(2c 3d)(4c + 5d) 2c 5d + 3d 4c

) + 3d 5d

EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

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CHAPTER 1

There are some expansions that happen so often that it is useful to learn some additional identities and methods to speed up the process. These identities are really just patterns that you can use. To use identities you need to be able to recognise the appropriate pattern. The following identities have the special names shown below. These identities occur so often in algebra that it is worth memorising them.

Special identities Difference of squares: Perfect squares: Sum of cubes: Difference of cubes: (a + b)(a b) a2 b2 (a + b)2 a2 + 2ab + b2 (a b)2 a2 2ab + b2 (a + b)(a2 ab + b2) a3 + b3 (a b)(a2 + ab + b2) a3 b3

Example
Solution
a Write the expression.

8
c (3r + 7y)(9r2 21ry + 49y2) (3c 5d)2 = (3c)2 2(3c 5d) + (5d)2 = 9c2 30cd + 25d2 (5u 8x)(5u + 8x)

Expand the following using identities. a (3c 5d)2 b (5u 8x)(5u + 8x)

This is a perfect square with a = 3c and b = 5d. Use the pattern (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2. Expand and simplify. b Write the expression. This is a difference of squares with a = 5u and b = 8x. Use the pattern (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2. Expand. c Write the expression. This is a sum of cubes with a = 3r and b = 7y. Factorise. Use the pattern (a + Expand. b)(a2 ab + b2) = a3 + b3.

= (5u)2 (8x)2 = 25u2 64x2 (3r + 7y)(9r2 21ry + 49y2) = (3r + 7y)[(3r)2 3r 7y + (7y)2] = (3r)3 + (7y)3 = 27r3 + 343y3

Exercise

1.4
b d f h j l (4h 1)(4h 7) (7q + 2r)(8q + 3r) (3h + 7)(8h 7) (5y z)(7y 3z) (7t + 9e)(8t 7e) (2i 7j)(8i + 9j)

1 Simplify the following. a (k 2j)(5k 9j) c (4a + 9b)(7a + 3b) e (4x 5y)(8x + 9y) g (3p + 2q)(7p + 6q) i (7v 6w)(8v 5w) k (5c 3d)(6c + d)

14

NEW QMATHS 11B

2 Expand the following. a (3h 5)2 c (4 + 7u)(4 7u) e (4a + 1)(16a2 4a + 1) g (3i 4b)(3i + 4b) i (p + 5r)(p 5r) k (2m 7v)(2m + 7v) m (a 6)(a2 + 6a + 36) o (3g + 2k)(9g2 6gk + 4k2) q (5t 7c)2 s (3g 8e)(8e + 3g)

b d f h j l n p r t

(2y 3z)(2y + 3z) (2c + 9)3 (2b 5m)(4b2 + 10bm + 25m2) (9f 7g)2 (6 y)(36 + 6y + y2) (4e + 7f )2 (4p + 5q)2 (7v 4q)(7v + 4q) (6g 5h)(25h2 + 36g2 + 30gh) (3m 2n)(3m + 2n)(9m2 + 4n2)

1.5 Factorisation
The opposite of expansion of brackets is factorisation. This is an important mathematical skill that is used in many parts of algebra.

A factorised algebraic expression consists only of terms multiplied together. These terms are called factors. A fully factorised expression has the simplest possible factors.

Expressions can be factorised using: identities for perfect squares, difference of squares, and sum and difference of cubes common factors grouping trinomials (quadratics). The rst three methods are shown in the following examples.

Example
Solution

9
b d 3 + 64 c 9m2 + 4n2 12mn 25b2 16a2 = (5b)2 (4a)2 = (5b + 4a)(5b 4a) d3 + 64 = d3 + 43 = (d + 4)(d2 4d + 16) 9m2 + 4n2 12mn = 9m2 12mn + 4n2 = (3m)2 2 3m 2n + (2n)2 = (3m 2n)2
EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

Factorise using identities. a 25b2 16a2

a Write the expression and look for a pattern. Factorisethis is a difference of two squares. Use the pattern a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b) where a = 5b and b = 4a. b Write the expression and look for a pattern. Factorisethis is a sum of cubes. Use the pattern a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2) where a = d and b = 4. c Write the expression and look for a pattern. Rearrangethis is a perfect square. Use the pattern a2 2ab + b2 = (a b)2 where a = 3m and b = 2n.

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Example
Solution

10
b 12p4 8p2q2

Factorise by nding common factors. a 15ab 3a2b2 + 4b3

Always choose the largest possible common factor. a Write the expression. b is the largest factor of all terms. Factorise using the distributive law. b Write the expression. 4p2 is the largest common factor. Factorise using the distributive law.

15ab 3a2b2 + 4b3 = b 15a + b 3a2b + b 4b2 = b(15a 3a2b + 4b2) 12p4 8p2q2 = 4p2 3p2 + 4p2 2q2 = 4p2(3p2 2q2)

Example

11
b f 3 + 15 3f 2 5f d i 2 + gh g2 + ih

Factorise by grouping. a 4b 3ab + 20a 15a2 c m2 2mn + n2 + m n

Solution
The grouping method is used to create a bracketed common factor when no common factor of all terms exists. a Write the expression. 4b 3ab + 20a 15a2 Factorise using the distributive law. = b(4 3a) + 5a(4 3a) Factorise again: (4 3a) is a common factor. = (b + 5a)(4 3a) b Write the expression. f 3 + 15 3f 2 5 f Rearrange to create a common factor. = f 3 3 f 2 5 f + 15 Factorise using the distributive law. = f 2( f 3) 5( f 3) Factorise againbe careful with signs! = ( f 2 5)( f 3) c Write the expression. m2 2mn + n2 + m n Factoriseremember identities! = (m n)2 + 1(m n) Factorise again: (m n) is a common factor. = [(m n) + 1](m n) Remove unneeded brackets. = (m n + 1)(m n) d Write the expression. i2 + gh g2 + ih Rearrange so we can use an identity. = i2 g2 + ih + gh Factorise. = (i + g)(i g) + h(i + g) Factorise again: (i + g) is a common factor. = (i + g)(i g + h)

Additional exercise
1.5

Exercise

1.5

1 Factorise the following expressions using identities. a x2 + 8xy + 16y2 b 4b2 20bc + 25c2 2 49 c n d 25p2 + 70pq + 49q2 e t3 u3 f 81v2 121w2 2 56b + 16 g 49b h 64t3 + 27u3 3 m3 i 8j j 36g2 12g + 1

16

NEW QMATHS 11B

k m o q s u w

f3 + 8 h2 64 8k3 + 27 100 81g2 144m2 + 120em + 25e2 100p2 + 260pr + 169r 2 64g2 121

l n p r t v x

81a2 126ab + 49b2 h3 64 9y2 48y + 64 216j 3 125k3 w3 + 343 64d 3 + e3 1 27m6

2 Factorise by nding common factors. a 6a 15b c 12a2c2 4abc e 12m4n2 18m2n3 + 30mn2 3 Factorise by grouping. a ac + bc a b c 15mp + 9mq 10np 6nq e x3 x2 + x 1 g 6x3 + 2xy2 9x2y 3y3 i gi hj + gj hi

b 12c2 20c d 12a2b 8ab2 f 40x3y 24x2y2 + 64x2y b d f h j 3gi 2gj 6hi + 4hj 8cd + 20c 12d 30 8gh2 4g2 6h3 + 3gh 3h3 9hi + 2h2i 6i2 a3c 3ab + a4 3bc

1.6 Quadratic factorisation

Simple trinomials or quadratics may be factorised using either the cross method or the decomposition method.

Cross method
The cross method is the reverse of the FOIL method of quadratic expansion. List factors of the rst squared term on the left. List factors of the second squared term on the right. Use cross products to obtain the outer and inner products. Add the outer and inner products to check whether the factors are correctly listed to produce the middle term of the quadratic. If the middle term is incorrect, rearrange the factors until the correct middle term is obtained. Transfer the answer to the correct bracket notation.

Decomposition method
The decomposition method is the reverse of the distributive law method of quadratic expansion. We decompose the middle term into two terms. The coefcients of the two new terms must add to give the coefcient of the quadratics middle term. Their product must be the same as the product of the coefcients of the rst and last terms. The middle term is decomposed and the factorisation completed using the grouping method. It doesnt matter which method you choose. However, it is probably best to use only one of these methods, as using both tends to be confusing. Your teacher may have a preference for one of the methods. Some people choose the method according to the coefcient of the rst term: they use the cross method if it is 1, and the decomposition method for other cases.
EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

17

CHAPTER 1

Example
Solution

12
b 20w2 31vw 9v2

Factorise these trinomials. a j 2 11j + 24

a Cross method j 2 11j + 24 Possible factors of 1 are 1 1. Possible factors of 24 are 24 1, 24 1, 8 3, etc. 1 Try the cross with 1 1 on the left, and try the factors of the second term. So j 2 11j + 24 = ( j 8)( j 3) 1

6 8 10 11 Thats it!

4 3 Decomposition method j 2 11j + 24: The coefcient of the middle term is 11. The product of the coefcients of the squared terms is +24. We want two numbers that add to 11 and multiply to +24. Since the product is positive, the numbers must be the same sign. This means they must both be negative to add to 11. 24 = 24 1 = 12 2 = 8 3 = 6 4 And 8 3 = +24 and 8 + 3 = 11, so this is the one! Write the expression. j 2 11j + 24 Decompose 11j using 8 + 3 = 11. Factorisecareful with signs! Factorise: common factor is ( j 3). = j 2 3j 8j + 24 = j( j 3) 8( j 3) = ( j 8)( j 3)

b Cross method 20w2 31vw 9v2 Possible factors of 20 are 20 1, 10 2 and 5 4. Possible factors of 9 are 9 1, 9 1 and 3 3. Try the cross with 10 2 on the left, 10 9 and try the factors of the second term. 8 2 Try a new cross with 5 4 on the left. 1 5

1 88 9 9 31

9 1 3 3 8 88 24 24 Nothing works! 1 9 3 3 9 31 Thats it!

4 1 1 So 20w2 31vw 9v2 = (5w 9v)(4w + v) Decomposition method 20w2 31vw 9v2: The coefcient of the middle term is 31. The product of the coefcients of the squared terms is 180. We want two numbers that add to 31 and multiply to 180. Since the product is negative, the numbers must be opposite signsone negative and one positive. 180 = 10 18 = 9 20 = 6 30 = 5 36 = 4 45 = 3 60 = 2 90 = 1 180 Now 5 36 = 180 and 5 + 36 = 31, so this is the one! Write the expression. 20w2 31vw 9v2 Decompose 31vw using 5 + 36 = 31. = 20w2 + 5vw 36vw 9v2 Factorise. = 5w(4w + v) 9v(4w + v) Factorise: (4w + v) is a common factor. = (5w 9v)(4w + v)

18

NEW QMATHS 11B

Factorisation methods can be combined for more complicated expressions. In this case you should work in the following order: 1 Do common factors rst! 2 Look for identities next. 3 Look for grouping and trinomialsfour terms often indicates grouping.

Example
Solution

13

Factorise using a combination of methods. a x8 x2y6 b (x 2)2 5(x 2)(x 3) + 6(x 3)2 a Write the expression. Factorise using the common factor. Now use the difference of squares rst. Now use the difference and sum of cubes. b Write the expression. Let M = x 2 and N = x 3. Factorise the trinomial. Now substitute back in for M and N. Expand inside the brackets. Collect like terms and simplify. x8 x2y6 = x2(x6 y6) = x2(x3 y3)(x3 + y3) = x2(x y)(x2 + xy + y2)(x + y)(x2 xy + y2) (x 2)2 5(x 2)(x 3) + 6(x 3)2 = M 2 5MN + 6N2 = (M 2N)(M 3N) = [(x 2) 2(x 3)][(x 2) 3(x 3)] = (x 2 2x + 6)(x 2 3x + 9) = (4 x)(7 2x)

Extra material
Double trinomials

Exercise

1.6
b d f h j l n p r t v x b d f h j v2 + 6v 16 7p2 24pq + 9q2 2z2 11z + 12 4k2 + 9kp + 2p2 8z2 + 18z + 9 14c2 + 5ce 24e2 3c2 14cd 49d 2 3y2 23y + 30 5m2 44mn + 32n2 28x2 29x + 6 25e2 30ef 16f 2 48a2 58ak + 15k2 8w3 343a3 6x3yz 4x2y3z + 8x3yz2 z3 + 1 2a 6a2 + 4a3 3 30m3p2 t 4 15m3pt 2 + 25m2p 4t 2 30m2pt 2

1 Factorise these trinomials. a 3k2 11km + 10m2 c 5m2 + 6mn + n2 e 7x2 + xy 6y2 g 8a2 + 11a 10 i 4j 2 13j 12 k 16m2 42mn + 27n2 m 5z2 + 36z + 7 o 2n2 + 3n 35 q 7g2 52gh 32h2 s 16p2 32pw + 15w2 u 20k2 37kv 18v2 w 42q2 + 43bq + 6b2 2 Factorise these mixed types. a 16m2 25 c 6h2 + 5hq 4q2 e 10ck 6cm 15dk + 9dm g 16m2 24m + 9 i 16f 2 22f 45

Additional exercise
1.6

EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

19

CHAPTER 1

3 Factorise using a combination of methods. a 18k3 33k2m 6km2 b 4z 108gz4 d c 32g e 108p3q2 3pq4 f 3j + 20a2j 2 + 8aj 3 g 12a h i 45y4z 80y2z3 j

108n2p3 288n3p2 + 192n4p 18a4b + 12a2b2 9a3b2 6ab3 128k3m3 + 250m6 192p5q2 3p2q2 12k3r3 + 60k2r 4 + 75kr5

1.7 Algebraic fractions

Algebraic fractions may be simplied in the same way as ordinary fractionsby cancelling factors common to the numerator and denominator. It may be necessary to factorise the numerator or denominator rst.

Example
Simplify the following. 7a 14 a -----------------56

14
16 p + 8 p 2 b ------------------------4q + 2 pq 5 j 2 6 jk 8k 2 c -------------------------------------j 2 4k 2 7a 14 7 ( a 2 ) ------------------ = -------------------56 56 a2 = ----------8 16 p + 8 p 2 8 p ( 2 + p ) -------------------------- = ------------------------4q + 2 pq 2q ( 2 + p ) 4p = -----q 5 j 2 6 jk 8k 2 ( j 2k ) ( 5 j + 4k ) ---------------------------------------- = --------------------------------------------( j 2k ) ( j + 2k ) j 2 4k 2 5 j + 4k = ------------------j + 2k

Solution
a Write the expression. Factorise the numerator. Divide numerator and denominator by the common factor 7. b Write the expression. Factorise the numerator and denominator. Divide numerator and denominator by the common factor 2(2 + p) c Write the expression. Factorise the numerator (trinomial) and the denominator (difference of squares). Cancel the common factor ( j 2k).

Exercise

1.7
10b 35 b --------------------40 d f m3n m2n2 -----------------------------------9m 2 n 2 + 9mn 3 6 p 2 9 pq ---------------------------8 pq 12q 2

Simplify the following. 3 p 12q a ---------------------24 c e 8c 3 + 24c 2 d -----------------------------24cd 12a 2 k 16ak 2 + 8ak ---------------------------------------------------6a 3 k 2 122a 2 k 3

20

NEW QMATHS 11B

g i

28kmq 2 + 21mq 3 -----------------------------------------12k 2 + 9kq 12m 3 12m 2 n + 60m 2 -------------------------------------------------------8mn 8n 2 + 40n

8bcd + 4cd 2 h ------------------------------16b 3 + 8b 2 d 16v 3 w + 6v 2 w 4vw j ---------------------------------------------------48v 4 + 18v 3 12v 2 l 5h 3 + 15h 2 i + 45hi 2 -------------------------------------------------h 3 27i 3

8a 3 + g 3 k -------------------4a 2 g 2 9g 2 24bg + 16b 2 m ---------------------------------------------9g 2 16b 2 o 8q 2 + 2qr 6r 2 + 8qs 6rs ------------------------------------------------------------------------8q 2 2qr 3r 2 + 12qs 9rs

36m 2 49n 2 n ---------------------------------------------------36m 2 + 84mn + 49n 2 15g 2 k 3 + 35g 3 k 2 30g 4 k p --------------------------------------------------------------8gk 4 + 44g 2 k 3 + 60g 3 k 2

1.8 Operations with algebraic fractions

When multiplying or dividing algebraic fractions, remember the following points: First factorise the numerators and denominators. To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal. Change the expression so that it has only multiplications. Cancel common factors from any numerator with any denominator.

Example

15

Simplify the following. 3v 2 3w 2 uv 2 + 4uvw + 4uw 2 a ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------2 + 3vw 2w 2 2v 2v 2 4vw + 2w 2 2c 2 4cd + 2d 2 b ------------------------------------------------12c 2 + 36cd + 27d 2 2c 2 3cd + d 2 ---------------------------------------2c 2 + 5cd + 3d 2 uv 2 + 4uvw + 4uw 2 3v 2 3w 2 ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------2 + 3vw 2w 2 2v 2v 2 4vw + 2w 2 3( v2 w2 ) u ( v 2 + 4vw + 4w 2 ) = ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------2 + 3vw 2w 2 2v 2 ( v 2 2vw + w 2 ) 3(v w)(v + w) u ( v + 2w ) 2 = ------------------------------------------- --------------------------( 2v w ) ( v + 2w ) 2( v w )2 3u ( v + w ) ( v + 2w ) = ----------------------------------------------2 ( 2v w ) ( v w ) 2c 2 4cd + 2d 2 2c 2 3cd + d 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 + 36cd + 27d 2 12c 2c 2 + 5cd + 3d 2 2 ( c 2 2cd + d 2 ) 2c 2 + 5cd + 3d 2 = ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------2 + 12cd + 9d 2 ) 3 ( 4c 2c 2 3cd + d 2 2( c d )2 ( 2c + 3d ) ( c + d ) = ------------------------------ -----------------------------------------( c d ) ( 2c d ) 3 ( 2c + 3d ) 2 2(c d )(c + d ) = -----------------------------------------------3 ( 2c + 3d ) ( 2c d )
EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

Solution
a Write the expression. Factorise using common factors. Now factorise trinomialsboth top and bottom. Cancel the common factors (v + 2w) and (v w). b Write the expression. Invert and multiply, and also take out common factors top and bottom. Factorise trinomials top and bottom. Cancel the common factors (c d) and (2c + 3d).

21

CHAPTER 1

Example
3p Simplify ---------------2p + 3

16
p1 3p 3 ---------------------- -----------2 + 6p 4 p3 4p 3p ---------------2p + 3 3p = ---------------2p + 3 3p = ---------------2p + 3 1 = -----2p 3p 3 p1 ----------------------- -----------4 p2 + 6 p 4 p3 4 p2 + 6 p p1 ----------------------- -----------3p 3 4 p3 2 p(2 p + 3) p1 ---------------------------- -----------3( p 1) 4 p3

Solution
Write the expression. Invert and multiply. Factorise using common factors top and bottom. Cancel the common factors (2p + 3), (p 1), 3, 2 and p.

Add or subtract algebraic fractions as you would add or subtract ordinary fractions. The following points are worth remembering: First express fractions with a common denominator. If the denominator is algebraic, it may be necessary to factorise rst in order to nd the lowest common denominator. Be careful with signs, even to the extent of putting in brackets to emphasise the groupings implied by the fraction bar.

Example

17
b 6r 5t r 3 8 ---------------- + ----------- ----------r 4 r1

Simplify the following. 5m 3 2m + 8 m 6 a ---------------- ---------------- ------------3 4 12

Solution
a Write the expression. Use 12 as the common denominator. Be careful with signs. Express as a single fractionits easier to get the signs correct in this form. Expand the brackets. Collect like terms and simplify. b Write the expression. 4r(r 1) is the common denominator. Expand the brackets. Expand again. Collect like terms and simplify.

5m 3 2m + 8 m 6 ---------------- ----------------- ------------3 4 12 4 ( 5m 3 ) 3 ( 2m + 8 ) ( m 6 ) = ------------------------- ------------------------- -----------------12 12 12 4 ( 5m 3 ) 3 ( 2m + 8 ) ( m 6 ) = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 20m 12 6m 24 m + 6 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------12 13m 30 = ----------------------12 8 6r 5t r 3 ---------------- + ----------- ----------r 4 r1 4 ( r 1 ) ( 6r 5t ) + r ( r 1 ) ( r 3 ) 4r 8 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4r ( r 1 ) 4 ( 6r 2 5rt 6r + 5t ) + r ( r 2 4r + 3 ) 32r = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4r ( r 1 ) 24r 2 20rt 24r + 20t + r 3 4r 2 + 3r 32r = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4r ( r 1 ) r 3 + 20r 2 53r 20rt + 20t = ----------------------------------------------------------------------4r ( r 1 )

22

NEW QMATHS 11B

Exercise
1 a

1.8

Simplify the following. a2 1 2a 2 a 3 --------------------------- ---------------------------------2 5a 6 2 12a + 9 a 4a 8k 2 10k 25 -----------------------------------6k 2 17k + 5

Additional exercise
1.8

8k 2 + 14k + 5 b ---------------------------------3k 2 + 5k 2 c

4m 2 9n 2 3m 2 + 3mn 6m 6n ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------2 + 9mn 12m 18n 6m 2m 2 + 3mn + n 2 p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 --------------------------------------------q 2 + pq 6q 6 p

pq 6 p 5q + 30 pq 6 p + 5q 30 d --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------2 + 5q 5 p pq p q 2 6q + pq 6 p e f g 2 a c e g 3 a c e v 2 + 2v ------------------vw 2v z+3 ----------------k 2 + 3k vw + w + 3v + 3 w 2 5w + 6 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------vw + 2w v2 + v 2z 2 + 7z + 3 -----------------------------k2 + k

3kz + k 2 --------------------------------------------------2 + 2kz 15z 5k 6z 4 j2 9 2 j2 + j 3 -------------------------- -------------------------j2 2 j + 1 3 j2 j 2 6q 5 2q 3 b --------------- --------------4 5 2k + 5 k 1 5 2k d --------------- ----------- --------------6 2 3 f 3v + 4 11 4v 1 --------------- ----- + -------------v 3v 2v

10 j 2 + 9 j 9 9 j 2 + 12 j + 4 --------------------------------- --------------------------------15 j 2 + j 6 5 j2 8 j + 3 2v 3 v 4 -------------- + ----------2 3 3p 6 2p 1 7p + 8 --------------- --------------- + ---------------5 4 10 3 ( 2y 5z ) 2 ( z 3y ) -------------------------- ---------------------z y 11h 2 ( 3g 4h ) 5g 7h -------- --------------------------- + -----------------15 5 3 5 1 --------------- + -2x + 1 x 3 5 --------------- + ---------------2f g 3f + g kg k 2g ----------- --------------k + g k + 2g

2 ( m 3 n ) n 3m + 2n h ------------------------ -- -------------------m 2 m2 v 3 b ----------- + -v+1 v 2w 3w d ------------- + -----------w+1 w1 f 1 2 4 ----------- + ----------- + -------------c + 2 c 2 c2 4

1.9 Formulas
Formulas are often used in maths, science, business and technology. Since formulas are commonly used to express important relationships, it is essential that you can use them effectively.

A formula is an equation that shows the relationship between two or more variables. It is usual to write a formula with a single variable (called the subject) on the left-hand side of the equation.

EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

23

CHAPTER 1

To directly use a formula, simply substitute the values of the other variables to calculate the value of the subject. Formulas may be used to nd the value of a variable other than the subject. It may be efcient to transform (change) the formula to make the desired variable the new subject. This is called isolating the variable. When transforming a formula, be careful to perform the same operations on each side of the equation.

Example

18

The formula for the distance d travelled by an accelerating object is: at 2 d = ------2 Find d if a = 3 and t = 8.

Solution
We want to know the distance and the subject is already d, so we just substitute the other variables. at 2 Write the formula. d = ------2 3 82 Substitute a = 3 and t = 8 into the formula. d = -------------2 3 64 = --------------- = 96 Evaluate. 2

Graphics calculator

Technology
You can also use a graphics calculator to calculate values from formulas. The simplest way to do this is to program the formula into the graphics calculator. Graphics calculators have an ALPHA key, which is pressed before typing a letter such as A, B, C, etc. They may also be locked onto alphabetic characters using A-LOCK, which is obtained using
SHIFT

or

2nd ALPHA

or key.

2ndF

before the

ALPHA

key. A-LOCK is turned

off by again pressing the

24

NEW QMATHS 11B

The following explains how to use a graphics calculator to nd values using the formula: -d = 1 at2
2

Casio CFX-9850GB PLUS Use the cursor keys go to PRGM in the main menu. Press EXE to go into the program menu and
F3

to

then press

NEW to put in a new program.

A-LOCK is automatically on to enter the name of the program. Type FORMULA as the name of the program and press To make the program display FORMULA CALC, enter this inside quotes and then enter the display symbol using the PRGM menu button by typing
F6 F2 F2 SHIFT SHIFT ALPHA VARS

EXE

to store the name.

FORMULA
F5

CALC

To make the program ask for the value of A, type

F4 ALPHA

EXE .

To make the program ask for the value of T, type

F4 ALPHA EXIT

EXE .

Press

to go back to the main programming menu.

To make the program calculate the value of D using the formula 0.5AT2 type 0.5
ALPHA ALPHA

ALPHA

EXE

To make the program display the answer, enter ''D IS'' and then D by typing
F6 SHIFT F2 VARS SHIFT F5 ALPHA ALPHA

D D

.
F5

IS

F2

Press

EXIT

twice to return to the program list.

The program FORMULA should be highlighted. Press to press display. EXE EXE twice to run the program. You will need after each value is entered and after each

EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

25

CHAPTER 1

Try the program with A = 3 and T = 8. This gives the value D = 96.

Texas Instruments TI-83 Press the

PRGM

button and use the cursor keys to highlight NEW.

Press press Press

2nd

ENTER ENTER PRGM

, type in the name FORMULA and again. , highlight I/O, select 3:Disp and press
ENTER

Type in "FORMULA CALC" as:

ALPHA

FORMULA 0 CALC

ENTER

Press

PRGM

, highlight I/O, select 2:Prompt and press A

ENTER

Type in

ALPHA

ALPHA

ENTER

To make the program calculate the value of D using the formula 0.5AT2, type 0.5
ALPHA

ALPHA

STO

ALPHA

ENTER

To make the program display the answer, type

PRGM

, highlight I/O, select 3:Disp and press

2nd ALPHA

ENTER

Then type

+
.

D 0 IS

ALPHA

ALPHA

ENTER

Press 2nd section.

MODE

(QUIT) to leave the program entry

Press ALPHA ENTER and ENTER again to run the program. Put in the values A = 3 and T = 8. You will obtain the value D = 96.
Calculator instructions

Sharp EL-9650 See the instructions given on the CD-ROM.

26

NEW QMATHS 11B

Example
Solution

19
A = 2r(r + h) A = 2r2 + 2rh 2r2 + 2rh = A 2rh = A 2r2 A 2 r 2 h = --------------------- 2 r 300 2 6 2 h = ---------------------------------------26 = 1.9577 2

Make h the subject of A = 2r(r + h) and nd h when r = 6 and A = 300. Write the formula. Expand the RHS. Reverse so that h is on the LHS. Subtract 2r2 from both sides. Divide both sides by 2r. Substitute r = 6 and A = 300. Simplify and evaluate. Round off.

Example
Solution
Write the formula. Square both sides.

20
wg ------------- . w+g wg ------------w+g wg a2 = ------------w+g a2(w + g) = w g a2w + a2g = w g a= a2w w = a2g g w(a2 1) = g(a2 + 1) g( a2 + 1 ) g( a2 + 1 ) w = -------------------------- or ----------------------a2 1 1 a2

Make w the subject of a =

Multiply both sides by (w + g). Expand the brackets on the LHS. Group the terms containing w on the LHS and the other terms on the RHS. Factorise both sides. Divide both sides by (a2 1) to isolate w.

Exercise

1.9
b Find h if r = 4 and A = 60. d Find r when h = 0.4 and A = 1.2.

1 A = 2rh a Make h the subject. c Make r the subject.

m(v u) 2 F = --------------------t a Find F when m = 5, v = 10, u = 1 and t = 2. b Use your graphics calculator to program the formula and nd F when: i m = 7, v = 20, u = 6 and t = 4 ii m = 2, v = 3, u = 0 and t = 6 iii m = 4, v = 8, u = 3 and t = 5 d Find t when F = 60, m = 8, v = 6 and u = 3. c Make t the subject. e Make u the subject. f Find u when F = 300, t = 2, m = 40 and v = 8.
EXPONENTIALS AND BASIC ALGEBRA

Graphics calculator

27

CHAPTER 1

4 2 L 3 T 2 = -----------g a Make T the subject. c Make L the subject. 4 v = u 2 + 2as a Find v when a = 4, s = 8 and u = 10. c Find u when v = 9, s = 5 and a = 8. e Find a when s = 10, v = 8 and u = 6. 5 A = 2r r 2 + h 2 a Find A when r = 5 and h = 12. c Find h when r = 8 and A = 855.

b Find T when L = 5 and g = 9.8. d Find L when T = 0.5 and g = 9.8. b Make u the subject. d Make a the subject.

Graphics calculator

b Make h the subject.

n 6 S = -- [2a + (n 1)d] 2 a Find S if a = 5, d = 6 and n = 20. b Use your graphics calculator to program the formula and nd S when: i a = 7, d = 4 and n = 8 ii a = 2, d = 0.3 and n = 6 iii a = 20, d = 62 and n = 200 c Make a the subject. d Find a if S = 0, n = 15 and d = 3. e Make d the subject. f Find d if S = 1020, n = 40 and a = 6. 1 1 1 7 -- = -- -f u v a Make f the subject. c Make v the subject. 5 ( F 32 ) 8 C = -----------------------9 a Find C when F = 212. c Make F the subject. e Find F when C = 37. 4 a 2 + 4h 2 a 9 L = -------------------------------------3 a Find L when a = 50 and h = 10. c Find h when L = 101 and a = 100.

b Make u the subject.

b Find C when F = 40. d Find F when C = 300.

b Make h the subject.

10 A formula for the total resistance R of two resistors R1 and R2 is: R1 R2 R = -----------------R1 + R2 a Find R when R1 = 4 and R2 = 6. c Find R1 when R = 8 and R2 = 10.
Chapter 1 summary

b Make R1 the subject.

11 When is it better to use a graphics calculator for formulas than to calculate by hand?

28

NEW QMATHS 11B