5) Pseudo steady state

Definition : The flow regime is pseudo steady state if the production index Jocr remains the same in any time. When there is a slow depletion of source or sink for mass transfer. Consider the Arnold diffusion cell, when liquid is evaporated, the surface moves,at any instant, molar flux is

A ,z

c DA (B y

A1

y
m

z By , l

Molar flux is also the amount of A leaving

A ,z

A ,L d z = M A d t
A
2

Under pseudo-steady-state conditions,

A , L d z c D (B y A 1 y A = M A d t z By , l m

which integrated from t=0 to t=t, z=z to z=z becomes t t0

t =

A ,L

B ,l m A1

/M y
A

A
2

c D (B y A

z t2 z t20 ) 2

6) Unsteady state diffusion

a) Definition: In practice the concentration of solute atoms at any point in the material changes with time non-steady-state diffusion For non-steady-state condition, diffusion coefficient, D - not dependent on time: The derivation of the unsteady state diffussion equation in one direction for mass transfer is similar to that performed for heat transfer . J = -Ddc/dx where, mass is diffusing in the x direction in a cube composed of solid, stagnant gas or stagnant liquid and having dimensions x,y,z . The formulas of derivatives as follow,

J in = D J out

Jin

Ju o t

dc dx dJ dc d dc =J + dx = D D dx dx dx dx dx J in J out = Accumulati on of mass

Subtract J J

dJ dc dc d dc dx = D +D + D dx dx dx dx dx dx dJ d dc dx = D dx dx dx dx

dx

c d d d J = D d d d x x x

7) Two film theory mass transfer coefficient

Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient 2 Film Theory Consider a phase interface (between gas and liquid) at steady state. Industrial contactors use mass transfer across such interfaces as the basis for numerous rate-controlled (nonequilibrium) separations, such as absorption and stripping. Using an overall mass transfer coefficient K the flux of species 1 across the interface is

N1 = Kc1.
The flux in the gas phase is

The flux in the liquid phase is

At steady state the fluxes are equal , so that

We cannot determine the interfacial compositions (p1,i and c1,i),so such a representation may not be useful. Instead, the bulkdriving force can be used: i.e., the composition in the gas phase in equilibrium with the bulk concentration in the liquid phase or gas liquid flux the liquid composition in equilibrium with the composition of the bulk gas phase:

Equilibrium is assumed to exist across the interface, so with H a partition constant (here in cm3-atm/mol).

There are two limiting cases of interest: 1) a highly soluble gas (H<<1): Kp = kp 2. a sparingly soluble gas (H>>1): KL = KL Effect of both gases : There is no unique driving force for mass transfer; all driving orces are related. Another common driving force is the mole fraction in liquid phase : For ideal gas systems,

Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients .Then mass transfer coefficients depend on the configuration (geometry) and conditions (detailed fluid dynamics) of the contactor. A specific contactor might have a relation describing the Sherwood number for the gas phase in terms of the important dimensionless parameters:

where kG is the mass transfer coefficient in units of m/s. (To obtain kp, the partial pressure must be expressed as a concentration.) An equivalent representation would exist for the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient:

These correlations allow the overall mass transfer coefficients to be determined, which then enables one to size a contactor for a continuous rate-controlled separation.