Hysteresis

initially unmagnetized - o i and H increased slowly - oa i and H removed : Br residual flux density H reversed to -Hc(coercivity): flux density vanishes

during first period B-H curve will follow the bath oacdefga - the loop does not close after few periods the loop almost closes hysteresis loop B-H relation is nonlinear and multi- valued the B lags behind H - hysteresis the locus of the tip of the hysteresis loop is called the magnetization curve

Hysteresis Loss
the loss of power in the core due to the hysteresis effect is called hysteresis loss

d e=N dt

W=

t2

t1

! p dt = ! ei dt = ! N
t1 t1

t2

t2

d i dt = ! Ni d dt
1

in a toroid
B2 B1

= BA

i=

Hl N
B2 B2

W=

Hl N A dB = lA ! H dB = Vcore ! H dB N B B
1 1

Vcore represents the volume of the core

Hysteresis Loss
energy loss during a period

cycle

= Vcore ! H dB = Vcore B H loop area = Vcore Wh Wh = ! H dB

loss density in the core

power loss Ph = Vcore Wh f empirically

cycle

n = B H loop area = KBmax

n Ph = K h Bmax f

n = 1, 5...2, 5

Eddy Current Loss

time varying magnetic field induces eddy currents in conducting material

ie e =

dB dt

a power loss proportional to Ri2 will be caused

2 Pe = K e Bmax f 2

eddy current loss can be reduced by

increasing the resistivity of the core material using laminated cores

Core Loss
hysteresis and eddy current loss are lumped together

Pc = Ph + Pe
slow variations
eddy current loss negligible static loop

rapid variations
eddy currents tend to maintain the flux hysteresis loop becomes broader dynamic loop

Pc = Vcore f
the loss appears as heat in the core

!
dynamic loop

H dB

Sinusoidal Excitation

sinusoidal flux sinusoidal voltage root-mean-square value

( t ) = max sin t
e (t ) = N

= 2 f

d = N max cos t = Emax cos t dt

Erms =

Emax N max = = 4, 44 Nf max 2 2

coil resistance is small in power applications - harmonic flux and voltage

Excitation Current

sinusoidal voltage source small coil resistance sinusoidal flux

a exciting current flows in the coil to establish a sinusoidal flux if the B-H characteristic is nonlinear, the exciting current will be non sinusoidal in a toroid in general

= BA B

i=

Hl N

iH

the B-H curve can be rescaled to -i curve

Excitation Current - nonlinear Material - no Hysteresis

sinusoidal flux Non sinusoidal exciting current wave form from -i curve in phase with flux symmetrical with respect to voltage fundamental component lags the voltage by 90 no power loss exciting coil can be represented by a pure inductance (fundamental components)

Excitation Current - nonlinear Material - with Hysteresis

sinusoidal flux Non sinusoidal exciting current wave form from multi-valued -i curve Non sinusoidal non symmetrical with respect to voltage exciting current can be split into two components
ic in phase with voltage e, accounting for the core loss im in phase with flux

exciting coil can be represented by a resistance (core loss) and a inductance (magnetization of the core) (fundamental components)