Contemporary Portuguese Scholarship in North America Author(s): Gerald M. Moser Source: Luso-Brazilian Review, Vol. 1, No.

1 (Summer, 1964), pp. 19-42 Published by: University of Wisconsin Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3512786 Accessed: 15/10/2010 13:03
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Contemporary Portuguese Scholarship

in

North

America

GeraldM. Moser

The following remarks revolve around a brief exposition of the studies being carried on at the present time in North America, in the fields of the Portuguese language and the literatures of Portugal and Brazil, and touching very lightly on Galicia. Thanks to the cooperation of all the scholars in the field, it has been possible to survey these studies. First, the setting ought to be recalled in which such scholarship exists. Then we shall take a searching look at the results of the survey. Finally, we might consider together what need be done in the immediate future to advance our research. On the whole, Luso-Brazilianists in this country are incorrigible optimists. There are moments, to be sure, when impatience and discouragement have threatened to overwhelm us.' Many times it has happened that our teaching, the deepest justification of our work, was curtailed because a penny-wise administration cut off a new and small Portuguese program, or because we were unable to persuade our colleagues to accept Portuguese as a requirement in certain courses of study, or because what we imagined to have been an irresistible current turned out to be a mere ripple, perhaps part of some sudden wave of "war effort," which ebbed away, alas....
'Some comments made by scholars to whom questionnaires were sent in March 1962 sound like voices from the past: "I regret to have to report that, despite our many and varied efforts to arouse interest in Portuguese at this University, there has been insufficient enrollment for the past four years to establish even an elementary course in the language." And another reads: "For the past few years . . . College has not had a sufficient number of applicants for Portugueseto warrant scheduling classes. . . . The situation is most discouraging, and if you have any materials with which I could support my arguments before the 'Powers that be' I would greatly appreciate hearing of them." 19

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Yet the larger setting did not change. Galicia, Portugal and her Atlantic Islands, Portuguese Africa, and Brazil on one hand, Great Britain and the United States on the other, continue to command the Atlantic routes. This fact of life alone would foster contacts between all of them, and as far as we are concerned, curiosity and the need for knowledge, born of a kind of platonic love. The achievements of the Portuguese-speaking world have not ceased since friars and troubadours put the small western kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal on the cultural map. They have been added to in the process of building a supra-racial society in Brazil and of spanning as yet fragile spiritual bridges in Africa. We tend to forget how recent any concerted effort in North American scholarship has been in our field. We may remember the first modest efforts to spread knowledge of the Portuguese language 150 years ago by school masters such as the Frenchman Peter Babad in Baltimore and the Sicilian Pietro Bachi at Harvard College.2 We have heard of the geologists who, like Branner at Stanford, were led through their studies of Brazilian soils and minerals to take an interest in Portuguese, to the point of bringing home crates full of Brazilian books, such as the collection from which I sometimes blew the dust in the library of Cornell University, or of inviting the first Brazilian lecturers to visit American colleges. Perhaps we have read the first learned studies on medieval Portuguese literature presented by Henry R. Lang to the Modern Language Association of America in the eighteen-nineties. Those were first excursions, undertaken by lone forerunners. The second stage was reached soon after when some inspired teachers in the field of Spanish philology branched out into Portuguese, published the first standard works, and trained younger scholars. The names that come to mind are Jeremiah Ford at Harvard, who offered a course in Old Portuguese from 1904/05 on, Hill at Indiana, Coutinho at Georgetown, and, since the thirties, Williams at Pennsylvania. But true organization came about much more recently in a third stage, within the past twenty-five years. And at first one could have harbored serious doubts as to whether individualists, as men of letters are, could usefully collaborate with one another in research.3 But America is not in vain the continent of efficiency and team work. Many an initiative attests
'The story of Peter Babad was told by Robert C. Smith in "A pioneer teacher: Father Peter Babad and his Portuguese grammar." Hispania XXVIII (1945): 330ff. Doubt about the desirability of collective scholarly enterprises was expressed by Francis M. Rogers in the Proceedings (Nashville, 1953) of the first International Colloquium of Luso-Brazilian Studies. They are limited by their incapacity of engendering a unified creative spirit. The case for cooperation was put by William Berrien who declared at the first meeting of the Portuguese Section of MLA in December 1941: "Cooperation is a good investment." ("The future of Portuguese studies." Hispania XXV, no. 1 [February 1942]: 88).

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21

to this, even in our field: summer institutes, conferences, colloquia, symposia, etc. Some exhilarating personal memories are attached to this third stage. Although I was by no means one of its prime movers, I had the good fortune to accompany it step by step, since reaching these shores in the late spring of 1939, as a young teacher with a brand new French diploma in my baggage, fired with a missionary zeal about Portuguese language and literature. 1939 was the year some of you will remember not only as the year when the second world war began to disrupt our lives. It was also for us Luso-Brazilianists the year when plans were made for the formation of a Portuguese section within the Modem Language Association. I remember how I, among many, was buttonholed by Henry Hare Carter and Lloyd Kasten in New Orleans, during the grand reception at the Cabildo, at the first MLA convention I attended. Would we help to form the new section? Two years later, on December 29, 1941, the section of Portuguese One convened in Indianapolis, with the propitiating presence of a Brazilian diplomat and poet, Ribeiro Couto. From then on a durable platform has existed for the presentation of new scholarship to a live audience. From then on we could meet to discuss plans, even though they sometimes failed to mature, as in the case of our ambitious bibliographical enterprises. Early in 1942, at the request of William Berrien, then a great promoter of Latin American studies, and particularly of Brazilian studies, in the Council of Learned Societies in Washington, I paid a visit to Nashville, Tennessee, to observe on the spot the stirrings of what was to become in 1947 the first Institute for Brazilian Studies, a short-lived but useful venture in cooperation among several institutions of higher learningPeabody, Scarritt, Vanderbilt, and, half clandestinely, Fisk University.4 It was cooperative also in the sense that it represented the complex "area" approach, instead of the traditional one that limited itself to language and literature. Moreover, it exemplified the goodwill of many Hispanists, from whose ranks and departments most of the scholars involved had come. As slender, paled keepsakes of their labors there are among my books the blue Graded Word-Book of Brazilian Portuguese (1945) and the yellow and green Brazilian Portuguese Idiom List (1951), the first two collective scholarly enterprises of a humble sort in our field, meant to furnish the bases for the Portuguese grammars and readers that we are still awaiting, twenty years later. Though it seemed a failure, Nashville encouraged scholarship permanently. Historian Alexander Marchant, from
4 Accordingto the latest information,an attempt is being made to revive the Institute for Brazilian Studies in Nashville, through NDEA funds. Directed by T. Lynn Smith, the Institute had held an intensive six-week summer school in June/July 1948, "emphasizing Brazil and the Portuguese language," with the cooperation of North Carolina, Texas and Tulane Universities.

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Vanderbilt, helped to organize the first international Colloquium and edited its Proceedings (Nashville, 1953). William Roberts went to Lisbon as a naval attache to be led there to the study of the contemporary Portuguese theater and then to the literature about King Sebastian. From Nashville William J. Griffin, Professor of English, went out to Brazil and compiled the first critical listings of English translations of Brazilian literature (1949; 1955), and then to the University of Lisbon, where he served as the first American visiting professor. We were encouraged in December 1944 by further proof of the interest in Portuguese among the leadership of the teachers of Spanish when the triumvirate of Stephen Pitcher, Graydon DeLand and Henry Grattan Doyle successfully transformed the American Association of Teachers of Spanish into an American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese.5 The Institute in Nashville was not the only experiment that gave up the ghost in the forties. The Summer Institutes for the Intensive Training in Portuguese held in secluded places, in 1941 at the University of Wyoming, in 1942 at the University of Vermont, were allowed to lapse. I am reminded of the latter by a thick bundle of yellowing pages, an anthology I helped to prepare for it under virtual house arrest in wartime West Los Angeles. Professor Jones' experiment at the University of Pennsylvania in taking a group of students of education on a study tour to Brazil in the summer of 1940 was not to be repeated until the sixties. A language house, the Casa Brasileira, conducted in 1942 at the University of North Carolina, closed its doors after one year. Failures or not, they provided the excitement of experimentation with new methods of instruction. They, and other conferences, notably the big conference on Brazil held at Stanford University in 1950, due to the initiative of Ronald Hilton, proved to be stages on the road to effective organization of Luso-Brazilian studies. In 1951 many of us were present when the most ambitious and perhaps, because of possible political entanglements, most difficult of collective ventures was undertaken-the first International Colloquium on LusoBrazilian studies. It was opened in Washington, D. C., thanks to the efforts of Francis M. Rogers, Manoel Cardozo, and Lewis U. Hanke, then Director of the Hispanic Foundation at the Library of Congress. It was there that many of us were able to meet for the first time since the war 5H. G. AssoDoyle had this to say aboutthe changein the nameof the American of ciationof Teachers Spanish: not "The change of name gives recognition to a new interestbut to the longfor and studiesandfor concern the Association Portuguese Luso-American of standing the teachingof the Portuguese language a concernthat goes backto the very date of the foundingof our Association." HispaniaXXVIII(1945): 25.

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scholarsin our field from Braziland Portugal,from France and England. In Washington,we showed to one another our plans for research in our field-using the word "field"in the broadest sense, including in it cultural anthropology,linguistics, the fine arts, literature, bibliography and political history. Not all of the projects that were laid before the colloquiumhave been carriedout yet, so that a reading of its Proceedings can still offer suggestions. But something has been accomplished since. Robert C. Smith, the art historian,has made many contributionsto the history of Baroque art in Brazil and Portugal. Mrs. Elizabeth F. Hirsch has continuedto probe into PortugueseHumanism.RaymondSayershas seen his thesis on the Negro in early Brazilianliteraturethroughthe press, and so has ErnestoDa Cal his work on Eca de Queiroz'style. Helen Caldwell was able to write on Machadode Assis,after having pleaded for "tools of scholarship" the study of the Brazilianwriter,and the descriptiveinfor dex of periodicalswith Brazilian (and Portuguese) materialsfor which L. L. Barrettthen asked, may now be nearingrealization,thanksto Oscar Fernandezand his bibliographycommitteein the MLA.As tangible proof of the good that the first Colloquiumdid incidentally,there stands in the State University,as in severalother University Libraryof the Pennsylvania librariesand the Libraryof Congress,a collection of books on Portuguese subjects, part of that large exposition of books presented by Portuguese publishersand the PortugueseGovernmentat the Colloquium. A number of years of "vacasmagras"followed, yet the international Colloquia continued to spread a little cheer in the growing darkness, leading now and then to a lasting aid to scholarship,notably the serial publication of a Boletim Interacional de Bibliografia Luso-Brasileira

since1960.

Our individual endeavorsin this country were once more recombined in a new type of structure.Many of us were present when, in the winter of 1958, the first of the new Institutesof BrazilianStudies was solemnly inauguratedat New YorkUniversity,in the presence of illustriouspadrinhos, such as the late composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, the critic Alceu AmorosoLima, the novelist John Dos Passos,then just returnedfrom his first trip to Brazil, and the Secretaryof Commercein the Braziliangovernment of the time. Perhaps not all who were present realized what persistent efforts the organizer,Eresto Da Cal, had to make to bring about this small beginning. When the inaugurationwas held in New York,one could have been disturbed at the silence of the metropolitan press of that city, so consciousof internationalcommerce,but in none of whose fine high schools is Portuguesetaught to a single pupil even today. The Institute at New York University occasioned the establishment of the first regular visiting professorshipsfor Brazilian and Portuguese

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scholars, and it made possible the first Junior Year ever to be attempted by a North American university in a Portuguese-speaking country. The Institute in New York was seconded one year later, in 1959, by a Luso-Brazilian Center at the University of Wisconsin, under the experienced leadership first of Lloyd Kasten, and then of A. Machado da Rosa. Trained in the European tradition of scholarship, both of them have made certain from the outset that Portugal and its Empire would not be neglected at the expense of Brazil. The Wisconsin Center led the way in 1961 with the creation of a summer school for American students in Porto Alegre, Brazil, the first such American summer school in a Portuguese-speaking country. In addition, Alberto Machado da Rosa and his team of "fellows" inaugurated a series of symposia, of which this is the second. If in Portugal, even in Portuguese Africa, writing and scholarship continue at the present time, in spite of intermittent warfare and constant political pressures, we in this country, where conditions are so much more favorable for systematic intellectual effort, need not be pessimistic about the prospects of our Luso-Brazilian studies. One straw in the wind is the large number of dissertations now being prepared, another the kind and quality of research projects being undertaken by scholars. Nowhere are more dissertations being written than at the young Luso-Brazilian Institutes, with the one at the University of Wisconsin having taken the lead. As a matter of fact, so many candidates present themselves that the few available advisers are overtaxed. If numbers have some meaning, the outlook must be called very hopeful. And thus I echo, once more, the optimism that has prevailed in every gathering of ours. The most encouraging sign of all is this: several of the established, hardest-working scholars in the field are back in their classrooms and private studies after having had their energies diverted for years in school administration. One of them is Edwin B. Williams, of the University of Pennsylvania, who is again teaching Portuguese philology, which in his absence had been withering away in that stronghold of Romance studies. Once more he directs doctoral dissertations so that the "Williams School of Portuguese Philology" may soon add new names to its roster. Furthermore, he has just revised his From Latin to Portuguese for a new edition. Another scholar, Francis Rogers, of Harvard University, has given up his deanship. As a result, he has been able to pursue more vigorously his studies of the cultural background of Portuguese voyages, and to direct several theses that have led his students to open up the new area of African studies from the Portuguese side. I am referring to the study of the history of Angola and Mozambique undertaken by James Duffy, after a thesis on the Portuguese shipwreck accounts had turned his eyes in

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25

the direction of the African coasts, and to the dissertation on Cape Verdean literature by Norman Araujo. John Englekirk, of the University of California at Los Angeles, has once more been attracted to Portuguese studies. Having traced North American literary influences in Brazil years ago, he is now collecting further material in the Iberian Peninsula on Unamuno's contacts with Portugal. Eresto Da Cal, of New York University, no longer weighed down by a chairmanship, now directs theses on Machado de Assis and E9a de Queiroz while making Eva and Galician literature better known through his own investigations. As a result, the very few scholars who, like Lloyd Kasten at Wisconsin, had uninterruptedly encouraged graduate study, are no longer isolated. Lloyd Kasten had indeed become the guiding spirit of a second "school" of Luso-Brazilian scholarship, in addition to his leadership in the field of medieval Spanish research, as a cursory glance at the Ph.D. theses of the past decade will show. Among those trained by L. Kasten is the present Director of the Luso-Brazilian Center at Wisconsin. Alberto Machado da Rosa is trying the impossible - to combine the arduous task of pioneering in such a Center with carrying on scholarly work, the worth of which he proved in his thesis on Rosalia de Castro. He is writing books on E9a de Queiroz, among them one on the critics of Ega.6 This leadership provides the inspiration for new scholarship because it carries on a tradition, some of it derived from the earlier American scholars like Ford, some from European centers of learning. It prevents the new Institutes from concentrating exclusively on the "practical aspects," a tendency which annoyed men like Sturgis E. Leavitt so much when the "direct method" and the "ASTP method" were being heralded.7 Scholarship can profit greatly from the custom, born of the necessity created by long distances and revived in the Institutes, of inviting guest lecturers from Brazil and Portugal, not merely for one or two talks, but for entire summers, semesters, and even years. It had been a long time since Fidelino de Figueiredo had come to these shores from Lisbon, Cecilia Meireles from Rio, or Gilberto Freyre from Recife. Now again a fresh breath of life has entered with the extended visits of writers such as Castro Soromenho of Portugal and lrico Verissimo of Brazil, or of
'Besides A. M. da Rosa (1953), the scholars trained by L. Kasten in the LusoBrazilian field include Florence E. White (1952), A. C. Piper (1953), Timothy Brown, Jr. (1955), H. J. Maxwell (1955), Sister M. John Berchmans Kocher (1957) and Emma May Hill (1957). 7In a presidential address of December 1946, Sturgis E. Leavitt declared before the members of the AATSP: "If Spanish instruction in the years ahead devotes itself exclusively to practical aspects, it will get off the track and find itself on a treadmill far from the main line." Hispania XXX (1947): 17.

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scholars such as Alceu Amoroso Lima and Thales de Azevedo, L. A. Costa Pinto, J. V. Freitas Marcondes, and Ant6nio Soares Amora from Brazil, or Armando de Lacerda, Lindley Cintra and Ramalho Costa from Portugal. Whether American students are ready to take full advantage of the teaching of these visitors remains to be seen. Cintra remarked, half jokingly, about the vast amount of leisure he enjoyed in the United States, in contrast to the busy life university professors lead in Lisbon. But slow, indirect effects begin to be felt. Three examples of this may suffice to illustrate the point. The presence of Castro Soromenho has benefited the elaboration of a Portuguese anthology and cultural reader in Wisconsin; it has also led one American researcher to study the image of Africa in Soromenho's works. Ramalho Costa's presence has helped another American to make translations from contemporary Portuguese poetry. The teaching of Soares Amora is encouraging studies on Cam6es, which will be published in a Brazilian review edited by him. The facilities for travel, thanks to sabbatical leaves, fellowships, and study programs abroad, are without any doubt having a salutary effect, as the American scholar is enabled to frequent Brazilian and Portuguese libraries, archives, and bookstores, and to see not only the common people but Portuguese and Brazilian writers and scholars in their own surroundings. I can personally testify to the importance of discussions with scholars such as Hernani Cidade, J. do Prado Coelho, Costa Pimpao, Fidelino de Figueiredo, or Rodrigues Lapa, and with writers such as Aquilino Ribeiro, Miguel Torga, Jose R. Migueis, or Fernando Namora, to name just a few of the Portuguese. The results of contacts and studies abroad are visible already in the documentation and the sense of realities that characterize scholarly work done by Robert C. Smith, Sayers, Glaser, Mrs. Hirsch, Francis Rogers, Ellison, Da Cal, and many others. In his survey of "The Development of Luso-Brazilian Studies in the United States, 1920-1950," Henry H. Carter could point with satisfaction to a number of excellent American works on Portuguese or Brazilian subjects. Among them were landmarks, such as his own edition of the

(1946), Joseph Dunn's reference grammar of the Portuguese language (1928), Edwin B. Williams' From Latin to Portuguese (1938), Francis M. Rogers' studies of Portuguese phonology (1940-49) and Leo Pap's Portuguese-American Speech (1949). There were histories of Brazilian literature by Isaac Goldberg (1922) and Samuel Putnam (1948), and the Manual bibliogrdfico de estudos brasileiros (1949), edited by William Berrien and R. Borba de Moraes, with contributions by the American scholars Robert C. Smith, Leo Kirschenbaum and Donald Pierson, and David M. Driver's The Indian in Brazilian literature (1942). There were Percy A. Martin's

Cancioneiroda Ajuda (1941) and J. D. M. Ford's edition of the Lusiads

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27

translation of J. P. Calogeras' Hist6ria do Brasil (1939), Putnam's translations of Euclides da Cunha's Os Sertoes (1944) and Gilberto Freyre's Casa grande e senzala (1946), W. Rex Crawford's of Fernando de Azevedo's A cultura brasileira (1950), and Leonard Bacon's of Cam6es' Os Lusiadas

(1950).
There were Robert C. Smith's studies of art in Portugal and Brazil (1936-50), Preston E. James' geography of Brazil in his Latin America (1942), the rural sociologist T. Lynn Smith's Brazil: People and Institutions (1946), and the anthropological studies of the Negroes of Bahia by E. Franklin Frazier, Melville and Frances Herskovits, and Donald Pierson Indians by Charles Wagley (1940-49). There were contributions to colonial Brazilian history by Manoel Cardozo (1937-50), notably his chapters in Brazil (edited by L. F. Hill, 1947), and Alexander Marchant in the settlement of Brazil, 1500-1580, 1942). And there are Mary W. Williams' biography of the Emperor Dom Pedro the Magnanimous (1937), and three standard works: Lawrence F. Hill's Diplomatic relations between the United States and Brazil (1932), Alan K. Manchester's British

(Negroesin Brazil:A study of race contactat Bahia, 1942), or of Brazilian

(Frombarterto slavery:The economicrelationsof Portugueseand Indians

pre-eminencein Brazil:Its rise and decline (1933), and Percy A. Martin's to contribution Argentina,Braziland Chile since independence,edited by
A. C. Wilgus (1935). Since 1950, scholars in North America have added substantially to this fund of knowledge. Besides the works of younger scholars, to be mentioned later, L. Sell published a Technical dictionary (1953) and James L. Taylor a Portuguese-English dictionary of Brazilian Portuguese (1958). Kimberley S. Roberts edited An anthology of Old Portuguese (1956), and

J. H. D. Allen Two old Portugueseversionsof the life of St. Alexis (1953). Yakov Malkiel wrote his Studies in the reconstructionof Hispano-Latin
word families (1954) and Max Leopold Wagner various philological articles, e.g., on Portuguese diminutives (1952), after having moved from Portugal to the United States. Francis M. Rogers edited The obedience of Pedro of Portugal (1961). Emesto G. Da Cal began the publication of his exhaustive study of Eca de Queiroz' style (1954). Elizabeth F. Hirsch continued her work on the Portuguese Humanists, particularly on Damiao de G6is. Ronald Hilton contributed the chapter on Brazilian literature to

a King of Portugal (1958) and published The travels of the Infante Dom

H. V. Livermore W. J. Entwistle'sPortugaland Brazil,An introduction and

(1953), for which Robert C. Smith wrote a section on Baroque architecture in Brazil and Alexander Marchant another on colonial Brazilian history. Marchant and T. Lynn Smith were co-editors of Brazil: Portrait of half a continent (1951), which included historical studies by Anyda Marchant and Charles Wagley. T. Lynn Smith revised his Brazil: People and institu-

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tions (1954). Wagley published Race and class in rural Brazil (1952) and Amazon town: a study of man in the tropics (1953). William L. Grossman (1952), Helen Caldwell (1953), and Clotilde Wilson (1954) translated Machado de Assis' major novels, L. L. Barrett part of Erico Verissimo's fiction (O tempo e o vento, I, 1951; Noite, 1956). Ronald Hilton translated Carolina Nabuco's life of her father, Joaquim Nabuco (1950). Jos6 M. Topete compiled A working bibliography of Brazilian literature (1957), Doris V. Welsh a bibliographical guide to the Portuguese and Brazilian materials in the Newberry Library of Chicago (1953). Carleton S. Smith edited English translations of writings by contemporary Brazilian artists, authors and critics as Perspective of Brazil, a supplement to The Atlantic Monthly (February 1956). A History of Portugal was published by Charles E. Nowell in 1952. George Kubler and Martin Soria prepared a reference work on Art and architecture in Spain and Portugal and their American dominions, 1500 to 1800 (1959). Richard B. Davis published a monograph on The Abbe' Joseph Francis Corrga da Serra in America, 1812-1820 (1959). These general observations will have provided the background for the current efforts, as they emerge from a survey of research in progress, conducted during the month of March, 1962.8 Future takers of such censuses should be cheered by the fact that while a preliminary questionnaire, circulated at the meeting of the Portuguese Section of the MLA in December 1961, yielded no more than six items from the more than sixty persons in attendance, the March survey revealed the existence of some two hundred and fifty projects of varying scope, including plans for six translations of poetry and fiction, as well as work on at least thirty doctoral dissertations and fourteen theses for the master of arts degree, being written at twenty-one different institutions. By November these figures had risen much higher, as shown in the Appendix. So much for the statistical side, to which we shall return in the conclusions from this look at the mirror image of ourselves. Scholarly and not so learned pursuits are being made on many levels, ranging from mere listings of books and manuscripts to annotated bibliographies and biographies, from classroom exercises to critical editions, from frequency counts to discussions of difficult general problems in linguistics,
Although the questionnaireswent to 175 persons, many of whom were not expected to reply in the positive since they had never been known to have published anything, two-thirds replied. Between April and October 1962, another 75 inquiries were sent out, and again two-thirds were answered. The replies revealed the existence of some one hundred active researchers in the fields of language and literature alone. The preparation and mailing of the questionnaireswas made possible through the aid of Dr. Franklin B. Krauss, Head of the Department of Romance Languages, Dr. Frederick Matson, Director of the Department of Liberal Arts Research, and his secretary, Miss Marjory Shaffer, of the Pennsylvania State University.
8

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from analyses of one author's single work to complete histories of language or literature-every one of these efforts contributing its share to the common task. The great majority of Luso-Brazilian scholars are teachers, and many of them are teaching in the field. It is thus proper that a large number of projects should be devoted to the production of classroom materials. The new language laboratories must day after day be fed like hungry animals with drills and readings. The magnetic tapes for these are being produced in several places, among them the Institutes at New York University and Wisconsin, the University of Michigan, Yale and Pennsylvania State. The spirit of the times appears in the "intensive courses," the "cultural readers" or "outline histories" being prepared by teams of collaborators, replacing what in calmer days used to be called "grammars," "selections" or "introductions." The fact of their production, with government aid, is very encouraging after the long dry spell when no new Portuguese text book could be published because the "market"for it was too small to tempt even the wealthiest commercial publishing house.9 As a further aid to instruction, phonetic, syntactic and vocabulary studies are being made, particularly in Brazilian Portuguese. Our country has a diligent dictionary-maker in James Taylor, of Stanford University, who is preparing two specialized technical dictionaries at this time. Some of our colleagues assume, however, that as long as they are not allowed to teach Portuguese they cannot do any research in it either. Some feel the pressure of other obligations. "Personally," one writes, "I am a little too swamped with teaching." "Most of our work here," writes another, "is in teaching and the accompanying clerical work." And some of us remember suggestions to the effect that chances for future promotion might be better if we could publish in some other field, in Spanish or Spanish-American literature, for example, in which we were earning our daily bread as teachers. The results of the recent survey suggest, however, that many of those who are not engaged in the teaching of Portuguese at the moment still cannot resist the sirens that lure us on to investigate and write in the Luso-Brazilian field. For after the teaching and the preparation of materials for the classroom there is another vast area that asks for our labor.
Teachers in elementary schools and in high schools desperately need textbooks. Records and magnetic tapes are aids that have just begun to be produced for classroom use in the Luso-Brazilian field. To be sure, there exist a number of language courses on records, the latest of them being Alexandre Prista's. But there is a dearth of recorded songs and literature. The first recording of Portuguese literature to be produced commercially in this country was Josh R. Migu6is' recital of contemporary Portuguese poetry, accompanied by the original texts, as well as English translations and brief introductionsto each poet provided by Raymond S. Sayers, of City College, New York.

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It is the interpretation of the language and literature to our fellow citizens, to all who are of English speech. I believe that this is almost unconsciously felt to be our duty. A cursory glance over the research in progress reveals the efforts being made to spread information here and abroad. Seldom, to be sure, does it have the general socio-cultural scope of the activities of Ronald Hilton or, from quite a different viewpoint, of Richard Pattee.10 More often it takes the form of articles destined for encyclopedias, chapters for manuals, for example on medieval Portuguese literature, and last but not least, no pains are spared to provide the general reader as well as the specialist with bibliographical information on new publications, through such media as the Handbook of Latin American Studies, the yearbooks of several encyclopedias, the annual bibliographies of the Renaissance and of Romanticism, as well as the increasingly comprehensive annual bibliographies in PMLA. Hand in hand with this goes the study of contemporary literature and of current usage in language. The fate of the Portuguese language in the Hawaiian Islands, the regional speech of Rio Grande do Sul, or the general patterns of change in Brazil are as appealing to our age, preoccupied with the "here and now," as the explication of the latest works of a Brazilian novelist, who more often than not turns out to be Jorge Amado, or the surge of Brazilian drama.1' We want to share our enthusiasm about the contemporary fiction of Portugal and Brazil, and so studies are being readied that deal with such deft writers as the late Irene Lisboa, to give one example. Much more remains to be done. There is a need to make known more widely the Portuguese poets of this century, poets such as Fernando Pessoa, Sa Careiro, Botto, Florbela Espanca, Teixeira de Pascoais, Gomes Ferreira, Miguel Torga, novelists such as Aquilino Ribeiro and Vergilio Ferreira, Migueis and Alves Redol or Castro Soromenho, essayists such as Ant6nio Sergio and Ant6nio Jose Saraiva, or Jose Regio and Fidelino de Figueiredo. As for Brazil, good English interpretations of the Modernista poets are being published at last, but we need interpretations of its newer poetry, of writers such as Vinicius de Morais, of story tellers such as Lygia Fagundes Telles, of essayists such as Augusto Meyer, of novelists such as Octavio de Faria and Guimaraes Rosa, to mention a few that come to mind. This effort at popularization, in the best sense of the word, carried out with a high-minded purpose and scholarly honesty, would be increasingly
10Ronald Hilton's monthly Hispanic American Report provides unique coverage of political, economic and cultural background news on current events in Brazil and Portugal, more than can be found in even the largest North American newspapers and weekly magazines. u One such study of a recent Brazilian drama, Suassuna's Auto da Compadecida, was the subject of the last article published by the late Dilwyn Ratcliff, of Cincinnati, as the result of a study tour to Brazil.

Gerald M. Moser

31

accompanied by translations from the pens of competent linguists with a feeling for literary form. Of translations, the recent survey gives small hints; we may expect another translation of a Brazilian novel from Clotilde Wilson, for example. Perhaps a wider curiosity can be sustained in American literary circles, now that English translations have belatedly awakened a genuine respect for Machado de Assis among critics and writers in the United States.12 Creative writing can also come out of scholarly research; some historical fiction is now being written by men inside and outside our field on the basis of research in the colonial history of Brazil and Africa. Let us return from the periphery of scholarly work to its core. The elder works of Portuguese and Brazilian literature that have stood the test of the ages should be constantly kept before our minds. The current survey indicates that this task is being performed by some of the best-trained scholars. We find some, e.g., Jack Parker and Thomas Hart, working on Gil Vicente. Camoes is not forgotten; no large-scale work on the poet had been undertaken since Ford's edition and Bacon's translation, but at last, Henry H. Hart has given us a poetic biography. Machado de Assis continues to attract many. So does E9a de Queiroz. Perhaps the most heartening sign in this connection is the combination of scholarly precision with esthetic criteria, exemplified in Da Cals style studies, or the analyses of Machado de Assis' subtle techniques undertaken by Miss Caldwell and Keith Ellis. On the other hand, the medieval cancioneiros seem to lie abandoned, as do the great figures of Brazilian and Portuguese Romanticism. Little if anything is being done yet to study the writers of those twilight zones overshadowed by great works, the years between Gil Vicente's last plays and the publication of the Lusiads, or the writers put in the shadow by E9a de Queiroz and Machado de Assis. Perhaps the time is coming when attention can be directed to Cruz e Sousa, or Raimundo Correia, and in Portugal, to Joao de Deus and Teixeira de Queiroz. By and large, the modest suggestions for research made by Eunice Joiner Gates in 1942 have been followed. The work she called for is proceeding on Machado de Assis, Eva de Queiroz, and on "trends in moder Brazilian prose and poetry."1' Even Euclides da Cunha, though not studied as she wished, was within a short time translated into English (1944). At the first international Colloquium of 1950, Francis M. Rogers suggested a natural division of labor when he said: "Os estudiosos de Portugal, do Brasil, das col6nias portugu8sas, teem a obrigavao de dar i luz da publicidade, para o uso do mundo inteiro, os dados da sua cultura, teem um
" One of the contemporaryNorth American writers who greatly admires Machado de Assis' subtlety is John Barth, the author of novels such as The Sot Weed Factor. 1sEunice Joiner Gates, "Problemsin research dealing with Portuguese and Brazilian studies." Hispanma XXV (1942): 151-157.

32

Luso-Brazilian Review

gagao de apreciarestes dados, de os refundir,e de os difundir,teem um In papel ensinador,didactico."'4 a generalway, this is true, and the recent surveyconfirmsit, althoughRogerswas one of those who disregardedthe theoreticaldivisionwith his dialect studies and his editions.There is, however, a particularway in which the reorganizationand diffusionof the data have proceeded increasingly.It was implied in another remarkof Francis Rogers when, in summingup, he noted the correlationbetween Luso-Brazilianstudies and other linguistic or geographic areas of the world. He hastenedto add: "I do not mean to suggest that we cease to be Luso-Brazilianists become comparatists."15 and The survey shows that comparatismis greatly favored, and I believe profitablyso. The relationsbetween culturesand nations,notablybetween the East and the West, are being investigated,and again Rogers himself has been active in this direction.There are studies, among them dissertations, which lay bare the threadsthat exist between Portugueseand Spanish literaturesfrom their beginnings to our days, between Portugal and certainregions of Africa,between Brazil and the United States, or Brazil and SpanishAmerica,Portugaland England, or Brazil and Spain in the colonial age, which is the area from which Enrique Martinez-L6pez has the subject of colonialBrazilianliteraturewritten in Spanish. picked To sum up, Americanscholars are diligently working in most of the subdivisionsof the Luso-Brazilian field, in spite of the fact that the rule of "publishor perish"does not press many of them in this direction.Most of the scholarscan producea study only now and then, thus giving American researchactivity as a whole an aspect of occasionalwriting.There are perhaps a dozen men and women in our field, however, who through their constantoutput and their originalideas are trying to set the pace and to renew the field. Their numberis reinforcedwhenever a scholaror man of letters from Brazil, Galiciaor Portugalcomes to the United States for an extendedstay. Thereis no need to nameonce morethose scholarswho have been active for manyyears.But to show the renewedvitality of Luso-Brazilian scholarin NorthAmericait may be useful to list the most active youngermen ship who began publishingtheir researchwithin the past decade in the fields of language and literature,at the risk of overlookingsome: C. MalcolmBatchelor,of Yale University,author of Storiesand storytellers of Brazil (vol. I, Havana,1953); for Ralph E. Dimmick, of the Pan AmericanUnion, bibliographer the Handbook of Latin-Americanstudies and editor-translator Manuel of Bandeira'sBrief history of Brazilianliterature (Washington,1958);
14Proceedings(Nashville, 1953): 22. "op. cit.: 28.

papel investigador. Os estudiosos do resto do mundo . . . teem a obri-

Gerald M. Moser

33

James Duffy, of BrandeisUniversity,author of Shipwreckand empire (Cambridge,Mass., 1955), PortugueseAfrica (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), and with R. A. Manners,editorof Africaspeaks (Princeton,1961); Fred P. Ellison, of the Universityof Texas, authorof Brazirsnew novel (Berkeley,1954); Edward Glaser, of the University of Michigan, author of Estudios Relacionesliterarias siglo de oro (Valencia,1957), del hispanoportugueses, as well as of numerousarticles,such as "El lusitanismode Lope de Vega" sermonsat autos-da-f6(1955 and 1956), "Theliterary (1954), "Portuguese fame of Cervantesin 17th-century Portugal"(1955), "Miguelda Silveira's El Macabeo"(1958), and "Manuelde Faria e Sousaand the mythologyof Os Lusiadas"(1961); ThomasR. Hart, Jr., of Emory University,author of several studies on Gil Vicente's plays (1958, 1961), and on the history of Portuguesepronunciation (1955, 1959), and editor of Gil Vicente's eleven plays in Castilian (1962); Alfred Hower, of the Universityof Florida, author of a Ph.D. dissertation on Hip6lito da Costa (Harvard, 1955), and of related articles, and for several years bibliographerof the Romantic movement in Portugal and Brazil; Edgar C. Knowlton,Jr., of the Universityof Hawaii, author of several studies of the history of the Portugueselanguage in Hawaii, e.g., "Portuguese in Hawaii"(1960); Alberto Machadoda Rosa, of the Universityof Wisconsin,author of a Ph.D. dissertationon Rosalia de Castro (Wisconsin, 1953), and related articles,such as "Rosaliade Castro,poeta incompreendido" (1954),"Heine in Spain (1856-67)" (1957), and "Subsidiospara uma edigao critica: Tradu96esnao coleccionadasde Rosalia de Castro"(1958), and author also of a book on Eva, discipulo de Machado (1962); Raymond S. Sayers, of the City College of New York and Columbia University,authorof The Negro in Brazilianliterature(New York,1956), and Portuguese bibliographerfor PMLA, as well as for the Romantic movement. Following the general inferencesI have drawn from the replies to the survey,I believe that it will be interestingto comparethem with the statistical facts obtainedthroughthe survey.The analysisis based on 151 positive and negative replies received by April 30, 1962. The figuresrefer to the numberof scholarscurrentlyconductingresearch.They include graduate studentsbut not the visiting scholarsfrom Braziland Portugal,since the work of the latter shouldbe creditedto their own countries.There are many duplicationsin the totals,because a numberof studies fall into more than one of the compartments which Luso-Brazilian into researchhas been

34

Luso-Brazilian Review

divided. Statistical data including information received after April do not materially affect the present analysis. (See Appendix I)

A) Language

Of a total of 32 scholars, thirteen are studying general problems, such as the history of the language, descriptions of dialects, problems in translation, etc. Fourteen can be identified as treating areas of Brazilian Portuguese, an equal number limiting themselves to European Portuguese. Vocabulary studies (11) are more common than is research in phonetics (3) or syntax (3). The syntax of European Portuguese is ignored; its phonetics are attracting only two scholars at present. Only three report studies dealing with the Galician language.

B) Literature
1. Interest in Portuguese (43) and interest in Brazilian literature (45) are almost matched. Galician literature (2) seems to be neglected. 2. In Brazilian literature the favorites are Machado de Assis (9) and twentieth century writing (25), more specifically the Northeastern novelists (9), Jorge Amado in particular (4). There is interest shown in Brazilian Modernismo (5) and in other contemporary writing - fiction (6), poetry (4) and drama (3). Brazilian Romanticism (4) and other nineteenth-century literature the single exception of Machado de Assis-are neglected. (0)-with Comparative studies involving Brazil and the language or literature of other countries are attracting a fair number of scholars (8). 3. In Portuguese literature, preference is given to Renaissance authors (15), especially to Gil Vicente (4) and Luis de Cam6es (7). A large number of scholars are attracted to Ega de Queiroz (8). Romanticism (1) and contemporary poetry (3) seem to have little appeal so far. The number of students of literature relating to Portugal and the language and literature of other countries, notably Spain, is large (13). A considerable number of scholars (15) devote their efforts to bibliography, most of them limiting themselves to Portugal (8), while only a few (3) are trying to cover Brazil and Portugal. Galician bibliography does not appear in the survey. About half a dozen textbooks for the study of language or literature are being prepared, such as grammars, collections of exercises or anthologies. Most of them being cooperative ventures, they involve an unknown but probably considerable number of contributors.

C) Bibliographyof Languageand Literature

D) Text Booksof Languageand Literature

Gerald M. Moser

35

E) OtherResearch The data on studies dealing with subjects other than literatureor language, with translationsor with creative writing, were too incomplete in Marchto allow any conclusions.However, it is apparentthat a very large numberof scholarsare investigatingBrazilianand Portuguesehistory. Finally, some suggestions for the immediate future will be in order. Reflection about the survey of current research may suggest different ideas and wishes. A few personalimpressions have alreadybeen registered while characterizing that researchon the preceding pages. One further impressionleads me to the first suggestion. The survey shows the existenceof a numberof studiesthat have been left unpublished or only partlypublishedfor many years. The state of affairsis highlighted by the following passage from a letter that accompanieda reply to the
questionnaire:
"The only project under way here that I can think of, and this will be rather indefinite until a publisher can be located, is the eventual publication of my own dissertation which was a critical edition . . . An excerpt of this has been published in Portugal but apparentlynot the entire work."

This is by no means an isolated case. There are studies that are too in long to be accommodated our existingperiodicals,overcrowdedas they are already, or too short or of too narrow an appeal to be published as books. We could publish more researchand do it faster if there were a monographseries at our disposal,perhaps to be created as a cooperative with the aid and sponsorshipof one or all of the three Instiundertaking, of Luso-Brazilian tutes Studies. Eventually,there could be room for several monographseries; one for studies and bibliographies,another for inexpensivebut reliabletext editionsfor use in literatureclasses,and a third for translations essays and studies written by Brazilianand Portuguese of scholars for the purpose of bringing them to the attention of American field. scholarsoutside the Luso-Brazilian Secondly,I would suggest the creationof a periodicalpublicationsimilar to a newsletterby a National Council on Luso-Brazilian Studies, suggested in January1962 by the AcademicConferenceon BrazilianStudies at New YorkUniversity.Lest I be misunderstood, declare emphatically I that the traditionallyclose and friendly relationshipbetween Hispanists shouldbe maintainedthroughsuch commonorganand Luso-Brazilianists izations as the AmericanAssociationof Teachers of Spanish and Portuin guese and its review Hispania,the Casa de las Espainas New YorkCity with its Revista Hispdnica Moderna, the Pan American Union and its and its Republicationsand the Instituto de LiteraturaIberoamericana vista Iberoamericana.Much of our bibliography and of our news and reviewscan be easily publishedin those periodicals. But there is other matterthat would appeal only to Luso-Brazilianists.

36

Luso-Brazilian Review

For example, if it were felt that a survey of research in progress, such as the one undertaken this year, were of sufficient value to scholars to be repeated annually, it could then become a feature, perhaps the principal one, of an annual or bi-annual periodical, exclusively devoted to LusoBrazilian studies, perhaps including others besides the study of language and literature. Such a periodical, modestly produced and carefully managed, could become the vehicle also for pooling useful information on available lecturers and available teaching materials, such as new magnetic tape recordings, slides and records, as well as news of the personalia type, and information of summer courses, study trips, fellowships and the offerings of the Institutes which at present reach us, if at all, as scattered notices. This periodical might be a tempting task for the standing Bibliography Committee of the Portuguese Section of the MLA, if the membership of the Section would liberally tax itself for the purpose. At the same time, the Committee could publish in it its questionnaires and its findings. The periodical and the monograph series would be two goals easy to achieve through cooperation, with the feeling of participation shared by all the scholars active in the field, a further recognition of scholarship and a greater identification of each individual with a concern about the future of Luso-Brazilian studies in North America.

AppendixI
The following two statisticaltables are based on informationreceived by November 24, 1962 TABLE A Number of Projects and Publications in the different Compartmentsof the Field of Brazilianand Portuguese Studies
DISSERTATIONS COMPARTMENT STUDIES & THESES TRANSLATIONS

1. Anthropologyand Sociology
2. Art and Architecture 3. Bibliography: (Brazil) (Portugal)

21
5 20 (6) (11)

4
-

(Brazil & Portugal) 4. Bibliographyof Literature, see Literature 5. Economics and Geography: (Brazil) NB. for historicaltravel literature, see Literature
(Portugal)

( 3) 19 (15)
( 4)

12 (12)
-

1 ( 1)
-

Gerald M. Moser
6. Education: Brazil
7. Folklore: (Brazil) (Portugal)

37
2
5 ( 1) (4)

1
-

8. Geography, see Economics 9. History: (Brazil, Colonial) ( , Independent)

( , General) (Galicia) (Portugal)

48 ( 6) ( 9)
(5) ( 1) (9)

13 ( 1) (11)
-

, Overseas) ( 10. Language:

(General)

(18) 43
( 8)

( 1) 10
-

(Brazil, General) , Phonetics & Phonemics) (

( , Syntax)

(3) ( 2)
(3)

( 1) ( 1)
-

, Vocabulary) ( (Brazil and Portugal) (Galicia) (Portugal, General) ( , Phonetics & Phonemics) , Vocabulary) ( 11. Literature: (Brazil, Colonial) ( , Alencar) ( , Romanticism) ( , Machado de Assis) ( , 20th Century) ( , Comparative Lit.) , General, Genres, etc. ( (Galicia) (Portugal, Medieval) , Gil Vicente) ( ( , Camoes & Renaissance) ( , Travels, 15th( ( 17th Centuries) , 17th Century) , Romanticism)

(7) (7) ( 2) (9) (1) (1) 137 (3) (1) (1) ( 7) (26) ( 7) ( 8) ( 2) ( 5) (4) (12)
( 6) ( 6) ( 1)

(1) (1) (1) ( 3) (1) (1) 29 ( 1) (1) (1) (4) ( 6) ( 1) (1) (2) (2) (1)
-

14

(1) (11) -

( 1)
-

, Ea de Queiroz) , 19th Century) , 20th Century) , Compar. Lit.) , General, Genres, etc. 12. Philosophy: Brazil13. Sociology, see Anthropology 14. Textbooks, other Classroom Materialsand Outlines ( ( ( (

( 6) ( 5) (15) (17) ( 5)

( 4) (3) (1) ( 1) -

(1) 1

19

NB. Grand totals are not given because some projects overlap compartmentsand thus are counted more than once.

38

Luso-Brazilian Review

TABLE B Number of Dissertations and Theses in Progress, or Completed in 1962, Listed by Sponsoring Institutions
INSTITUTION (UNIVERSITY) PH.D. DISS. M.A. THESE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Wisconsin Cornell Stanford New York California (Berkeley) Columbia Florida Maryland Pennsylvania Texas Vanderbilt Alabama Boston California (Los Angel4 es) Colorado Georgetown Harvard Indiana (Madrid, Spain) Northwestern St. Louis Tulane Yale Brigham Young Houston New Mexico PennsylvaniaState Syracuse Totals

7 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 4 1

1 1 1 3 1 1

45

16

AppendixII
SURVEY OF RESEARCH IN PROGRESS (Brazilianand Portuguese Studies in the United States and Canada in 1962) SUPPLEMENT Key to Symbols B Brazil G Galicia P Portugal I II III IX Linguistics Literature, Literary History and Criticism History and Geography, Social Sciences, and Fine Arts Bibliography

Gerald M. Moser
A. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

39

254. Alexander, Robert J. Labor relations in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. B-III (book) 255. Anderson, Charles W. The image of the frontier experience in Brazil and the United States. B-III B-III 256. Baratz, Morton S. The Brazilianeconomy during the Vargas years. 257. Batchelor, C. Malcolm, and Ruth Gillespie, editors. O Pagador de B-II promessas, play by Dias Gomes (textbook edition) B-III 258. Bernstein, Harry. Brazilianhistory since 1917. 259. Cocozzella, Peter. The significanceof the deliriumscene in "Mem6rias B-II p6stumas de Braz Cubas". (for Hispania) 260. Duffy, James E. The history of the Portuguese in Africa and PortuP-III guese African nationalism. 261. Fliegel, Frederick C. Farm practices and attitudes in Rio Grande do B-III Sul, Brazil (field study) 262. Freitas-Marcondes,J. V. First Brazilian legislation relating to rural B-III unions. (Monograph, published by University of Florida Press, 1962) Gillespie, Ruth. See Batchelor, C. Malcolm 263. Glaser,Edward. Portugueseliteratureof the 17th century. (book dealP-II ing with Faria e Sousa, Pereirade Castro,and Ant6nio Vieira) 264. Gotay-Montalvo, Rub6n. Curso de portugu6s para principiantes. P-I (textbook for students at the University of Puerto Rico) B-III 265. Graham,T. Richard.The Britishimpact on Brazil, 1850-1919. (book) 266. Hoetink, Harry. Segmented societies: the Caribbean, Brazil, and the B-III southern United States. (book) B-III 267. Hutchinson, Harry W. Brazilianfamily structure. (book) 268. Hutchinson, Harry W. Piracicaba: a plantation study. (book-length B-III study of a corporatesugar plantation in the state of S. Paulo) 269. Kobe, Joseph A. Social consequences of industrializationin Brazil and B-III Mexico. (book) 270. McMillan, Claude. United States enterprise and management in the B-III Brazilian economy. (book) 271. Momsen, Richard P. Jr. Routes over the Serra do Mar (Brazil). (reB-III vision of Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota) 272. Momsen, Richard P. Jr. Similaritiesin place names of Brazil and the United States. (for Boletim do Centro de Estudos Geogrdficos,CoimB-I, B-III bra, Portugal) 273. Morgenstern,Otto. The monetary transfer system between Portugal P-III and Mozambique. B-II 274. Nist, John. Brazilian concretism. B-II 275. Nist, John. Brazilianmodernism. (for the journalApproach) B-II 276. Nist, John. Carlos Drummond de Andrade. B-II 277. Nist, John. Cecilia Meireles. 278. Nist, John. Manuel Bandeira;modem lyric poet of Brazil. (in Arizona B-II Quarterly, Autumn 1962, 217-28) B-II 279. Nist, John. Mdriode Andrade. 280. Nist, John. Voice from the black orchard.Jorge de Lima: modern religious poet of Brazil. (in Motive, Nashville, Tenn., October 1962, B-II 21-25) 281. Robock, Stefan H. The Brazilian Northeast: development problems, B-III economic prospects, and foreign aid.

40

Luso-Brazilian Review

282. Rosen, Bernard C. Family structure, achievement motivation and economic growth in Brazil. (project sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Public Health Service) 283. Rosen, BernardC. Socializationand achievement motivationin Brazil. (in American Sociological Review, October 1962) 284. Saunders, John V. D. The Brazilian family. 285. Sluiter, Engel. Dutch-Iberianrivalryin the colonial world. (book) 286. Teran, Carlos M. Brazil:peoples and cultures. 287. Van Dongen, Irene S. Sea fisheries and fishing ports of Angola. 288. Vann, John H. Physical geography of the Amazon delta. 289. Wachholz, Paul F. IntroductoryBrazilian Portuguese. (textbook for secondary school and preparatoryschool level) 290. Wachholz, Paul F. The Gaucho and the German homesteaderin Rio Grande do Sul. (revision of thesis) 291. Wagley, Charles. Ecological studies in PortugueseGuinea. (book) 292. Wetzler, D. L. Sound in the poetry of Cecilia Meireles. (for Hispania) 293. Wheeler, Douglas L. The major Portuguese explorersin Africa in the late 19th century. (undertaken with a Fulbright study grant in Lisbon)
B.
PH.D. DISSERTATIONS AND M.A. THESES IN PROGRESS OR COMPLETED IN

B-III B-III B-III P-III B-III P-III B-III B-I B-III P-III B-II

P-III

1962

294. Dean, Warren K. Brazilian economic history. Ph.D., Florida 295. Dukes, James H. The monetary and fiscal policies of Brazil. Ph.D., Florida 296. Gauthier, H. L. The regional pattern of transportationand urban development in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ph.D., Northwestern 297. Hattwick, Richard.Sears-Roebuckin Brazil. Ph.D., Vanderbilt (R. E. Carlson) 298. Huddle, Donald. The foreign exchange auction system in Brazil 19531960. Ph.D., Vanderbilt (R. E. Carlson) 299. Hupperich, H. Brazilian-UnitedStates cooperationin the field of air power, 1938-1945. Ph.D., Alabama 300. Lauerhass, Ludwig Jr. The political role of GetuilioVargas. Ph.D., California, Los Angeles 301. Lopez Landeira, Ricardo. La saudade en la lirica gallega. Ph.D., Colorado (J. de Onis) 302. Minick, Robert. Direct foreign investment in relation to the development of manufacturingin Brazil. Ph.D., Texas 303. Rady, Donald. The social and economic impact of the Braziliansteel industry. Ph.D., California, Berkeley 304. Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. Social structureof a Portuguesepeasant village. Ph.D., Columbia 305. Shackelford, Robert C. Direct foreign investment and economic growth: the case of Brazil, 1945-1960. Ph.D., California, Berkeley 306. Taylor, Harry W. The location of industry in Sao Paulo State, Brazil: a study of locative factors. Ph.D., Maryland
C. TRANSLATIONS IN PROGRESS OR COMPLETED IN 1962

B-III B-III B-III B-III B-III B-III B-III G-II B-III B-III P-III B-III B-III

307. Aguiar, R. Waldeck de. Formafro economica do Brasil, by Celso Furtado. (for University of CaliforniaPress)

B-III

Gerald M. Moser 308. Caldwell, Helen. Selection of J. M. Machado de Assis' short stories. (for University of CaliforniaPress) 309. Grossman,William L., and James L. Taylor. Gabriela, clove and cinnamon, by Jorge Amado (novel, published by Knopf late summer 1962) 310. Grossman,William L. Modern Brazilian short stories. (for University of California Press) 311. Merwin, W. S. Poems by AgostinhoNeto. (translationsof four poems, accompanying an article on the Angolan nationalist Dr. Agostinho Neto, "To Name the Wrong," The Nation, Feb. 24, 1962) 312. Nist, John. Carlos Drummond de Andrade. (thirteen poems, selected by Drummond de Andrade himself, translated into English with the help of Yolanda Leite; in The Beloit Poetry Journal, Spring 1962) 313. Nist, John. Selected poems of CarlosDrummondde Andrade. (volume completed under an SSRC Latin-Americangrant) 314. Nist, John. Selected poems of Cecilia Meireles. (volume completed under an SSRC Latin-Americangrant and submitted to Indiana University Press) 315. Nist, John. Selected poems of Manuel Bandeira. (volume completed under an SSRC Latin-Americangrant) Taylor, James L. See Grossman,William L. SUPPLEMENT II
A. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

41 B-II B-II B-II P-II B-II B-II B-II B-II

316. Diffie, Bailey W. A history of Portugaland Brazil to 1822. 317. Fliegel, Frederick C., and Fernando C. Oliveira. Receptivity to new ideas and the exodus from agriculture. (a study of household heads in the municipality of Cat, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for the review Sociologia, S. Paulo) 318. Graham,Richard. The Rio de JaneiroFlour Mills and Granaries,Ltd. 319. Haller, Archibald O. Mudanfas em contatos de familias com servitos de bem-estar, resultantes do desenvolvimento econ6mico em quatro comunidades rurais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. (field study conducted in the State of Rio de Janeiro) 320. Wheeler, Douglas L. Livingstone in Angola, 1854-1855: some new letters. (translation and edition of Livingstone's letters found in the Boletim Oficial de Angola, 1854, for the Rhodes-LivingstoneJournal, Manchester, England, December 1962) 321. Wheeler, Douglas L. Silva Porto and the trade history of Angola. 322. Wheeler, Douglas L. The Boers in Angola, 1879-1957. 323. Wheeler, Douglas L. The life and times of Prince Nicolas of Congo (1830-1860). 324. Wheeler, Douglas L. The Portuguese in Angola: nineteenth century policy.
B.
PH.D. DISSERTATIONS AND M.A. THESES IN PROGRESS OR COMPLETED IN 1962

P-III B-III

B-III B-III

B-III

P-III P-III P-III P-III P-III

325. Hahner, June. The Brazilian military, 1889-1910. M. A., Cornell, to be completed June 1963. 326. Liggitt, Malcolm. Braziliangovernmentalactions to ameliorate conditions in the Northeast. Ph.D., Cornell, Department of Economics.

B-III B-III

42

Luso-Brazilian Review
B-III P-III

327. Piteri, Antonio. Social factors and industrialization. M.A., Cornell Department of AgriculturalSociology, to be completed January1963. 328. Wheeler, Douglas L. The Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1891. Ph.D., Boston (William Norton and D. McCall) a study in history and anthropology.
C. TRANSLATIONS IN PROGRESS OR COMPLETED IN

1962.

329. Hart, Henry H. Poems by Luis de Camoes. (in his Luis de Camoens and the epic of the Lusiads, Norman, Oklahoma, 1962) 330. Sturm, Fred G. Panorama of the history of philosophy in Brazil, by Cruz Costa. (published in 1962 by the Pan American Union, Washington, D.C., in the series "Pensamientode Am6rica")

P-II B-III

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