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POEM
Is the art of expressing ones thought in verse Uses few words to convey message Meant to be read aloud Arouses our emotions Uses imagery/figures of speech to explain feelings or to create a mental picture or idea

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Meter
Meter is poetrys rhythm or its pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter is measured in units of feet

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The six basic kinds of metric feet are:

Iiamb one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (e.g. describe, Include, 2. retract) Trochee one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (e.g. picture, flower)
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3. Dactyl one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (e.g.annotate an-no-tate) 4. Anapest two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable (e.g. comprehend com-pre>> 0 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >> hend) >> 1

The six basic kinds of metric feet are:

The six basic kinds of metric feet are:

5. Pondee two stressed syllables together e.g. e-nough) 6. Pyrrhic two unstressed syllables together (rare, usually used to end dactylic hexameter)
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Lines Nomenclature
# of metric feet type of line One foot monometer
Two feet dimeter Three feet trimeter Four feet tetrameter Five feet pentameter Six feet hexameter Seven heptameter Eight feet octometer
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Scansion
is the analysis of these mechanical elements within a poem to determine meter. Feet are marked off with slashes and accented appropriately (stressed, unstressed) Bcase / cold / nt stp / fr Dath
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Identification of Stanza
# of lines Type of Stanza

2 Couplet 3 tercet 4 quatrain 5 cinquain 6 sestet 7 septet 8 octet 9 or more X-lined Stanza
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Rhym e Rime: old spelling or

rhyme, which is the repetition of like sounds at regular intervals in versification.
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End rhyme
1.

rhyme occurring at the end of verse lines; most common rhyme form

I was angry with my friend I told my wrath, my wrath did end

(Poison Tree by >> 2 William Blake) >> 0 >> 1 >> 3 >>
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Internal rhyme
rhyme contained within a line of verse. The splendour falls on castle walls And snowy summits old in story The long light shake across the lakes And the wild cataract leaps in glory
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Rhyme scheme
pattern of rhymes with a unit of verse: in analysis, each end rhyme-sound is represented by a letter.

Take, O take those lips away, -a That so sweetly were forsworn; b And those eyes, the break of day; -a Lights that do mislead the mourn -b But my kisses bring again, bring again Seals of love, but seald in vain c

(William Shakespeare, Take, O Take Those Lips Away

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Masculine Rhyme
rhyme in which only the last, accented syllable of the rhyming words correspond exactly in sound.
She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that's best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day
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Feminine Rhyme
rhyme in which two consecutive syllables of the rhyming words correspond, the first syllable carrying the accent; double rhyme Trembling, hoping, lingering, flying O the pain, the bliss of dying!
(Alexander Pope, Vital Spark of Heavenly Flame)
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Half Rhyme (Slant Rhyme)

imperfect, approximate rhyme. In the mustard seed sun, By full tilt river and switchback sea Where the cormorants scud, In his house on stilts high among beaks
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(Dylan Thomas, Poem on his Birthday) >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>

Assonance
repetition of two or more vowel sounds within line.

Hear the mellow wedding bells, Golden bells

(Bells, Edgar Allan Poe)
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Consonance
is repeating the final consonant sounds of words.

The color on the cruising cloud, The interdicted ground Behind the hill, the house behind, -There Paradise is found!
(Heaven Is What I Cannot Reach! by Emily Dickinson)
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Alliteration
It is the repetition of the first sounds of words that are fairly close together.
A common example of alliteration is the tongue twister

I saw lingering, late and lightless As ingle swan swinging Sleek as a sequin
Rodgers) >> 3
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W.R. >> 0 (The Swan, >> 2 >> 1

Onomatopoeia
the use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning.
Veering and wheeling free in the open (Carl Sandburg, The Harbor) Water flowing, swiftly whooshing, always whisking, always pushing 1 >> 0 >> >> 2 >> 3 >>

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Metaphor: a direct comparison of two unlike objects by identification or substitution All the worlds a stage

(William Shakespeare, As You like It)

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Simile: A direct comparison of two unlike objects using like or as The holy time is quiet as a nun
(William Wordsworth, On the Beach at Calais)

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Personification: objects and animals have human qualities When it comes, the landscape listens Shadows hold their breath
(Emily Dickenson, A Certain Slant of Light)
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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Apostrophe: An address to a person or personified object not present. Little lamb, who made thee?
(William Blake, the Lamb)

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Metonymy: one word is substituted for another with which it is closely associated The serpent that did sting thy fathers life Now wears his crown.
(Shakespeare, Hamlet)

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Synecdoche: A part represents the whole object or idea. Not a hair perished
(person)
(Shakespeare)

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Hyperbole: gross exaggeration for effect, overstatement. Our hands were firmly cemented.
(John Donne, The Ecstasy)

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Pupil) >> >> (Henry James, 2 0 >> 1 >> the >> 3

Litotes: a form of understatement in which the negative of an antonym is used to achieve emphasis and intensity. He accused himself at bottom and not unveraciously, of a fantastic,
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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Irony: The contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning.

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Dramatic example: Oedipus Rex by Sophocles in which Oedipus searches to find the murderer of the former king of Thebes, only to discover that it is himself, which is known to the audience all along.
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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

2. Verbal example: Julius Caesar by William

Shakespeare

"Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

3. Situational example:

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Coleridge:

Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink In this example it is ironic that water is everywhere but none of it can be drunk
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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Symbolism: the used of one object to suggest another hidden object or idea.
In Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken,

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the fork in the road represents a major decision in life each road a separate way of 0 life. 1 >> >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>

Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Imagery: the use of words to represent things, actions or ideas by sensory description.
Night after night Her purple traffic Strews the land with Opal Bales
(Emily Dickenson, This Is the Land Where Sunset Washes)
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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Paradox: a statement which appears selfcontradictory but underlines basis of truth.

The more a man learns, the more he realizes how little he knows. Anonymous
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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Oxymoron: contradictory terms brought together to express a paradox strong effect.

Beautiful tyrant! Fiend angelical! Dove-feathered raven! Wolfish-ravening lamb!

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(Shakespeare, Romeo and

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Poetic Devices and Figurative Language

Allusion: a reference to an outside fact, event, or other source.

World-famous goldenthighed Pythagoras Fingered upon a fiddle-stick or strings What a star sang and careless Muses heard
(William Butler Yeats, Among School Children) >> 2 >> 0 >> 1 >> 3 >> 4 >>

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Aspects of Poetry

Diction - refers to a poem's entire word choice Tone the authors attitude toward his/her audience and subject Voice - the speaker in the poem Theme the authors intention or subject matter
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Ballad

story told in verse A ballad stanza is usually four lines, there is often a repetitive refrain

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Ballad
Lord Randal O WHERE hae ye been, Lord Randal, my son O where hae ye been, my handsome young man? I hae been to the wild wood; mother, make my bed soon, For Im weary wi hunting, and fain wald lie down. Where gat ye your dinner, Lord Randal, my son? Where gat ye your dinner, my handsome young man? I dined wi my true-love; mother, make my
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Haiku

a short poem with seventeen syllables usually written in three lines with 5-7-5 meter The present tense is used the subject is one thing happening now, and words are not repeated It does not rhyme Originated from Japan
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Haiku
(transliterated into romaji) This separates into on as: fu-ru-i-ke ya (5) ka-wa-zu to-bi-ko-mu (7) mi-zu no o-to (5)
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Cinquain

a five-line poem with two syllables in the first line, four in the second, six in the third, eight in the fourth, and two in the fifth (2-4-6-8-2) It expresses one image or thought, in one or possibly two sentences.
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Cinquain
Baseball Bat cracks against The pitch, sending it out Over the back fence, I did it! Homerun
(by Cindy Barden)
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Villanelle

a 19-line poem with five tercets and one quatrain at the end Two of the lines are repeated alternately at the ends of the tercets and finish off the poem: the first line and the third line of the first tercet.
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Villanelle
Refrain 1 (A1) Line 2 (b) Refrain 2 (A2) Line 4 (a) Line 5 (b) Refrain 1 (A1) Line 7 (a) Line 8 (b) Refrain 2 (A2) Line 10 (a) Line 11 (b) Refrain 1 (A1) Line 13 (a) Line 14 (b) Refrain 2 (A2) Line 16 (a) Line 17 (b) Refrain 1 (A1) Refrain 2 (A2)
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Edwin Arlington Robinson, The House on the Hill

They are all gone away, The House is shut and still, There is nothing more to say. Through broken walls and gray The winds blow bleak and shrill. They are all gone away. Nor is there one to-day To speak them good or ill: There is nothing more to say. Why is it then we stray Around the sunken sill? They are all gone away, And our poor fancy-play For them is wasted skill: There is nothing more to say. There is ruin and decay In the House on the Hill: They 2 are all gone away, 4 >> >> 3 >> >>

Limerick

A five-line poem usually meant to be funny The rhythm is anapests Lines 1, 2, and 5 rhyme with one another, and lines 3 and 4 rhyme with one another (AABBA) Lines 1, 2, and 5 have three feet, lines 3 and 4 have two feet effect.
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Limerick
The limerick packs laughs anatomical In space that is quite economical, But the good ones I've seen So seldom are clean, And the clean ones so seldom are comical
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Sonnet

commonly has 14 lines derives from the wordsonetand the Italian wordsonetto, both meaning "little song" or "little sound Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-e-c-d-e English (Shakespearean) 0 sonnet >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4

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Italian Sonnet

On His Blindness By Milton

When I consider how my light is spent (a) Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b) And that one talent which is death to hide, (b) Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a) To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a) My true account, lest he returning chide; (b) "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b) I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a) That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c) Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d) Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e) Is Kingly. Thousands at his>> 3 bidding>> 4 >> speed (c) >> 0 >> 1 >> 2

American Sonnet

Shakespeare's Sonnet 116

Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a) Admit impediments, love is not love (b) Which alters when it alteration finds, (a) Or bends with the remover to remove. (b) O no, it is an ever fixd mark (c) That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d) It is the star to every wand'ring bark, (c) Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. (d) Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e) Within his bending sickle's compass come, (f) Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e) But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f) If this be error 1 >> 0 >> and upon me proved, (g) >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>

Free verse (or open form)

Much modern poetry does not obviously rhyme doesn't have a set meter

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Free verse (or open form)

After the Sea-Ship by Walt Whitman

After the Sea-Shipafter the whistling winds; After the white-gray sails, taut to their spars and ropes, Below, a myriad, myriad waves, hastening, lifting up their necks, Tending in ceaseless flow toward the track of the ship: Waves of the ocean, bubbling and gurgling, blithely prying, Waves, undulating wavesliquid, uneven, emulous waves, Toward that whirling current, laughing and buoyant, with curves, Where the great Vessel, sailing and tacking, displaced the surface; >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4 >>

Concrete poetry

is a picture poem the visual shape of the poem contributes to its meaning sometimes referred to asvisual poetry/pattern or shape poetry
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Concrete poetry
(pattern or shape poetry)

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Concrete poetry
(pattern or shape poetry)

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Overview

rooted in oral story-telling and the prose anecdote miniature version of a novel but less complex focuses on one incident; has a single plot, a single setting, a small number of characters; and covers a short period of time
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Length

classic definition of a short story is that one should be able to read it in one sitting (?) maximum word count is at anywhere from 1,000 to 9,000 words In contemporary usage, the term short story refers to a work of fiction no longer than 20,000 words and no
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History

oral story-telling Fables Parables written stories (14th Century)

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Elements of a short story

1.

Setting Plot Conflict Character Point of view

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SETTING The term "setting" is often used to refer to the social milieu in which the event/s of a story occur
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Aspects of a setting
a) place - geographical location b) time - historical period, time of day, year, etc c) weather conditions d) social conditions - What is the daily life of the characters like e) mood or atmosphere feeling created at the beginning2 of the story >> 0 >> 1 >> >> 3 >> 4

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PLOT The plot is how the author arranges events to develop his basic idea

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Five essential parts of plot

a) Introduction also referred to as exposition b) Rising Action - events between the introduction and climax c) Climax - highest point of interest d) Falling action - events and complications begin to resolve themselves e) Denouement - the final
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CONFLICT Conflictis the inherent incompatibility between theobjectivesof two or more characters or forces. >> 4 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3

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Types of conflict:
1)

External - A struggle with a force outside one's self. Internal - A struggle within one's self.

2)

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(3. Relational incompatibilities in how two or more individuals relate >> 2one another >> to 0 >> 1 >> 3 >> 4

Six kinds of conflict:

1)

Man vs. Man (physical) struggles with his physical strength against other men

2) Man vs. Circumstances (classical) struggles against fate, or the circumstances of life
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Six kinds of conflict:

3) Man vs. Society (social) struggles against ideas, practices, or customs of other people.
4)

Man vs. Himself (psychological) struggles with himself

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.
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Six kinds of conflict:

5) Character v. Nature is the theme in literature that places a character against forces of nature. 6) Character v. Supernatural is a type of conflict in which the character is against elements outside of the natural realm. 3 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> >> 4 >>

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CHARACTER Character is an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction

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Types of character

Flat characters are twodimensional uncomplicated do not change throughout the course of a work Round characters are complex and undergo development sometimes sufficiently to surprise the reader
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Character of a short story

Protagonist Antagonist Deuteragonist Foil Character Supporting character Archenemy Focal character
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Character of a short story

1.

Protagonist - the main character

2. Antagonist - a person, or a group of people who oppose the main character 3. Deuteragonist - the second most important character, after the protagonist
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Character of a short story

4. Foil a character who contrasts with another in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character 5. Supporting - usually used to give added dimension to a main
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Character of a short story

6. Archenemy, archfoe, archvillain or archnemesis - the principal enemy of a character 7. Focal - the character on whom the audience is meant to place the majority of their interest and attention>> >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4

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POINT OF VIEW Point of view, or p.o.v. is defined as the angle from which the story is told.
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Point of view
1. Innocent Eye - The story is told through the eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different from that of an adult) 2. Stream of Consciousness - The story is told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their thoughts and >> 0 >> 1 >> 2 >> 3 >> 4

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Point of view
3. First Person - a story isnarratedby onecharacterat a time, speaking for and about themselves. 4. Omniscient- a story is presented by a narrator, seeing and knowing everything that happens within the world of the
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Point of view
a) Omniscient Limited restricts narration to what can be known, seen, thought, or judged from a single character's perspective b) Omniscient Objective tells a story without describing any character's thoughts,
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THEME Theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight

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examples of common themes

- things are not always as they appear to be - Love is blind - Believe in yourself - People are afraid of change - Don't judge a book by its cover
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Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Presented by: Fourth level Fifth level

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