1.

0 TITLE Industrial Electronic Laboratory - The 555 Timer

2.0 OBJECTIVE i. ii. iii. iv. To measure the frequency and duty cycle of an astable 555 timer To measure the pulse width out of a monostable 555 timer To examine the signal out of a voltage-controlled oscillator To build a sawtooth generator using a 555 timer

3.0 INTRODUCTION 3.1 Monostable Operation Figure 1-1 shows the 555 timer connected for monostable (one shot) operation. It produces a single fixed pulse out each time a trigger pulse is applied to pin 2. When the trigger input is slightly less than +Vcc/3, the lower op amp has a high output and reset the flip flop. This cut off the transistor, allowing the capacitor to charge.

Figure 1-1 When the threshold voltage is slightly greater than +2Vcc/3, the upper op amp has a high output, which set the flip-flop. As soon as Q goes high, it turns on the transistor, this quickly discharge the capacitor.

The trigger input is a narrow pulse with a quiescent value of +Vcc. The pulse must drop below +Vcc/3 to reset the flip-flop and allow the capacitor to charge. When the threshold voltage slightly exceeds +2Vct/3, the flip-flop sets; this saturates the transistor and discharges the capacitor. As a result, we get one rectangular output pulse. The capacitor C has to charge through resistance R. The larger the RC time constant, the longer it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2Vcc/3. In other words, the RC time constant controls the width of the output pulse. Solving the exponential equation for capacitor voltage gives this formula for the pulse width. W= 1.1RC (1.1)

Fig. 1-2 shows the monostable 555 circuits. Only the pins and external components are shown. Incidentally, notice that pin 5 (control) is bypass to ground through a small capacitor, typically 0.01 F. This provides noise filtering for the control voltage.

Fig.1-2: Monostable 555 timer 3.2 Astable Operation Figure 1-3 shows the 555 timer connected for astable or free-running operation. The output is a square-wave signal. When Q is low, the transistor is cut

off and the capacitor is charging through a total resistance of ( capacitor charges, the threshold voltage increases.

C. As the

Eventually, the threshold voltage exceeds +2Vcc/3; then the upper op amp has a high output and this sets the flip-flop. With Q high, the transistor saturates and grounds pin 7. Now the capacitor discharges through R . Therefore, the
B

discharging time constant is

C. When the capacitor voltage drops slightly

below +Vcc/3, the lower op amp has a high output and this resets the flip flop.

Fig. 1.3: Astable operation To specify how unsymmetrical the output is, we will use the duty cycle defined as D = (W/T) x 100% (1-2) A mathematical solution to the charging and discharging equations gives the following formulas. The output frequency is f =1.44 / ( cycle is D = {( )/ ( )} x 100% ) C and duty

Fig. 1.4: Astable 555 timer

Figure 1.4 shows the astable 555 timer as it usually appears. Again notice how pin 4 (reset) is tied to the supply voltage and how pin 5 (control) is bypassed to ground through a 0.01 F capacitor. 3.3 Voltage Control Oscillator Figure 1-5a shows a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). Recall that pin 5 (control) connects to the inverting input of the upper op amp. Normally, the control voltage is (+2Vcc/3) because of the internal voltage divider. In Figure 15a, however, the voltage from an external potentiometer overrides the external voltage. In other words, by adjusting the potentiometer, we can change the control voltage. Figure l-5b illustrates the voltage across the timing capacitor. Note that it varies between +V
control

/2 and +V

control

. If we increase V

control,

it takes the capacitor

longer to charge and discharge; therefore, the frequency decreases. As a result we can change the frequency of the circuit by varying the control voltage.

Figure 1-5 (a) Voltage-controlled oscillator; (b) timing waveform Incidentally, the control voltage may come from a potentiometer or it may be the output of another transistor circuit, op amp and so on.

3.4 Sawtooth Generator A constant charging current produces a linear ramp of voltage across a capacitor. The PNP transistor of Figure 1-9 a produces a constant charging current equal to Ic = (Vcc -V ) / R, where V = V + VccR2 / (R + R )
E E BE l 2

When a trigger starts the monostable 555 timer of Figure 1-6a, the PNP current source forces a constant charging current into the capacitor. Therefore, the voltage across the capacitor is a linear ramp as shown in Fig. 1-6b.The slope S of the linear ramp is defined as the rise over the run, or S = V/T where V is the peak voltage at time T. Since the basic capacitor equation is V = Q/C, we can divide both sides by T to get V/T = (Q/T) / C When the charging current is constant, this reduces to S = I/C

Fig. 1-6: (a) sawtooth generator; (b) waveforms 4.0 APPARATUS i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. One power supply (15V) Oscilloscope Ac generator Resistors ( Two 1k , 4.7k , three 10k , one 22k , 33k , 47k , 100k , W Potentiometer 1k Capacitors (Two 0.01 F) Transistors (2N3906) Op amp 741C Timer NE555

5.0 PROCEDURES 5.1 Astable 555Timer 1. The frequency and duty cycle in Fig. 1.1 with different value of resistors were calculated. 2. 3. 4. The circuit of Fig. 1-10 with = 10 k and = 100 k was connected.

T and W were measured and recorded in Table 1-1 by looking the oscilloscope. Step 2 and 3 were repeated by replace value of and

Figure 1.7: Astable 555 Timer circuit 5.2 Voltage- Controlled Oscillator 5. 6. 7. The circuit VCO in fig 1.2 was connected The output from oscilloscope were recorded 1k potentiometer was varied and the maximum and minimum frequencies obtained from that were recorded.

Figure 1.8: Voltage- Controlled Oscillator circuit

5.3 Monostable 555 Timer 8. 9. Pulse width for each R were calculated and recorded. The circuit in figure 1.3 was connected for R= 33k

10. The sine wave of the output of Schmitt trigger (pin6 of the 741C) was adjusted to 1 kHz until the duty cycle become 90percent. 11. The pulse width was measured using oscilloscope and recorded in table 1.2. 12. Step 10 and 11 were repeated by replace R= 47k and R= 68k

Figure 1.9: Monostable Operation. 5.4 Sawtooth Generator 13. The charging current in figure 2.0 for each value of R was calculated. 14. The slope of capacitor voltage was recorded 15. The circuit in figure 2.0 with R=10k was connected. 16. AC generator was set to 1 kHz. The output of Schmitt trigger in oscilloscope was adjusted until 90 percent of duty cycle. 17. The ramp voltage and time were taken to get the slope. Value of slope was recorded in Table 1.3. 18. Step 16 until 18 were repeated with R=22k and R=33k .

Figure 2.0: Sawtooth Generator circuit. 6.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6.1 Astable Operation ,k 10 100 10 ,k 100 10 10 (Hz) 685.7 1200 4800 (%) 52.83 91.67 66.67 792.39 1402.72 5540.17 (%) 51.34 91.43 65.92

Table 1.1: Astable 555 Timer Experiment: = 10 k and k

The yellow signal shows the input signal while the blue one is the output signal. (figure 2.1)

= 100 k and We can see clearly at the

oscilloscope the output signal is 90percent duty cycle. (figure 2.2)

= 10 k and (figure 2.3)

Mathematical calculation: Result for the frequencies (f) and duty cycle (D) above were calculated by using the following equations: f = 1.44/ ( + ), D = {( + )/ ( +2 )} x 100%

When

= 10 k and

k ,

f = 1.44/ (10k+ D= {( +

) = 685.7 Hz )/ ( + )}x 100% = 52.83%

When

= 100 k and ) = 1200 Hz +

k ,

f = 1.44/ (100k+ D= {( + )/ (

)} x 100% = 91.67%

When

= 10 k and ) = 4800 Hz +

k ,

f = 1.44/ (10k+ D= {( + )/ (

)} x 100% = 66.67%

Multisim: i. = 10 k , = 100 k

Figure 2.4: Astable 555 Timer circuit and result f = 678Hz, D=



=770s,

=703s

x 100% = 52.27%

ii.

= 100 k ,

= 10 k

Figure 2.5: Astable 555 Timer circuit and result f = 1.14 kHz, D= =802s, =77.1s

x 100% = 91.22%

iii.

= 10 k ,

= 10 k

Figure 2.6: Astable 555 Timer circuit and result f = 4.41 kHz, D= =149s, =77.1s

x 100% = 65.9%

Discussion: The first part for this experiment is to test the operation of astable 555 Timer circuit. The table 5.1 above shows that the values of frequencies (f) and duty cycle (D) were obtained from the mathematical calculation, experiments and multisims software. The values of f and D depend to the values of resistors much smaller than smaller than and that we are using. If was will

, the value of duty cycle approaches 50 percent. While if and

, the value of duty cycle increase. Smaller value of

affect the value of frequency which is become high. Based on three methods that we are used, the results are similar like each other.

6.2 Voltage Control Oscillator Operation = 771.5 Hz = 895.1 Hz

Figure 2.7: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 555 Timer results from oscilloscope Multisim: i. = 0%, = 972 Hz

Figure 2.8: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 555 Timer circuit and result ii. = 100%, = 676 Hz

Figure 2.9: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 555 Timer circuit and result

Discussion: Second part for this experiment is voltage controlled oscillator. To get the minimum frequency, the voltage should be 2/3 voltage controlled which is the potentiometer fully clockwise. While to get maximum value, the voltage should be 1/3 voltage controlled fully anti clockwise. Frequency can be increased when we increase the value of voltage control because it takes the capacitor longer to charge and discharge. The results above show that there are no obvious different between the results from our experiments and multisim.

6.3 Monostable Operation R, k 33 47 68 ( s) 363 517 748 Table 1.2: Monostable 555 Timer Experiments: R=33 k We can measure the value of positive period (W) directly using the oscilloscope during the experiment. ( s) 396 562 822

R=47 k The different value of resistor, the different width of signal appears on the screen.

R=68 k Using the greater value of resistor, the width also become wider. So, the positive period actually depend to the value of resistor. Figure 3.0: The results of monostable operation by oscilloscope Mathematical calculation: The results from the table 6.2 above were calculated by using this equation; W=1.1RC When R=33 k , W=1.1(33k)(0.01) = 363s When R=47 k , W=1.1(47k)(0.01) = 517s When R=68 k , W=1.1(68k)(0.01) = 748s

Multisim: Figure 6.11 below shows the result when we were looking the output of Schmitt trigger (pin6 of the 751C) by using Multisim. We are successful obtain approximately 90 percent of duty cycle by adjusting the sine-wave level.

Figure 3.1: output of Schmitt trigger D= 453/(453+48.3) x 100% = =90.4%

i)

R=33k , W =

= 370 s

Figure 3.2: Monostable 555 Timer circuit and result. ii) R=47k , W = = 522 s

Figure 3.3: Monostable 555 Timer circuit and result iii) R=68k , W = = 752 s

Figure 3.4: Monostable 555 Timer circuit and result

Discussion: In this case, we are discussing about the operation of monostable 555 Timer. The results of pulse width (W) depend to the value of resistors. When we change the value of resistor, W also changes. Higher value of resistor, the pulse width produce will be increase. The pulse width actually shows the period of charging the capacitor. 6.4 Sawtooth Generator Operation R,k 10 22 33 , mA 0.41 0.19 0.12 , 41 19 12 , 41.67 18.07 11.73

Table 1.3: Calculation and experiment results sawtooth generator operation Experiment: R=10 k

R=22 k

R=33 k

Figure 3.5: Results for sawtooth generation 555 Timer circuit from the oscilloscope Mathematical calculation: =15V, R=20 k , = + /( =( =( =( =4.7 k , =10 k , =0.7V, C=0.01F /R, S=I/C

=0.7+15(10k)/(10k+4.7k)=10.9, =(

When R=10 k , When R=22 k , When R=33 k , Multisim: i) R=10k

/10k = 0.41mA, S=0.41m/0.01 = 41 V/ms /22k = 0.19mA, S=0.19m/0.01 = 19 V/ms /33k = 0.12mA, S=0.12m/0.01 = 12 V/ms

Figure 3.6: Sawtooth generation 555 Timer circuit

Figure 3.7: Sawtooth generation 555 Timer result S = = ii) R=22k

= 39.25V/ms

Figure 3.8: Sawtooth generation 555 Timer circuit

Figure 3.9: Sawtooth generation 555 Timer result

S = = iii) R=33k

= 18.39V/ms

Figure 4.0: Sawtooth generation 555 Timer circuit

Figure 4.1: Sawtooth generation 555 Timer circuit and result S = = Discussion: Result above shows the values of slope of the linear ramp (S) were obtained from calculation, experiments and also multisim. Slope value is actually the ratio of charging current to capacitance. The differ value of resistor, differ value of charging current produce. So, the slope also becomes various. The results obtained from three methods that we are using almost similar.

= 13V/ms