EMBEDDED SYSTEMS ABSTRACT The need to carry some specific tasks by using hardware &software made the advent

of embedded systems.This paper presents and analyses the requirements, various categories of embedded systems and also the development process and the Hardware architecture, operating systems,applications,smartcards Encryption devices,GPS receivers is studied and the scope of future advancements are highlighted.

CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 2.REQUIREMENTS & CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3.EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 4.HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 5.APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 6.FUTURE TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 7.GLOBAL POSITIONING SATELLITE 8.BLUETOOTH DEVICES 9.CONCLUSION 10.REFERENCES 11.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION Man's immense case to find new things for making life as comfortable as possible lead to the invention of many new things like radio,T.V., etc and at one stage leading to the invention of computers.This invention has changed the life of many completely and made world enter in to a new phase of technology.This invention brought in to light many fields which are bringing unimaginable things at the doorstep of commanman.One such fields is "EMBEDDED ENGINEERING". It resulted in some wonderful products such as remote control ,in watches,computers in phones,videographics through rings & many more exemplary products.

\\ WHAT ACTUALLY AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM MEAN?\\

"AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM CAN BE DESCRIBED AS ONE CONSISTING OF A PROCESSOR ASSOCIATED PERIPHERALS AND SOFTWARE USED FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE". EX.VCR:specific task is to record & play video cassettes .their hardware &software are designed to carry out this specific task only. "An Embedded system is a combination of hardware& software '. \\REQUIREMENTS OF TYPICAL EMBEDDED SYSTEMS\\ EX: CHEMICAL PLANT: CONSIDER a chemical plant .No. of temperatures have to be measured &based on values certain operations need to be performed, such as "OPENING A VALUE". INPUT:From sensors which measure temperatures. OUTPUT:signal that controls a value. Ex:MOBILE PHONES: The processor of a mobile phone needs to carry out a great deal of communications protocol processing to make"TELEPHONECAL". \\CATEGORIES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS\\ These are mainly of 2 types 1.standalone embedded systems 2.Realtime embedded systems STANDALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: Works in a standalone mode,taking input &producing output. INPUT:Electricals signals from sensors or commands from humans. OUTPUT:Electricals signals to drive other systems. EX:for process control in manufacturing units. 2.Automobils REALTIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:These r required to carry out specific tasks in specified amount of time . EX:A system that has to open a value with in 30msec when the humidity crosses particular threshold 2.If the job is not carried out with in that 30msec period a catastrope may ensure .such systems in which

Realtime constraints have to be strictly met are called "REALTIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS". MOBILE DEVICES: As the advent of wireless network that can support very high speeds ,mobile devices and capable of supporting high data rate services in addition to voice services.Accessing INTERNET services such as EMAIL ,WORLD WIDE WEB and so on can be done while a person is on the move.such devices need to run a powerful mobile operating system and download information from websites. ex:many such devices are Java Enabled. NETWORK APPLIANCES: Embedded systems are connected typically ,one based on a TCP\IP protocol suit ,such as INTERNET or a company INTRANET.They run the complete TCP\IP protocol stack and can communicate with other nodes on the network. Even a web server running HTTP can be embedded into the system. Ex: A network enabled camera can transmit its video output over the INTERNET. These are INTERNET INFORMATION APPLIANCES. \\PROCESS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT\\ The following are the various development steps involved. a) Determine the reqirement of embedded system b) Design the architecture c) Select the operating system d) Choose the processor and associated peripherals. e) Choose the development platform f) Code the application and optimise the code according to code optimisation guidelines. g) Verify the software of host system h) Verify the software of target system \\HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE\\ An embedded system system is built around a processor there by all the computations are done by cpu with the help of input taken from various externel devices. The cpu here is less powerful has limited internal memory. PROCESSOR:The processor here can be of 3types .micro_controller .microprocessor .digital signal processor MICRO CONTROLLER:A typical micro controller contains cpu,interrupts etc integrated in a same integrated circuit.They form the ideal solutions for Embedded circuitry as they need only little additional circuit. MICROPROCESSOR:Microprocessors have higher clock speeds and word length.so they are capable of

.addressing higher memory, .can perform mathematical operations, .can move data and make decisions to move to a particular location. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR:To process and video signals the hardware or software needs to perform an opertion called FILTERING. DSP carries out such mathematical computations switches using a special module called MULTIPLIER and ACCUMILATOR. MEMORY: It can be either internal or external. INTERNAL MEMORY: It is found in same silicon as processor. the disadvantage is that is the high cost. The advantage is its less programming swapping resulting in fast instruction and data accessing. EXTERNAL MEMORY: Insted of storing the programs and data in the internal memory we can use memory chips external processor. These are of types: . .RAM: Random Access Memory, .ROM: Read Only Memory SECONDARY MEMORY: Harddisks,floppy disks,CD-ROM's are secondary storage devices. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES: High end operating systems and application software require very logic programs and virtual memory.Such requirements are driving the industry to introduce secondary storage on some embedded device,such as industrial automation systems,mobile devices etc. MEMORY MODEL BEING USED EXTENSIVELY

In coming days,the memory can be as to become more popular in the near future. The processor writes directly to the flash chip,making the data transfer much faster. APPLICATION UNDER USE: Handled computers Smart cards OTHER HARDWARE DEVICES: The hardware devices which are using are LATCHES AND BUFFERS: These chips hold the processor output data to sent to the external devices. CRYSTAL: CPU needs a clock source and a crystal oscillator generates the clock. RESET CIRCUIT: To take care of any unforeseen problems like software hang ups,power supply failures. CHIP SELECT LOGIC CIRCUIT: It is used to identify uniquely a particular chip with which transactions are to be made.

APPLICATION SPECIFIC CONTROL CIRCUITARY:Embedded systems are extremely diverse various input devices are all controlled by a circuitary called " APPLICATION SPECIFIC CONTROL CIRCUITARY". DISPLAY UNITS: Some embedded systems doesn't ned only display devices. Ex:Unmanned space craaft,process control subsystems. Embedded systems that require user interaction must have display units which can be either liquid crystal display or LED'S. KEYPAD:Some embedded systems offer different capabilites for providing user input. EX: handheld computers :Full pledged qwerty keyboard or a form of handwriting recognition. some embedded systems require only a funtion key pad to perform a limited no.of operations. EX:Funtion key pads with 20keys. COMMUNICATION INTERFACES:To interact with external devices. EX:Mobile phones ,handheld computers. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES:It is a single chip in which a large amount of discrete logic and memory can be combined in order to reduce size of embedded systems.Suppliers of these chips are: EX:ACTEL,ADAPTIVE,SILICON,ACTERA etc, DEVELOPMENT TOOLS: NEED:Ebedded software on the hostsystem is needed to transfer the program on to a memory chip on the target processor board.For this we need few development tools like EEPROM PROGRAMMER:To tansfer datainto the memory devices. EPROM ERASER:To erase the content of an Eprom chip. SIGNATURE VALIDATORS:Devices are available that can compute the CRC.Using the standard CRC algorithms,and then they store that signature on the chip.These devices are called"Signature Validators". //EMBEDDED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS\\ ENVIRONMENTSl: The landscape of embedded software development has changed drastically as availability of operating systems trageted for embeded systems. Odd techniques for code reuse resulting in faster environments. OPERATING SYSTEMS: The embeded software has to interact with hardware to get the desired functionally. this interaction consists of efficiency,managing the i\o operations. The memory,the various tasks to be carried out,and the resources to do the specific task to obtain the desired response time. TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM: NON REAL TIME OS: There OS do not provide hard real time functionality.in otherwords,if strict dead lines are to be met,there OS are not suitable. REAL TIME OS:There os provide the necessary system calls to achive real time dead lines

MOBILE\HANDHELD OS: OS that are fine tuned to work in mobile environments are known as'Mobile\Handheld os' PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Embeded systems use different processors depending on performance requirements and cost.each processor has its own instuction set,writing the software for target processor requires your learning the corresponding assending language instruction set. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES: In assembly language,each statement represents one machine instruction and programes have to deal with low level details,such as registered allocation and procedure calling sequences,therefore hardware knowledge is required to do programming in assembly language.Moreover the assembly language is dependent on processor used.it is very difficult to write and maintain large programing written in assembly language as they are very lengthy. C,C++,JAVA: C is a high level language with a lot of functionality for low level programs to directly access the hardware through programs and the OS can be accessed through function calls.compilers are available for every processor and these compilers produce compact and efficient code.In addition a large proof of C programs are available for thase reasons C is the most widely used language for embedded software development. EMBEDDED VISUAL TOOLS: Microsoft's embeded visual tools can be used to develop embedded application very fast,using ur knowledge of applicatio development for desktop in VB and VC++. Embedded visual tools provide IDE to develop application for a WINDOWS CE os that runs on hand held computers such as hand held pc,pocketpcand pc1.2 BREW: Qwalconm's binary run time environment for wireless SDK facilitates the development of mobile data application for wireless memory less based on CODE DIVISION MULTIPLIERS:CDMA TECHNOLOGY. \\APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS\\ DIGITAL AUDIO PLAYERS: Pocket sized mp3 player have recently been available and very popular.We can download mp3 musuic files frm internet onto out desktop computer and then tranfer these files to flash memory of such an audio player by connecting to desktop computer via the parallel port or more typicall,a USB port. A 64mb flash memorycard can hold 45hrs of cd quality music. VIDEO GAME PLAYER:These r very hgh end embedded system,as they need to process video signals at very fastrate.Both hardware and software requirements are very high for these systems.unlike other consumer items,these systems use 64bit precision.The software also need to be very powerful in order to generate necessary animations, and high resolution graphic display is displayed.Writing embedded software for video games is one of the most challenging programming tasks. OTHER COMMON ITEMS:

The embedded system taken electrical signals as input.Genrally sensors or transducers are used to convert the phycisal entity into an electronic signal.For instance,a Thermostat IC is used to sense the temperature and convert it into an electrical signal,the amplitude of signal being proportional to temperature.In applications such as those using video or voice tansducers convert the voice or video signal into an equivalent electrical signal. //A REAL TIME EXAMPLE// Depending on application ,the designer choose neccesary modules and carries out the design.While designing,reliability,performance and cost need to be kept in mind some typical process control applications include detection and identification of characteristics of gas sample,controlling the appliances in nuclear plants and telemetry and tele command units in satellite communication system.Automation application include fuel injection control, climate control and antilock brating system. Some embedded system have to update in very hostile environment for instance, with very high temperature or very low temperature choice of components plays an improtanat rple for such system.Most componenets work well in temperatures ranging from 0-5c.if the system has to operate at low temperature,military grade components need to be choosen. if an LCD display is to be used note that it will not work beyond -5c,as liquid in LCD becomes solid. BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS: Much of program in health care industry is due to development in evelution industry.Hospatals are full of embedded systems including X-RAY control units EEC,ECG units and other equipment used for diagnosyic testing such as COLONOSCOPY ENDOSCOPY Now a days pc based EEC and ECG equipment,which belong to different type of embedded system, is becoming available.these systems use PC add-on-card which takes ECG signals and process them ,PC monitor is used for display PC secondary storage is used to store ECG's record. HANDLED COMPUTERS: 1)These are becoming increasingly powerfull.the original personal assistant CPDA's were used mainly to store data. 2)with low cost 32bit processors the computing power on handled had increased multifold. ENCRIPTION DEVICES: INPUT:The data to be encrypted. PROCESSING:Modify the bit stream using 'ENCRYPTION KEY'. OUTPUT:Encrypted version. 1)The longer the encryption key length,the higher the processsing power required. 2)512 bit or 1024 bit encryption key based devices are now available as single chip solution. 3)Embedded system integrated into a credit card sized smart card. 4)Smart card will have a processor as well as memory to hold the data. \\EMBEDDED SYSTEM AT HOME\\

The domestic various embedded system devices which r used in home are *TELEVISION *VCR *DIGITAL CAMERA *NATURAL DIAL LOCK *AIR CONDITIONERS *DVD PLAYERS AUDIO CODECS: These codecs use DSP's extensively and embedded into cell phones.Talking computer as depicted in science friction,have been an active research area since mid 20th century.No systems are available that can synthesise the speach. \\INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE(IVR)\\ In many countries we use only telephone only to retrive bank account balence from IVR system installed in your bank. PROCEDURE:1)A data base in the bank stores this information in a computer which can be accessed through a conventional telephone. 2)An IVR system is an embedded system connected to the computer holding the bank data base. 3)It has a telephone interface and connected to a parallel telephone line. SECURITY IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: *One solution to security problem is that to use GATE WAY to secure embedded system *A desktop system can act as gate way to a network embedded system. \\FUTURE TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS\\ SYSTEM ON CHIP: Instead of using seperate chip for the processor and associated circuits,techniques can build a single IC that contains the complete functionally of embedded system. We can build an entire system on a single chip.This SOC concept is not now,but only recently has the technology matured to a stage where u can expect many common items such as a) Digital Wrist Watch b) Reducing in cost and size SOC IN HOME: 1.Expect all the electronic gadgets at your homes and offices to become computer that can communicate with one other.We can network enable these appliances and control them from a desktop across the INTERNET or can control them through a device of our choice such as MOBILE PHONES. 2.advances in 'sensor technology' are also leading to intresting development such as,Development of electronic noise (e-noise) Electonic Eye (e-Eye) \\SMART CARD AND CASHLESS SOCIETY\\ Smart card technology is bringing about revolutionary changes and people are starting to use these because of reliability of their embeded hard ware and software. Creditcard sized electronic system containing embedded processing element and memory for applications as storing a patients health record.Security and authentication information and so on GPS RECEIVERS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SATELLITE): "Gps receiver is a powerful embedded system using a digital system processing".

COMPONENTS:Digital signal processor, RS-232 interface,mapping software,locator of GPS receiver. *any GPS receiver receives the satellite signals and process them to find position parameters GPS receiver location. *From the data received from the satellite, GPS receiver compute the longitude, latitude,altitude,velocity and time. *these signals are processed to obtain positive parameters .the GPS receiver has an RS232 serial conector interface or USB interface processor based system. *using mapping software the locator of GPS receiver can be mapped on to a digital map. \\APPLICATIONS OF GPS\\ Cars and taxis use this navigation system and in locating the accident spots for people in need of medical attention,fire fighting vehicles. BLUE TOOTH DEVICES:Blue technology is an excellent example of EMBEDDED SYSTEM with mass market appeal.Because of high quantities of Blue tooth devices required,it is: *very small,consume little power and low cost. DOUBLE CHIP and SINGLE CHIP solutions are now becoming available with the help of INTEGRATIVES and EMBEDDED SOFTWARE. \\CONCLUSION\\ Thus we can conclude that ,with the applications discussed above man is able to do new things. These products of embedded engineering are really making an uneducated man feel if it is a God's magic in man's Paradise and these embedded systems has taken the world into a new era.