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This is my Chemistry investigatory project together with Eunice Castor, Isabel Lipa, Kimberly Sta.Ana and Klaudine Salvador. Please consider this as an example. DON'T COPY IT. :D
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The investigatory project Utilization of Discarded Chicken Leg bones into Natural Glue came to fulfillment through the moral help, guidance and financial support of dear parents who are always there to guide the researchers. Thank you for the researchers chemistry teacher, Ms. Corazon Gracias who helped and encouraged the group to do this project and who gave the researchers some ideas on how they can do the project in a good and presentable manner. The researchers would also like to thank the Library staff who contributed to providing references needed in doing this project. The researchers are also grateful for the moral support and the inspiration their friends have given. Most of all, the researchers give their utmost appreciation and thanksgiving to the Great and Almighty God for the guidance as the researchers go on with the project, for the strength, for the love and especially for the knowledge and wisdom He has given. Without whom, this project would not be possible.
ABSTRACT
With the increasing need of the use of adhesives in school activities and works and as the prices of commercial glue continues to raise, the researchers set out to look for the possibility of using other materials that can be made into glue. The researchers happen to cross with a printed material that states that bones may be used as adhesives. With this, they looked for other evidences in the internet that such glue can be made and they set to make their own bone glue. The researchers first considered what kind of materials they will be using. Being a common household and commercial waste, discarded chicken leg bones were chosen. They studied and determined the feasibility of utilizing the discarded chicken leg bones into glue. After undergoing some processes, bone glue was successfully made by the researchers. They tested it on
different types of materials such as papers of different thicknesses, folders, boards, and even on wood. So far, the bone glue was found effective in all the materials that were considered. They also tested its efficiency through time. The researchers found out that as it ages, the bone glues strength to bond together materials also decreases. They were also able to identify and verify its contents by doing some simple and common laboratory tests. Through a simple flame test, calcium was found in the glue. The flame turned into red as the glue came into contact to the flame. It can also be deduced through observing the materials used in producing the glue, bones. It is for a fact that bones are a great source of calcium. A simple qualitative method to determine the presence of phosphate ions was also executed. A small amount of bone glue is acidified by adding an acid ammonium molybdate solution. After dropping it into the sample, a yellow stain was seen which indicates the presence of phosphorus by a crust of yellow phospho-ammonium molybdate.
Lastly, the researchers picked to use bones because of its composition. The scraps are rich in collagen. Collagen is a protein which is very good in bonding things together. This material may be effective in making an adhesive.
even a new kind of business. This study can also help in lessening the household waste of any community. Nowadays our country has big problem about our economy. Everyone can help to solve it by being practical. Recycling is a way to be practical. Adhesives today may cost a lot. By creating this new kind of glue, the country may develop the industry of glue-making through a more eco-friendly and cheaper manner.
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
A. Materials
Materials Quantity 35 Description / Uses
This will be used as a acid to remove the of the chicken leg bones.
unnecessary content
50 mL
alternative to remove
Calamansi extract
Stockpot
B.
Procedures
removed.
1. The chicken leg bones were washed thoroughly and all the left-over meat was
2. The bones were placed in a small bowl and submerged in calamansi extract.
3. bones.
4. The bones were crushed using mortar and pestle until there were visible cracks on the
5. A certain amount of water that is enough to make the bones soft was boiled. 6. When the water was already boiling, the bones were put in the same pot. 7. The mixture was boiled for 15-20 minutes until the juice of the bones are already mixed with the water and until a thick substance was attained.
8. The unprocessed bone parts were separated from the solution. 9. The solution was transferred to a separate container. 10. The solution was left to cool.
2.
Pictures
B.
1. Test for the Presence of Calcium 2. Test for the Presence of Phosphate 3. Test for the Presence of Starch
1. Tables The tests for the efficiency of the bone glue were done on October 3, 2010. In tables 1, 2,3,4,5, 6, and 7, each material was adhered to itself. The horizontal axis represents the glue that was made in a span of 3 months. Glue #1 was made on July 2, 2010, prior to the submission of the Chemistry project during the first quarter. Glue #2 was made on August 2, a month after Glue #1 was made. Glue #3 was made on October 2, 2010. Table 1 shows the data gathered from the test done to examine the efficiency of the bone glue on onion skin paper. Six pieces of onion skin paper measuring 2 square inches each was used up. It took 1.5 mL of Glue #1 for onion skin paper to be adhered. But for Glue #2, 1 mL was used to bond two pieces of onion skin paper. Surprisingly, only 0.5 mL of Glue #3 was needed to attach pieces of onion skin paper. Table 2 illustrates the results collected from the test executed to assess the efficiency of the bone glue on a common bond paper, slightly thicker than an onion skin paper. Six pieces of common bond paper measuring 2 square inches each was utilized. For Glue #1, 2 mL was used to paste two pieces of common bond paper. On the other hand, 1.5 mL of Glue #2 was used to join the pieces of common bond paper. It only took 1 mL of Glue #3 for bond paper pieces to be stuck together. Table 3 demonstrates the data accumulated from the test performed to analyze the efficiency of the bone glue on an oslo paper. Six pieces of oslo paper measuring 2 square inches each was used up. 2.5 mL of Glue #1 was required for two pieces of oslo paper to be adhered. It took 2 mL of Glue #2 for oslo paper to be bonded. But for Glue #3, 1.5 mL was necessary to attach pieces of oslo paper. Table 4 presents the results gathered from the test accomplished to evaluate the efficiency of the bone glue on a cartolina paper. Six pieces of onion skin paper measuring 2 square inches each was utilized. It took 2.5 mL of Glue #1 for cartolina paper to be pasted. On the other hand, 2 mL of Glue #2 was used to join two pieces of cartolina paper. Only 1.5 mL of Glue #3 was needed for pieces of cartolina paper to be stuck together. Table 5 displays the data collected from the test carried out to examine the efficiency of the bone glue on a folder. Six pieces of folder measuring 2 square inches each was utilized. 3 mL of Glue #1 was necessary to for folders to be adhered. Only 2.5 mL of Glue #2 was required to bond two pieces of folders. It took 2 mL of Glue #3 for pieces of folders to be attached.
Table 6 shows the results accumulated from the test made to assess the efficiency of the bone glue on an illustration board. Six pieces of illustration board measuring 2 square inches each was utilized. Only 3.5 mL of Glue #1 was used to paste illustration board. It took 3 mL of Glue #2 to join together two pieces of illustration board. But for Glue #3, only 2.5 mL was needed for pieces of illustration board to be stuck together. Table 7 illustrates the data gathered from the test done to evaluate the efficiency of the bone glue on wood. Six pieces of popsicle stick was utilized as a sample of wood that can be easily obtained. It took 3.5 mL of Glue #1 was necessary to adhere pieces of popsicle stick. On the other hand, 3 mL of Glue #2 was required to bond popsicle sticks. Meanwhile, only 2.5 mL of Glue #3 was used to attach together two pieces of popsicle sticks. We can observe that the same amount of each type of glue is needed to bond pieces of oslo paper and pieces of cartolina paper. It is also the same in pasting pieces of illustration board and pieces of wood, specifically popsicle sticks. Through analyzing the results gathered and organized in a table, we can deduce that the bone glues bond strength is affected by its age. More milliliters of bone glue are needed for two pieces of a certain material to be joined together if it has a higher age. Therefore, we cannot assume a bone glues longevity. The researchers tried to compare the glue that they have produced with commercial glue or those which can be bought in the markets. Definitely, commercial glue still has its advantages over bone glue because it has been tested and improved for years. Chemicals which provide the commercial glue with much efficiency and longevity must have been added to it. On the other hand, the bone glue that was utilized by the researchers was made from 100% non-toxic materials and chemicals. Some commercial adhesives may not be safe to use. On the other hand, bone glue is sure to give you worry-free usage and utmost safety but still as effective as glues sold in the market.
2. Figures Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were shown to prove that the bone glue was really tested on different kinds of materials. Figure 1 shows how the test for efficiency of bone
glue on common bond paper was done. Figure 2 illustrates the way the test for efficiency of bone glue on an oslo paper was executed. Figure 3 presents the method of testing the efficiency of bone glue on cartolina paper. Figure 4 displays the means of testing the efficiency of bone glue on folders. Figure 5 shows how test for efficiency of one glue on an illustration board was performed.
B.
1. Test for the Presence of Calcium 2. Test for the Presence of Phosphate 3. Test for the Presence of Starch
CHAPTER 6 GENERALIZATION
This study, which primarily aims to utilize discarded chicken leg bones into glue was successful in doing so. After several processes such as drying, pounding, and boiling, the researchers were able to come up with a bone glue. It was tested on different kinds of materials such as papers of different thicknesses, folders, illustration board, and wood (popsicle stick). The bone glue was found effective. However, its efficiency decreases through time. It was also verified that the bone glue contained substances such as calcium, phosphorus, and starch through several laboratory tests.
CHAPTER 7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Although this study has been successful in meeting its goals and objectives, the researchers have some recommendations for other possible researchers who would like to continue, improve, or to remodel this study. Further tests may be applied to the finished product. These tests may give and calculate the amount of components in the bone glue. They may also do some tests that may prove the presence of other compounds in the glue. Future researchers may also find a solution to the short efficiency span of the bone glue that was produced. They may look for chemicals that may be added to the glue to lengthen its efficiency span or they may also find ways to preserve the glue. To provide the glue with a nice aroma, they may discover if adding essential oils to the bone glue will not harm the glues bonding strength. For others who will decide to remain focus on the utilization of discarded chicken leg bones, it is advisable to find other means or processes to produce bone glue. Other bone parts may also be considered for future studies. The bones of other animals which are part of the human diet may be used as an alternative to chicken leg bones. Glues can be made from a variety of materials and future investigators may adapt the processes and tests that this group has done to their finished product.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Printed Sources
y y y y y Adhesive. Groiler Encyclopedia of Knowledge. 1998 edition. 1998. "Bone Glue". World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 edition. 2002 "Bone ". World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 edition. 2002 World Book Millenium 2002 Encyclopedia. 233 North Michigan, Chicago, 2000. Lau, John H.; Wong, C. P.; Lee, Ning-Cheng; Lee, S. W. Ricky. Electronics McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002. y y y y y Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide. Industrial Press Inc., 1994. ee I. Skeist, ed., Handbook of Adhesives, 1962. N. A. de Bruyne and R. Houwink, ed., Adhesion and Adhesives. 2nd ed. 1965-67. J. Kinloch, Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology .1987. Katz, Irving. Adhesive materials, their properties and usage. Long Beach, Foster. 1971. California.