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Flow-based insolvency
Occurs when operating cash flows are insufficient to cover contractually required payments.
Insolvency
Solvent Firm Insolvent Firm Assets Equity
Stock-Based Insolvency
Flow-Based Insolvency
$ Negative equity
Prediction Models
First stop: Forecast a firms debt rating
Why bother?
S&P rating changes lag
Pre-tax Return LT Capital 24.5% 18.4% 13.7% 9.7% 9.6% 6.4% 5.5%
Predictions Score > 6.76 = AAA; Score >.5.19 = AA; Score > 3.28 = A; Score > 1.57 = BBB; Score < 0 = BB FIN 551: Fundamental Analysis 6
Prediction
Z < 1.23 Bankruptcy looming 1.23 < Z < 2.90 Gray area Z > 2.90 No bankruptcy
Prediction
Z < 1.81 Bankruptcy looming 1.81 > Z < 2.99 Gray area Z > 2.99 No bankruptcy
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ZETA Model
Proprietary model Variables
Zeta is negatively correlated with Barras fundamental betas and Value Lines financial strength score
ROA Standard deviation of ROA over 5 years Interest coverage ratio Retained earnings / total assets (most important) Current ratio Equity / total capital ratio (average 5 years) Tangible assets.
FIN 551: Fundamental Analysis 8
Keep in Mind
Most prediction models have inherent flaws
Derived on a limited sample Derived for a certain period of time
These problems exist with the bond rating model and Altmans bankruptcy Z-score models
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Does It Work?
Results of a test on 52 bankrupt and 52 solvent companies:
Years Before Failure 5 4 3 2 1 Percent Correctly Classified 81% 90% 93% 93% 94% Average Lambda Values Failed Solvent Companies Companies 0.42 4.43 0.19 4.95 0.03 5.46 - 0.66 6.78 - 2.30 9.10
Source: Gary W. Emery and Kenneth O. Cogger, The Measurement of Liquidity, Journal of Accounting Research, Autumn 1982, pp. 290-303.
FIN 551: Fundamental Analysis 12
Likelihood of Insolvency in 95
Cash & securities 1995 = $952 Expected cash flow = $176.1 of cash flows = $629.7 Lambda = $952 + $176.1 = 1.79 $629.7 Estimated likelihood of insolvency = 1 - N(lambda) Taken from a = 1 - 0.9634 probability table for the normal = 0.0366 or 4%. distribution
FIN 551: Fundamental Analysis 14
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The End
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