QMF

1
Copyright S. K. Mitra
Quadrature-Mirror Filter Bank
In many applications, a discrete-time signal
x[n] is split into a number of subband
signals by means of an analysis filter
bank
The subband signals are then processed
Finally, the processed subband signals are
combined by a synthesis filter bank
resulting in an output signal y[n]
]} [ { n v
k
2
If the subband signals are
bandlimited to frequency ranges much
smaller than that of the original input signal
x[n], they can be down-sampled before
processing
Because of the lower sampling rate, the
processing of the down-sampled signals can
be carried out more efficiently
]} [ { n v
k
3
After processing, these signals are then up-
sampled before being combined by the
synthesis filter bank into a higher-rate
signal
The combined structure is called a
quadrature-mirror filter (QMF) bank
4
If the down-sampling and up-sampling
factors are equal to or greater than the
number of bands of the filter bank, then the
output y[n] can be made to retain some or
all of the characteristics of the input signal
x[n] by choosing appropriately the filters in
the structure
5
If the up-sampling and down-sampling
factors are equal to the number of bands,
then the structure is called a critically
sampled filter bank
The most common application of this
scheme is in the efficient coding of a signal
x[n]
6
Two-Channel QMF Bank
Figure below shows the basic two-channel
QMF bank-based subband codec
(coder/decoder)
7
The analysis filters and have
typically a lowpass and highpass frequency
responses, respectively, with a cutoff at t/2

) (z H
0
) (z H
1
8
Each down-sampled subband signal is
encoded by exploiting the special spectral
properties of the signal, such as energy
levels and perceptual importance
It follows from the figure that the sampling
rates of the output y[n] and the input x[n]
are the same
9
The analysis and the synthesis filters are
chosen so as to ensure that the reconstructed
output y[n] is a reasonably close replica of
the input x[n]
Moreover, they are also designed to provide
good frequency selectivity in order to
ensure that the sum of the power of the
subband signals is reasonably close to the
input signal power
10
In practice, various errors are generated in
this scheme
In addition to the coding error and errors
caused by transmission of the coded signals
through the channel, the QMF bank itself
introduces several errors due to the
sampling rate alterations and imperfect
filters
We ignore the coding and the channel errors
11
We investigate only the errors caused by the
sampling rate alterations and their effects on
the performance of the system
To this end, we consider the QMF bank
structure without the coders and the
decoders as shown below
12
Analysis of the Two-Channel
QMF Bank
Making use of the input-output relations of
the down-sampler and the up-sampler in the
z-domain we arrive at

), ( ) ( ) ( z X z H z V
k k
=
)}, ( ) ( { ) (
/ / 2 1 2 1
2
1
z V z V z U
k k k
+ = k = 0, 1
) ( ) (
2
z U z V
k k
=
^
13
QMF Bank
From the first and the last equations we
obtain after some algebra

The reconstructed output of the filter bank
is given by
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { z X z H z X z H
k k
+ =
2
1
)} ( ) ( { ) ( z V z V z V
k k k
+ =
2
1
^
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z V z G z V z G z Y
1 1 0 0
+ =
^ ^
14
QMF Bank
From the two equations of the previous
slide we arrive at

The second term in the above equation is
due to the aliasing caused by sampling rate
alteration
) ( )} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z X z G z H z G z H z Y
1 1 0 0
2
1
+ =
) ( )} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { z X z G z H z G z H + +
1 1 0 0
2
1
15
QMF Bank
The input-output equation of the filter bank
can be compactly written as

where T(z), called the distortion transfer
function, is given by

and
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z X z A z X z T z Y + =
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z G z H z G z H z T
1 1 0 0
2
1
+ =
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z G z H z G z H z A
1 1 0 0
2
1
+ =
16
Alias-Free Filter Bank
Since the up-sampler and the down-sampler
are linear time-varying components, in
general, the 2-channel QMF structure is a
linear time-varying system
It can be shown that the 2-channel QMF
structure has a period of 2
However, it is possible to choose the
analysis and synthesis filters such that the
aliasing effect is canceled resulting in a
time-invariant operation
17
To cancel aliasing we need to ensure that
A(z) = 0, i.e.,

For aliasing cancellation we can choose

This yields

where C(z) is an arbitrary rational function
0
1 1 0 0
= + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z G z H z G z H
) (
) (
) (
) (
z H
z H
z G
z G
=
0
1
1
0
), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( z H z C z G z H z C z G = =
0 1 1 0
18
If the above relations hold, then the QMF
system is time-invariant with an input-
output relation given by
Y(z) = T(z)X(z)
where

On the unit circle, we have
)} ( ) ( ) ( ) ( { ) ( z H z H z H z H z T + =
0 1 1 0
2
1
) ( | ) ( | ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( e e | e e e e j j j j j j
e X e e T e X e T e Y = =
19
If T(z) is an allpass function, i.e.,
with then

indicating that the output of the QMF bank
has the same magnitude response as that of
the input (scaled by d) but exhibits phase
distortion
The filter bank is said to be magnitude
preserving
d e T
j
= | ) ( |
e
0 = d
| ) ( | | ) ( |
e e j j
e X d e Y =
20
If T(z) has linear phase, i.e.,

then

The filter bank is said to be phase-
preserving but exhibits magnitude distortion
| oe e |
e
+ = = ) ( )} ( arg{
j
e T
| oe
e e
+ + = )} ( arg{ )} ( arg{
j j
e X e Y
21
If an alias-free filter bank has no magnitude
and phase distortion, then it is called a
perfect reconstruction (PR) QMF bank
In such a case, resulting in

In the time-domain, the input-output
relation for all possible inputs is given by

= dz z T ) (
) ( ) ( z X dz z Y

=
] [ ] [ = n x d n y
22
Thus, for a perfect reconstruction QMF
bank, the output is a scaled, delayed replica
of the input
Example - Consider the system shown below
2 2
2 2
1
z
1
z
+
] [n x
] [n y
23
Comparing this structure with the general
QMF bank structure we conclude that here
we have

Substituting these values in the expressions
for T(z) and A(z) we get
1 1
1
1
0
1
1 0
= = = =

) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( z G z z G z z H z H
1 1 1
2
1
= + = z z z z T ) ( ) (
0
1 1
2
1
= =

) ( ) ( z z z A
24
Thus the simple multirate structure is an
alias-free perfect reconstruction filter bank
However, the filters in the bank do not
provide any frequency selectivity
25
An Alias-Free Realization
A very simple alias-free 2-channel QMF
bank is obtained when

The above condition, in the case of a real
coefficient filter, implies

indicating that if is a lowpass filter,
then is a highpass filter, and vice versa
) ( ) ( z H z H =
0 1
| ) ( | | ) ( |
) ( e t e
=
j j
e H e H
0 1
) (z H
1
) (z H
0
26
The relation
indicates that is a mirror-image
of with respect to t/2, the
quadrature frequency
This has given rise to the name quadrature-
mirror filter bank

| ) ( | | ) ( |
) ( e t e
=
j j
e H e H
0 1
| ) ( |
e j
e H
0
| ) ( |
e j
e H
1
27
Substituting in

with C(z) = 1 we get

The above equations imply that the two
analysis filters and the two synthesis filters
are essentially determined from one transfer
function
) ( ) ( z H z H =
0 1
), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( z H z C z G z H z C z G = =
0 1 1 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( z H z H z G z H z G = = =
0 1 1 1 0
) (z H
0
28
Moreover, if is a lowpass filter, then
is also a lowpass filter and is a
highpass filter
The distortion function in this case reduces
to

) (z H
0
) (z G
0
) (z G
1
)} ( ) ( { )} ( ) ( { ) ( z H z H z H z H z T = =
2
0
2
0
2
1 2
1
2
0
2
1
29
A computationally efficient realization of
the above QMF bank is obtained by
realizing the analysis and synthesis filters in
polyphase form
Let the 2-band Type 1 polyphase
representation of be given by
) (z H
0
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0 0
z E z z E z H

+ =
30
Then from the relation it
follows that

Combining the last two equations in a
matrix form we get
) ( ) ( z H z H =
0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0 1
z E z z E z H

=
(
=
(
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
1 1
1 1
z E z
z E
z H
z H
31
Likewise, the synthesis filters can be
expressed in a matrix form as

Making use of the last two equations we can
redraw the two-channel QMF bank as
shown below
| | | |
(
=

1 1
1 1 2
0
2
1
1
1 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z E z E z z G z G
32
Making use of the cascade equivalences, the
above structure can be further simplified as
shown below
33
Substituting the polyphase representations
of the analysis filters we arrive at the
expression for the distortion function T(z) in
terms of the polyphase components as
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
2
0
1
2 z E z E z z T

=
34
Example - Let
Its polyphase components are

Hence

Likewise
1
0
1

+ = z z H ) (
1 1
2
1
2
0
= = ) ( , ) ( z E z E
1 2
1
1 2
0 0 1
1

= = = z z E z z E z H z H ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
0
2
1
1
0
1

+ = + = z z E z E z z G ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
0
2
1
1
1
1

+ = = z z E z E z z G ) ( ) ( ) (
35
The distortion transfer function for this
realization is thus given by

The resulting structure is a perfect
reconstruction QMF bank
1 2
1
2
0
1
2 2

= = z z E z E z z T ) ( ) ( ) (
36
Alias-Free FIR QMF Bank
If in the above alias-free QMF bank
is a linear-phase FIR filter, then its
polyphase components and , are
also linear-phase FIR transfer functions
In this case,
exhibits a linear-phase characteristic
As a result, the corresponding 2-channel
QMF bank has no phase distortion
) (
0
z H
) (
0
z E ) (
1
z E
) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2
1
2
0
1
z E z E z z T

=
37
However, in general is not a
constant, and as a result, the QMF bank
exhibits magnitude distortion
We next outline a method to minimize the
residual amplitude distortion
Let be a length-N real-coefficient
linear-phase FIR transfer function:
| ) ( |
e j
e T
) (
0
z H

=

=
1
0
0 0
] [ ) (
N
n
n
z n h z H
38
Note: can either be a Type 1 or a
Type 2 linear-phase FIR transfer function
since it has to be a lowpass filter
Then satisfy the condition

In this case we can write

In the above is the amplitude
function, a real function of e
) (
0
z H
] [
0
n h
] [ ] [
0 0
n N h n h =
) ( ) (
0
2 /
0
e =
e e
H e e H
N j j
~
) (
0
e H
~
39
The frequency response of the distortion
transfer function can now be written as

From the above, it can be seen that if N is
even, then at e = t/2, implying
severe amplitude distortion at the output of
the filter bank
} | ) ( | ) 1 ( | ) ( {|
2
) (
2 ) (
0
2
0
e t e
e
e
=
j N j
jN
j
e H e H
e
e T
0 ) ( =
e j
e T
40
N must be odd, in which case we have

It follows from the above that the FIR 2-
channel QMF bank will be of perfect
reconstruction type if
} | ) ( | | ) ( {|
2
) (
2 ) (
0
2
0
e t e
e
e
+ =
j j
jN
j
e H e H
e
e T
} | ) ( | | ) ( {|
2
2
1
2
0
e e
e
+ =
j j
jN
e H e H
e
1 | ) ( | | ) ( |
2
1
2
0
= +
e e j j
e H e H
41
Now, the 2-channel QMF bank with linear-
phase filters has no phase distortion, but
will always exhibit amplitude distortion
unless is a constant for all e
If is a very good lowpass filter with
in the passband and
in the stopband, then is a very good
highpass filter with its passband coinciding
with the stopband of , and vice-versa
) (
0
z H
) (
1
z H
1 | ) ( |
0
~
e j
e H
0 | ) ( |
0
~
e j
e H
) (
0
z H
| ) ( |
e j
e T
42
As a result, in the passbands
of and
Amplitude distortion occurs primarily
in the transition band of these filters
Degree of distortion determined by the
amount of overlap between their squared-
magnitude responses
2 1/ | ) ( | ~
e j
e T
) (
0
z H ) (
1
z H
43
This distortion can be minimized by
controlling the overlap, which in turn can be
controlled by appropriately choosing the
passband edge of
One way to minimize the amplitude
distortion is to iteratively adjust the filter
coefficients of on a computer
such that

is satisfied for all values of e
) (
0
z H
] [n h
0
) (
0
z H
1
2
1
2
0
~ + | ) ( | | ) ( |
e e j j
e H e H
44
To this end, the objective function | to be
minimized can be chosen as a linear
combination of two functions:
(1) stopband attenuation of , and
(2) sum of squared magnitude responses of
and
) (
0
z H
) (
0
z H ) (z H
1
45
One such objective function is given by

where

and

and 0 < o < 1, and for some
small c > 0
2 1
1 | o o| | ) ( + =
e |
t
e
e
d e H
s
j
}
=
2
1
) (
}
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
e e
e |
0
2
2
1
2
0 2
1 d e H e H
j j
) ( ) (
c e
t
+ =
2
s
46
Since is symmetric with respect to
t/2, the second integral in the objective
function | can be replaced with

After | has been made very small by the
optimization procedure, both and
will also be very small
| ) ( |
e j
e T
}
t
e e
e
|
.
|
\
|
= |
2 /
0
2
2
1
2
0 2
) ( ) ( 1 2 d e H e H
j j
1
|
2
|
47
Using this approach, Johnston has designed
a large class of linear-phase FIR filters
meeting a variety of specifications and has
tabulated their impulse response
coefficients
Program 10_9 can be used to verify the
performance of Johnstons filters
48
Example - The gain responses of the length-
12 linear-phase FIR lowpass filter 12B and
its power-complementary highpass filter
obtained using Program 10_9 are shown
below
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
e/t
G
a
i
n
,

d
B
H
0
(z) H
1
(z)
49
The program then computes the amplitude
distortion in dB as
shown below

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
e/t
Amplitude distortion in dB
2
1
2
0
| ) ( | | ) ( |
e e
+
j j
e H e H
50
From the gain response plot it can be seen
that the stopband edge of the lowpass
filter12B is about 0.71t, which corresponds
to a transition bandwidth of

The minimum stopband attenuation is
approximately 34 dB
s
e
t = t e 105 . 0 2 / ) 5 . 0 (
s
51
The amplitude distortion function is very
close to 0 dB in both the passbands and the
stopbands of the two filters, with a peak
value of dB 02 . 0
52
Alias-Free IIR QMF Bank
Under the alias-free conditions of

and the relation , the
distortion function T(z) is given by

If T(z) is an allpass function, then its
magnitude response is a constant, and as a
result its corresponding QMF bank has no
magnitude distortion
) ( ) ( ), ( ) (
0 1 1 0
z H z G z H z G = =
) ( ) (
0 1
z H z H =
) ( ) ( 2 ) (
2
1
2
0
1
z E z E z z T

=
53
Let the polyphase components and
of be expressed as

with and being stable allpass
functions
Thus,
) (
1
z E
) (
0
z H
) (
0
z E
), ( ) (
0
2
1
0
z z E =
A
) ( ) (
1
2
1
1
z z E =
A
) (
0
z A ) (
1
z A
| | ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+ =
| | ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
1
z z z z H A A

=
54
In matrix form, the analysis filters can be
expressed as

The corresponding synthesis filters in
matrix form are given by
(
=
(
) (
) (
1 1
1 1
) (
) (
2
1
1
2
0
2
1
0
0
z z
z
z H
z H
A
A
| | | |
(
=

1 1
1 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
0
2
1
1
2
1
1 0
z z z z G z G A A
55
Thus, the synthesis filters are given by

The realization of the magnitude-preserving
2-channel QMF bank is shown below
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0
]
2
1
1 2
0
[
2
1
0
z H z z z z G = + =

A A
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
]
2
1
1 2
0
[
2
1
1
z H z z z z G = + =

A A
56
From

it can be seen that the lowpass transfer
function has a polyphase-like
decomposition, except here the polyphase
components are stable allpass transfer
functions
| | ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+ =
) (z H
0
57
It has been shown earlier that a bounded-
real (BR) transfer function
of odd order, with no common factors
between its numerator and denominator, can
be expressed in the form

if it satisfies the power-symmetry condition

and has a symmetric numerator
) ( / ) ( ) ( z D z P z H
0 0
=
) (z P
0
1
1
0 0
1
0 0
= +

) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z H z H z H z H
| | ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+ =
58
It has also been shown that any odd-order
elliptic lowpass half-band filter with a
frequency response specification given by

and satisfying the conditions
and can always be
expressed in the form
) (z H
0
| | ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
1 2
0
2
1
0
z z z z H A A

+ =
, | ) ( | 1 1 s s
e
o
j
p
e H
p
e e s s 0 for
, | ) ( |
s
j
e H o
e
s t e e s s
s
for
t e e = +
s p
) (
p p s
o o o = 1 4
2
59
The poles of the elliptic filter satisfying the
two conditions on bandedges and ripples lie
on the imaginary axis
Using the pole-interlacing property
discussed earlier, on can readily identify the
expressions for the two allpass transfer
functions and ) (z
0
A ) (z
1
A
60
Example - The frequency response
specifications of a real-coefficient lowpass
half-band filter are given by: ,
, and
From we get
In dB, the passband and stopband ripples are
Rp = 0.0010435178 and Rs = 36.193366
t e 4 0. =
p
t e 6 0. =
s
0155 0. =
s
o
) (
p p s
o o o = 1 4
2
00012013 0. =
p
o
61
Using the M-file ellipord we determine
the minimum order of the elliptic lowpass
filter to be 5
Next, using the M-file ellip the transfer
function of the lowpass filter is determined
whose gain response is shown below
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-60
-40
-20
0
e/t
G
a
i
n
,

d
B
Real half-band filter
62
The poles obtained using the function
tf2zp are at z = 0, z = ,
and z =
The pole-zero plot obtained using zplane
is shown below
486625263 0. j
486625263 0. j
-1 0 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Real Part
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

P
a
r
t
63
Using the pole-interlacing property we
arrive at the transfer functions of the two
allpass filters as given below:
2
2
2
0
2368041466 0 1
2368041466 0
+
+
=
z
z
z
.
.
) ( A
2
2
2
1
7149039978 0 1
7149039978 0
+
+
=
z
z
z
.
.
) ( A

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