Chapter 5: Electricity Objectives: 1. At the end of this topic student should know the basic principle of electricity. 2.

To learn how bodies can be charged negatively and positively. 3. To calculate the Power, Resistance, Voltage, Current, Capacitance and charges of a material or body using a defined law of circuits. Electricityy One of the basic forms of energy. Electricity is associated with electric charge, a property of certain elementary particles such as electrons and protons, two of the basic particles that make up the atoms of all ordinary matter. Electric charges can be stationary, as in static electricity, or moving, as in an electric current. y A fundamental form of kinetic or potential energy created by the free or controlled movement of charged particles such as electrons, positrons, and ions. y An electron in motion y An electric current y Generated by friction or chemical effect. Electricity is come from:

The Electron: Are the negative charges of electricity, three times in diameter than the proton. But it is about 1840 times lighter than the proton. Electron is easy to move they are the particle that actively participates in the flow of transfer electricity or electrical energy. The Proton: Are the positive charge of electricity, proton is very small, but it is almost 1840 times heavier than the electron. Therefore, in electrical theory protons are considered permanent part in the flow on transfer of electrical energy. The Electrical Charge: 1. 2. 3. Electricity consists of charges carried by electrons, protons, and other particles. Electric charge comes in two forms: positive and negative. Electrons and protons both carry exactly the same amount of electric charge, but the positive charge of the proton is exactly opposite the negative charge of the electron. If an object has more protons than electrons, it is said to be positively charged; If it has more electrons than protons, it is said to be negatively charged. If an object contains as many protons as electrons, the charges will cancel each other and the object is said to be uncharged, or electrically neutral.

4. 5. 6.

Two (2) forms of Electricity: 1. 2. The Elements-are the basic materials that make up all matters. The atom is the smallest particle of the elements. Atom is composed of three (3) particles called: 1. Electron-the negative charge of electricity. 2. Proton-the positive charge of electricity. 3. Nucleus-no charge Static Electricity- consists of electric charges that stay in one place. Dynamic Electricity (Electric Current) - is a flow of electric charges between objects or locations.

The Law of Electric Charge: 1. Is that the particles with like charges repel each other, a proton or positive charge repel another proton. An electron repels another electron or negative charge.

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By Grounding - the process where a net charge is produced by touching a metal surface with a finger provides a path for charge to flow a very large reservoir for electric charge. Example: Ground

Example:

Repulsion (Push each other)

2. Is that the particles with unlike charge attracts each other, a proton or positive charge attracts an electron or negative charge or vice versa. Example:

Classification of Materials as to the Flow of Charges: 1. Conductors usually metals wherein them one or more of the electrons in their outer shell are not anchored to the nuclei of particular atoms but are free to wander in the materials. Examples: metals-good conductors of electric current as well as good heat conductors like silver (the best conductor), iron, copper, aluminium. 2. Insulators-materials wherein the atoms in them are tightly bound and belong to particular atoms. They are not free to wander about among other atoms in the material. These are poor conductor of electric current as well as poor heat conductors. Example: Mica, rubber, glass, amber, silk, paraffin, porcelain.

Attraction (Pull each other)

Methods of charging: 1. By friction- cause the transfer of electron by rubbing one material against another. Example: a) Stroking a cat s fur b) Combing our hair in dark room-so we can see and hear the sparks. c) Scuff our shoes across a rug By contact- cause by touching. y If the object is a good conductor, electrons will spread to all parts of its surface because the transferred electrons repel one another. y If the object is a poor conductor, it may be necessary to touch the rod to get a more or less uniform distribution of charges. By induction- electrostatic induction may be used to obtain an almost unlimited number of charges from an inducing charge without any loss of the inducing charge. Example: electric generator

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3. Semiconductors - Solid or liquid material, able to conduct electricity at room temperature more readily than an insulator, but less easily than a metal. At low temperatures, pure semiconductors behave like insulators. Under higher temperatures or light or with the addition of impurities, however, the conductivity of semiconductors can be increased dramatically, reaching levels that may approach those of metals - Materials considered neither good conductors nor good insulators. They are fair insulators in their pure crystalline form but increase tremendously in conductivity when even one atom in 10million replaced with an impurity that adds or removes an electron from the crystal structure. Example: Semiconductors- Germanium and Silicon Impurities- Arsenic and Gallium Transistors- thin layers of semiconducting materials sandwiched together and used for the following purposes: a) Control the flow of currents in circuits, b) Detects and amplify radio signals, c) Produce oscillations in transmitter d) Acts as digital switches.

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Superconductors- materials considered as perfect conductors of electricity. When these materials are cooled to a very low temperatureabsolute zero Kelvin, the resistance to the flow of charge disappears. Meike kamerlingh ohnes discovered these materials in 1911

Equivalents: k(proportionality constant) 1 Coulomb(C) = = = = = = = = = 9 x 10 N-m /C

9 2 2

The Static Electricity Static electricity can be produced by rubbing together two objects made of different materials. Electrons move from the surface of one object to the surface of the other if the second material holds onto its electrons more strongly than the first does. The object that gains electrons becomes negatively charged, since it now has more electrons than protons. The object that gives up electrons becomes positively charged. For example, if a nylon comb is run through clean, dry hair, some of the electrons on the hair are transferred to the comb. The comb becomes negatively charged and the hair becomes positively charged. The following materials are named in decreasing order of their ability to hold electrons: rubber, silk, glass, flannel, and fur (or hair). If any two of these materials are rubbed together, the material earlier in the list becomes negative, and the material later in the list becomes positive. The materials should be clean and dry.

6.25 x 1018 electrons 9 3 x 10 stat coulomb (stat C) 106 micro coulomb (QC) 109 nano coulomb (nC) 12 10 pico coulomb (pC) 1.6 x 10 coulomb (C) -19 1.6 x 10 coulomb (C) 5 10 dynes
-19

1 electron (e) 1 proton (p) 1 Newton (N)

Units Quantity Force (F) Charge (Q) Distance (S) Constant (k) MKS Newton (N) Coulomb (C) Meter (m) 9 2 2 9 x 10 N-m /C cgs dyne stat coulomb (stat C) centimetre (cm) 2 2 1 dyne-cm /stat C

Coulombs Law of Electrostatics Charles Augustine de Coulomb (1736-1806), a French physicist, discovered Coulombs law of Electrostatics which states that the magnitude of the force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of their charges Q1 and Q2 and inversely to the square of their distance r between them.

Sample problem with solutions: Three +100 stat C charge are arranged in a straight line, the second charge B is 20cm to the right of the first charge A while the third charge C is 50cm to the right of A. a) what force exerted by A and B on C? b) What force is exerted by A and C on B? Solution:

A
Note:  Force of attraction- the force experienced when charges Q1 and Q2 have different signs ( one is positive and one is negative) and pulls the two charges towards each other, giving the direction of force.  Force of repulsion-the force experienced when charges Q1 and Q2 have the same sign ( either positive or both negative) and pushes the two charges away from each other, giving the direction of force.

20 cm 50 cm

a) Force on C due to A    Force on C due to B    Total force on C due to A and B                 

Voltage, Current, Resistance & Power Voltage (W/Q) Is the measure of the push on each electron which makes the electron flow or move. The potential difference and the voltage are after used to mean the push. Then you may see the term electromotive force (Emf) or just the word potential is used to describe the electron push in certain instance when writing voltage in formula the letter E is used to symbolize voltage or potential difference while the letter V is more commonly used to abbreviate the unit of voltage or volts instead of saying the potential difference is 220 volts, an schematic diagram as shown in figure A. You would more likely to see E is V. Figure A.      
L1

b) Force on B due to A    Force on B due to C    Net force on B due to A and C              Potential Difference between Two Points        
L2 220 V

E V 220

= = =

Voltage Unit of Voltage Amount

E = 220V

It is important to recognize at this point that the voltage or potential difference always involves two point or two lines, if a potential difference exist between two points and a conductor is placed between them current will flow, the voltage is always measured or stated as existing between two points A and B or from A to B points. The strength of the potential difference is measured in volts ordinarily as you may say that this voltage between points A and B is 12 volts or the voltage between C and D is 12 volts, see figure B. Figure B.

D
AB =12V AC=12V AD=24V

12 V

12 V

Current (I=Q/t) When specifying the amount of current flow, you cannot count the actual electron flow as they travel from one point in the circuit. This unit of measure for current is ampere when writing current in electrical formulas the letter I is used to symbolized current while letter A is more commonly used to abbreviate the unit of current. The current of 15A on schematic diagram as shown in figure C. Figure C.
L1 15 A

Electric current Electric current is defined as a flow of electrical charge, like electron or ions. In a solid conductor, the current is due to the flow of electron, while in liquid or gas it is due to the flow of ions. Two Conditions in order for an electric current to exist between in two points 1. There must be a conducting path between two points along which charge can flow. Example: copper wire, electric heater, light bulb. 2. There must be a difference of potential between the two points, except for superconductor. A large potential difference means a large push given to each other. Methods of producing electric current or electricity 1. Electricity is produced by chemical action- cells and batteries. Chemical reactions between the solution and plate produce electrical potential causing the flow of current. 2. Electricity is produced by cutting magnetic lines of force by conductionknown as electromagnetic induction. 3. Thermoelectricity-electricity by means of heat, as in thermocouple and thermopile. 4. Piezoelectricity- electricity produced by pressure. Applied and used in crystal microphone, oscillator, phonograph pick up. 5. Photo electric effect- electricity produced by light. When light falls on some metal surface like potassium or thorium, electron are emitted from the surface. Kinds of electric current 1. Direct current (DC) is the flow of charge in one direction. A battery or dry cell is one example that supplies direct current in a circuit because the terminals of the battery always have the same sign. Electrons move from the repelling negative terminal towards the attracting positive terminal. Electron always move through the circuit in the same direction. Alternating current (AC) electrons in the circuit move first in one direction and then in the opposite direction, alternating to and from about relatively fixed position. House hold device use alternating current.

I A 15

= = =

Ampere Unit of Ampere Amount

L2

I = 15A Resistance (R=VL/A) Simply stated as its name implies is the opposition to current flow, resistance is a lot like friction, they both act to oppose motion and generate heat. The amount of opposition to current flow a material will produce depends on the amount of available free electron it contains. When electrons try to travel through a substance under the influence of a potential difference as a voltage often collide with atoms of the conducting materials which are vibrating due to heat and friction, impurities defects in the material structure. All these things affect the resistance of a given materials, sometimes, materials have more electron other relatively flow obstacle to electron flow than the other. As a result current flow through the materials much more easily moves. When writing resistance in electrical formula, the letter R is used to symbolized resistance while the ohm or ; commonly used to abbreviate the base unit of resistance instead of saying the resistance is 10 ohms on a schematic diagram in figure D. Figure D.
L1 10 ; L2

R ; 10

= = =

Resistance Unit of Resistance Amount

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R = 10 ;

Ohms Law Is the most common and most powerful single relationship in the study of electricity. This law will be used repeatedly throughout the circuit because it explains the basic relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Ohms law states that: the current through the materials varies directly with the applied voltage and varies inversely with the resistance. Formula: E=IR

Circuits: Series, Parallel and Series-Parallel Connection Series Circuit -is containing only one path for current flow, the current leaves, the voltage sources and must travel through one single path for the return to the other side of the voltage source. Schematic diagram of series circuit

E I R

L1

L2

The PERI wheel -Summary of 12 basic formula of circuit

E2/R I/R IE E/I P/I2 P R E2/P

IR P/I E I E/R P/E

Series circuit may have 2 or more resistor or load in it, but there is only one path for current flow. Resistor - component of an electric circuit that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric current. Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light Law of series circuit: 1. That the individual resistance in series circuit add up to the total resistance in series circuit.  2. The current has the same value at any point within a series circuit. 3. The voltage across the resistor in series circuit, add up to the total voltage applied to the circuit. 

Finding the total Power, P P P P = = = IE I 2R E2/R

Finding the total Voltage, E E E E = = = IR P/I

Finding the total Resistance, R R R R = = = E/I 2 P/I E2/P

Finding the Total Current, I I I I = = = E/R P/E

Parallel circuit A parallel circuit is a circuit where there is more than one path for current flow.

Series-Parallel Circuit This circuit consist of a number minor circuit that one is connected in series while the other part are connected in parallel or a series-parallel which comprise a series or a parallel connection of a number of multiple circuit. To solve problems of series circuit: 1. Resolve the resistors that are connected in parallel into its equivalent resistor. 2. Apply the law of series connection.

The resistor or load connected to parallel circuit, two or more branches for current flow. Law of Parallel Circuit There are three rules similar to those stated for series circuit that may apply to parallel circuit. 1. That the total voltage of the parallel circuit is the same across the branch of the circuit. 2. The total current in the parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the individual branch circuit.  The total resistance in the parallel circuit is always less or approximately equal to the value of the smallest resistor in the branch circuit. Ways to find the resistance of a parallel circuit. a. Reciprocal technique this may be used in calculation involving any number of resistance in parallel circuit.

Capacitance - ability of a circuit system to store electricity - The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in farads and is determined by the formula C = Q/E, where Q is the charge (in coulombs) on one of the conductors and E is the potential difference (in volts) between the conductors. The capacitance depends only on the thickness, area, and composition of the capacitor's dielectric.

Capacitor-or electrical condenser, device for storing an electrical charge. In its simplest form a capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non conducting layer called the dielectric. Dielectric maybe air or any insulator like glass, mica, etc. Uses of capacitors: 1. 2. 3. 4. They are used to store electrical charges or electrical energy for a certain length of time. They are used as low energy on-off switches in computer motherboard. As a storehouse in larger amount of energy in photoflash units that release the energy rapidly during the short duration of the flash. They are also used to assist in switching a transistor on and off and to prevent excessive heat from developing. They are important components in the radio and television circuits. They are also used in the ignition of motor cars and in many other electrical equipment.

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Product over sum technique- this may be used when considering two parallel resistances at a time.