Bharat sankhlecha

MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS

APPLICATION
Bharat Sankhlecha bharat.sanklecha@lpu.co.in Sr. Lecturer Block 33 Room No. 203 Ch No. 18 M: 9501424515

WHAT IS MICROPROCESSOR

?
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Micro + Processor

WHY THIS COURSE ?

Any Answer ? Why Still 8085 (1976) and 8086 (1978)?

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SYLLABUS
Basic of Microprocessors

General definitions of microcomputers, microprocessors, micro controllers and digital signal processors. Evolution of microprocessors. Register structure, ALU, Bus Organization, Timing and Control.
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8085 Microprocessor

8085 Architecture and its operation. Signal descriptions and pins of 8085 microprocessor. Memory interfacing.

Assembly Language Programming of 8085

Programming model. Addressing modes, Instruction set. Arithmetic and Logic operations. 8086 Microprocessor Internal organization of 8086 microprocessor. Signal descriptions and pins of 8086 microprocessor. Physical memory organization, BIU, EU. Minimum mode 8086 system and timings, Maximum mode 8086 system and timing. Introduction to Assembly Language of 8086 Description of Instructions. Assembly directives. Assembly software programs with algorithms.

AFTER MID TERM

Special Architectural Features and Related Programming Stack structure. Interrupts and Interrupt service routine, Interrupt programming. Macros, Timings and delays. Interfacing with 8086 Interfacing with RAMs, ROMs along with the explanation of timing diagrams. Interfacing with I/O. Interfacing with peripheral ICs : IC 8255, 8254, 8279, 8259, 8259 etc. Interfacing with LEDs, LCDs. Interfacing ADCs, and DACs etc High end processors Introduction to 80386 and 80486. Microprocessor Applications using 8085 Stepper motor control. Temperature control Traffic light control

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TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCES BOOKS

Gaonkar Ramesh S, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085/8080A, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 2008. Hall Dougles V, Microprocessors and Interfacing Programming and Hardware, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2007.

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CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT
3 Assignment and 3 test Best two will be consider (10 Marks Each)

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SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

General Purpose Computing Systems Personal Computers, laptops, workstations, mainframes and servers

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SYSTEMS FOR DEDICATED FUNCTIONS

Usually embedded within larger electronic devices (referred to as embedded systems) Difficult to define exactly as they encompass a wide variety of electronic systems Definitions from several authors:

Any computing systems other than a general purpose computer A systems consisting of hardware, main application software and an optional real time operating systems (RTOS) Loosely defined, it is any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose computer Electronic systems that contain a microprocessor or microcontroller, but we do not think of them as computers - the computer is hidden or embedded in the system It is a system whose principal function is not computational, but which is controlled by a computer embedded within it, .... And many more....

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EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Consumer electronics Cell phones, pagers, digital cameras, camcorders, PDAs, DVD players, calculators Home Appliances Microwave ovens, answering machines, thermostats, home security systems Office Automation Fax machines, copiers, printers, scanners Business Equipment Cash registers, curbside check-in, alarm systems, card readers, ATMs, product scanners Automobiles Transmission control, cruise control, fuel injection, antilock brakes, active suspension Computing system peripherals and networking systems Networking equipment, routers, printers, network cards, monitors and displays Any many more
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SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

Single-functioned
Usually executes a specific program repeatedly Exceptions are in cases when a system's program is updated with a newer program Program can be swapped in and out of the system due to size limitations, depending on the function required at a specific time

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Tightly Constrained Reactive and Real Time

Tight constraints for design metrics such as cost, size, performance and power

Many systems must continually react to changes in system's environment and must compute certain results in real time without delay e.g. car cruise control Contrast to desktop systems that typically focus on computations with relatively infrequent reactions to input devices (from the computer's perspective). Delay in computations on desktop systems, while inconvenient to the computer user, typically does not result in a system failure

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THE INTEL 4004 MICROPROCESSOR

Fun Facts
o

Powerful and small This revolutionary microprocessor, measuring 1/8th by 1/6th of an inchthe size of a fingernaildelivered the same computing power as the first electronic computer, the ENIAC*, built in 1946, which filled an entire room and used 18,000 vacuum tubes. Transistor count Today's Intel Core2 Duo processors contain over 291 million transistors. This is 100,000 times the number of transistors than were in the 4004, which had 2,300 transistors when it was introduced in 1971. A human hair The Intel 4004 microprocessor circuit line width was 10 microns or 10,000 nanometers. Today Intel's microprocessors have circuit line widths of .065 microns or 65 nanometers. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. By comparison, a human hair is approximately 100 microns or 100,000 nanometers.

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Manufacturing The Intel 4004 microprocessor was produced on 2" wafers initially and then on 3" wafers. Today's microprocessors are produced on 12" or 300mm wafers. The Intel 4004 microprocessor is unique in that, if it is not the smallest, it is one of the smallest microprocessor designs that ever went into commercial production. The 4004 microprocessor is composed of 5 layers.

Source : http://www.intel.com/museum/archives/4004facts.htm

HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR
4004:

4-bit microprocessor.
4KB main memory. 45 instructions. PMOS technology. 50 KIPS
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8008: (1971)

8-bit version of 4004. 16KB main memory.

48 instructions.
NMOS technology. 8-bit microprocessor. 64KB main memory.

8080: (1973)

2 microseconds clock cycle time; 500,000 instructions/sec.

10X faster than 8008. 8-bit microprocessor - upgraded version of the 8080. 64KB main memory. 1.3 microseconds clock cycle time; 769,230 instructions/sec. 246 instructions. Intel sold 100 million copies of this 8-bit microprocessor.

8085: (1977)

8086: (1978) 8088 (1979)

16-bit microprocessor.
1MB main memory. 2.5 MIPS (400 ns). 4- or 6-byte instruction cache. Other improvements included more registers and additional instructions. 16-bit microprocessor very similar in instruction set to the 8086. 16MB main memory. 4.0 MIPS (250 ns/8MHz).
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80286: (1983)

80386: (1986)

32-bit microprocessor.
4GB main memory. 12-33MHz.

Memory management unit added.

Variations: DX, EX, SL, SLC (cache) and SX. 80386SX: 16MB through a 16-bit data bus and 24 bit address bus. 32-bit microprocessor, 32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus.

80486: (1989)

4GB main memory.

20-50MHz. Later at 66 and 100MHz Incorporated an 80386-like microprocessor, 80387-like floating point coprocessor and an 8K byte cache on one package. About half of the instructions executed in 1 clock instead of 2 on the 386.

List go on ..

FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SINGLE-CHIP

MICROCONTROLLERS
Large computer These are large, general purpose, multi-user, multitasking computers designed to perform such data processing tasks as complex scientific and engineering calculations, and handling of records for large corporations or government agencies. These computers can be classified broadly into mainframes and supercomputers, and mainframes are further classified according to their sizes. E.g. IBM System/ 390 series, Cray computers

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Medium size computer These computers were designed to meet the instructional needs of small colleges, manufacturing problems of small factories, and data processing tasks of medium-size businesses, such as payroll and accounting. These were called minicomputers These were slower and smaller in memory capacity than mainframes.

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Microcomputer
PC These microcomputers are single user systems and are used for a variety of purposes, such as payroll, business accounts, word processing, legal and medical record keeping, personal finance, accessing Internet resources, and instruction. Workstations These are high performance cousins of the personal computers. They are used in engineering and scientific applications such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). They generally include system memory and storage (hard disk) memory in gigabytes, and a high resolution screen.

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Single-Board Microcomputers These microcomputers are primarily used in college laboratories and industries for instructional or to evaluate the performance of a given microprocessor. They can also be part of some larger systems. Single-Chip Microcomputers (Microcontroller) These microcomputers are designed on a single chip, which typically includes a microprocessor, 256 bytes of R/W memory, from 1K to 8K bytes of ROM, and several signal lines to connect I/Os. These are complete microcomputers on a chip; they are known as microcontrollers. They are used primarily for such functions as controlling appliances and traffic lights. E.g. Zilog Z8, Intel MCS 51 series, Motorola 68HC11 and PIC Family

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SUGGESTED READING

Chapter 1 , Section 1.1 to 1.3 of Gaonkar Ramesh S, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications

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NEXT LECTURE TOPIC

Microprocessor based System, Register structure, ALU, Bus Organization, Timing and Control,