EXPERIMENT NO.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER
Nieva, Kristel Keith N. Rivera, Darien John Q. Marte, Martina Marlin S. I. ABSTRACT Maam Fatima Joy Cruz Group # 3, Chemistry 14.1., MAB3

Matter, which is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, has two major classifications. It may be categorized as a pure substancematter that has a constant composition and possesses distinct properties, and it may be further classified into elements and compoundsor a mixturea physical combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct properties and has a variable composition. Majority of the matter around us, in nature, are made up of two or more pure substances which are physically combined. Moreover, most of the times there arises a need to recover each component of a mixture. Hence, in order to do such, proper and suitable physical processes must be carried out depending on the nature and properties of the components in the mixture. The removing of components of a mixture by employing certain physical processes is called physical separation. This experiment is divided into three major parts. Part A shows the physical properties and the different physical separations of the components of a mixture. It involved physical separation techniques employed such as filtration, the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid could pass, adsorption the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface, and solvent extraction the extraction of a substance from one liquid phase into another liquid phase. Every method mentioned has a requirement in order to separate one substance from the other. Techniques also include phase changes like evaporation change from liquid to gas, and sublimation change from solid to gas without passing the liquid phase. Part B is the analysis of the components of the mixture. It aimed to discover the difference between metals and non-metals through the analysis of the components of the mixture. The last part, C, consisted of the changes of the components of the mixture that may fall under several types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, single-replacement, and double replacement. The primary objective of the experiment is to identify the different methods of separating components of a mixture depending on the physical properties of the components. It is also necessary to apply the laboratory techniques needed for each method of separation. Finally, this experiment aims to differentiate metals from nonmetals and physical change from chemical change. II. KEYWORD

Matter, Physical Separation, Filtration, Sublimation, Adsorption, Solvent Extraction, Metals, Nonmetals, Physical Change, Chemical Change III. INTRODUCTION compounds needed for separation. This experiment is very useful for students to identify not only the different physical methods of separation, but also the proper way these methods are executed, as well as how they affect various mixtures and the properties needed for physical separation to be possible. IV. Part A The experiment performed involved noting of the various conditions, methods, and applications of the different physical separation techniques. METHODOLOGY

Nature seldom provides pure substances. Majority of the substances in nature is made up of two or more pure substances that are physically combined, such as soil, blood, seawater, air, milk, rocks, etc. In order to recover the components of the mixture, proper physical separation methods must be employed depending upon the nature of the components of the mixture. Physical separation methods include filtering, evaporating, distilling, decanting, crystallizing, use of magnet, and others. The objective of this experiment is to identify the different methods of separating components of a mixture, to apply the laboratory techniques needed for each separation, and to identify the properties of Chemistry 14.1, Characteristics of Matter

Page 1 of 7

To begin the experiment, 0.2 grams each of iron (Fe) filings, ground mothballs, and table salt (NaCl) were weighed, and each was noted of their respective physical properties. All the weighed substances were then mixed in an evaporation dish. Two strips of Magnesium (Mg) ribbon and a pinch of food coloring were added. It should be noted though that the Mg ribbon should be thoroughly cleaned. The mixture is then scattered thinly on a piece of paper, then a magnet is passed underneath it, separating some components of the mixture from the other. The component that was separated by the magnet as well as the rest of the mixture was then put aside separately to be used for the next part of the experiment. For the next part of the experiment, the remaining mixture was placed in a 50 mL beaker with 30 mL of water. It was then stirred well with a glass rod for one minute. The mixture is filtered and the filtrate, or the liquid mixture in the flask, is put aside, while the residue, or the substance remaining in the filter paper, is placed in an evaporating dish. A piece of perforated filter paper is placed on top of the evaporating dish containing the residue. A funnel with a cotton plug on its tip is placed upside-down on top of the perforated filter paper. The evaporating dish was heated gently until some solids deposited on the walls of the funnel. The residue on the evaporating dish was identified and it, along with the deposits on the funnel walls, was then saved for the next experiment. The filtrate was boiled and added with a pinch of activated coal. It was kept on boil until the mixture was only about 20 mL. The mixture was filtered and its filtrate was then saved in a test tube. A crystal of iodine was added to 2 mL of the filtrate in the test tube and was shaken well. Then, 1 mL of hexane was added. Observations were recorded. The two layers were then separated by means of a medicine dropper. The hexane layer was evaporated slowly in a hood and its residue was identified. The aqueous layer was then evaporated to dryness, with its residue being identified. Part B Small amounts of the substances Fe, Mg, I2, mothballs that were isolated in part A of the experiment were placed in separate test tubes. After doing so, 10 drops of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) were added to each test tube, covering each of them immediately with a stopper. For the substances which exhibited evolution of gas, they were tested with a glowing splinter to be able to test the presence of oxygen gas and ultimately, differentiate nonmetals from metals. Chemistry 14.1, Characteristics of Matter

The second step of this part of the experiment featured the heating one magnesium (Mg) ribbon directly over blue flame until it burned with intense light and turned into ash. The ash produced was collected in a test tube and 5-mL of water was added and the test tube shaken. Using red and blue litmus paper, the basicity or acidity of the solution was tested. The third step of the experiment was performed in a hood. The tip of a glass rod was thrust over a blue flame for at least a minute before the heated tip was dipped into the powdered sulfur contained in a watch glass. The same tip of the rod was again thrust into the blue flame and the fumes which were produced by the sulfur and the heat were collected in a test tube and covered with a stopper. 1-mL of water was added and the test tube was shaken before its acidity or basicity was tested with blue and red litmus paper. Part C A pinch for each of the substances Fe, mothballs, food coloring and table salt and two iodine crystals were placed in test tubes separately in 20-mL test tubes. Each test tube was heated and visible results were observed and recorded. After the results and changes had been recorded, the test tubes were left to be cooled before each of the upper portions of the test tubes was examined. The type of each of the changes was identified and the experimental evidences produced by the experiment were recorded. In the second step, a piece each of iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) were placed into two separate test tubes. Ten drops of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) were added to each test tube and the reactions produced and the type of change which occurred to each of the test tubes was recorded. In the third and fourth steps of the experiment, a piece each of iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) were placed into two separate test tubes and ten drops of ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution were added to each test tube. The test tubes were left to stand for ten minutes before each were observed for evolution of gas. The type of changes which occurred was recorded and the more reactive metal between the two was identified. Lastly, all of the filtrate that was saved from part A of the experiment was placed in an evaporating dish. A red litmus paper was placed on top of it before the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. V. Part A A. Physical Properties Page 2 of 7 RESULTS

Each substance was observed for their respective colors and textures. SUBSTANCE COLOR Iron (Fe) filing Grayish Mothballs White Table Salt White Magnesium (Mg) Gray ribbon Food Color Orange Physical Properties of the Substances B. Physical Separation The various methods of physical separation used on the mixtures were observed for the types of mixture they are applied to as well as the properties that the compounds involved must have for the separation to take place. Properties needed for Separation Size should be large enough not Filtration SolidLiquid to pass through filter paper Use of Material should [1] SolidSolid Magnet be magnetic. Difference in vapor pressure and sublimation [2] Sublimation SolidSolid points; one of the solids is stable while other can sublime Adsorbent should [3] Adsorption SolidLiquid have a large surface area Liquid must be soluble in a Solventsolvent but [3] LiquidLiquid extraction immiscible in another aqueous substance Properties needed for different Methods of Separation Method of Separation Type of Mixture [1] Magnet Iron (Fe) filings were separated. [2] Sublimation Deposit: Magnesium (Mg) ribbon Residue: Mothballs [3] Adsorption (using activated charcoal) food color [4] Solvent Extraction Water (polar): NaCl Hexane (nonpolar): Iodine crystals TEXTURE Granular Fine Fine Smooth Fine

Part B A. Reaction with 0.1M HCl Substance Reaction with 0.1M HCl Iron (Fe) It popped; Bubbling reaction/ formation of gas Magnesium (Mg) It popped; Bubbling reaction/ formation of gas Naphthalene No visible balls reaction Iodine (I2) No visible reaction

Classification

Metallic

Metallic

Non-metallic Non-metallic

B. Reaction of the oxides with water Oxides Reaction Classification with water Magnesium oxide No visible Basic reaction Sulfur dioxide No visible Acidic reaction Based on the experimental results, list down the chemical properties that distinguish a metal from a non-metal: Metal - Metals tend to react with HCl - Metals are basic in nature. Non-metal - Non-metals do not readily react with HCl. - Non-metals are acidic in nature. Part C A. Changes of matter upon heating Substance Observation Type of Change -Chemical Change

Fe Food Color

I2

No visible reaction Exhibited discoloration: darkened as if burnt Exhibited discoloration: turned into

Physical Change

Chemistry 14.1, Characteristics of Matter

Page 3 of 7

purple Naphthalene NaCl Mg ribbon Melted and crystallized Popping reaction Burned with intense light Physical Change Physical Change Chemical Change

B. Reaction with 0.1 M HCl and FeCl3 (aq) Substance Type of change with 0.1 M HCl Chemical Change Chemical Change Type of change with FeCl3 Physical Change Chemical Change

Iron (Fe) Mg Ribbon

underneath it, separating some components of the mixture from the other. One should note that the iron (Fe) filings were the ones separated by the magnet. This is because magnets attract metal, iron, or steel objects to itself, thereby attracting the iron filings. Although we also know that Magnesium is a metal, it was not separated from the mixture because of its diamagnetism (all electrons are paired) a property of an element in which it causes a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied magnetic field, thus creating a repulsive effect. On the other hand, the iron filings were attracted because it exhibits paramagnetism (there are unpaired electrons). The iron filings and the rest of the mixture were then put aside separately to be used for the next experiment. For the next part, the remaining mixture (Mg ribbon, mothballs, salt and food coloring) was placed in a 50 mL beaker with 30 mL of water. It was then stirred well with a glass rod for one minute. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate (water, salt and food coloring), was put aside, while the residue (mothballs and Mg ribbon), was placed in an evaporating dish. The mothballs were not dissolved in water because of the following reason. The naphthalene (main component of mothballs) is nonpolar. Therefore, it will not be dissolved in a solvent like water (polar). The substances should have the same polarity in order for the solute to be dissolved in its solvent effectively. A piece of perforated filter paper was placed on top of the evaporating dish containing the residue while a funnel with a cotton plug on its tip was placed upside-down on top of it. Next, the evaporating dish was heated gently until some solids deposited on the walls of the funnel. These solid, crystal-like particles on the funnel walls were the mothballs. On the other hand, the residue was the magnesium (Mg) ribbon. The process of physical separation used in this part is sublimation. Sublimation is a process in which a substance is converted directly from a solid to a gas or from a gas to a solid without an intermediate liquid phase. The mothballs easily sublimed because naphthalene readily sublimes at room temperature. On the other hand, Magnesium needs a much higher temperature for it to sublime, so it was not affected by the heating. All of the mothballs were then saved for the next experiment. The filtrate which is composed of water, salt and food coloring was boiled a pinch of activated coal was added. It was allowed to continue boiling until the mixture was only about 20 mL. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was saved in a test tube. The substance that was separated in the process was the food coloring. Adsorption is the method Page 4 of 7

VI. Part A

DISCUSSION

The experiment performed involved noting of the various conditions, methods, and applications of the different physical separation techniques. The experiment was started with 0.2 grams each of iron (Fe) filings, ground mothballs, and table salt (NaCl) being weighed and each was noted of their respective physical properties, such as color and texture. The iron (Fe) filings had a grayish color and had a granular texture owing to it consisting of very small particles. The ground mothballs were white in color and had a fine quality. Last was the table salt (NaCl) which was also white and fine in color and quality. All these weighed substances were mixed in an evaporation dish, with two strips of Magnesium (Mg) ribbon and a pinch of food coloring were added. These two were also observed for their properties. The magnesium (Mg) ribbon was gray in color and was smooth, while the orange food coloring was used which had a fine quality. One thing that should be noted though, is that the Mg ribbon should be clean and free from obvious corrosion and oxidation. This is because magnesium burns in air when in its raw form. Magnesium combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form magnesium oxide, thus changing the initial identity of magnesium because a chemical reaction has taken place. The ribbon, if coated with oxide, will not facilitate burning easily and one will not get desired results from the experiment. Then, the mixture was scattered thinly on a piece of paper, then a magnet was passed Chemistry 14.1, Characteristics of Matter

used to separate the food coloring from the filtrate. Adsorption is the taking up by the surface of a solid or liquid called the adsorbent, of the atoms, ions, or molecules of a gas or other liquid which is considered as the adsorbate. Porous or finely divided solids can hold more adsorbate because of the relatively large surface area exposed. Therefore, adsorption requires a small particle size and a large surface area to be performed. Adsorption is different from absorption which is a process in where atoms or molecules enter some bulk phase material. Molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, while molecules undergoing adsorption are taken up by the surface. Salt was not separated because its ions are relatively large for the activated charcoal to be taken up by the surface. Thus, it is adsorption that took place. Furthermore, charcoal could be activated and produced by one of the following processes. First is the physical reactivation wherein the precursor is developed into activated carbons using gases. It can go carbonization wherein the material is pyrolyzed at temperatures in the range 600 to 900C, in absence of air. Other than that, it can also go oxidation wherein the material is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres such as carbon dioxide, oxygen or steam at temperatures above 250C. The other process is the chemical activation wherein the raw material is infused with certain chemicals then it is carbonized at temperatures 450 to 900C. The process of chemical activation is more preferred it requires low temperatures and shorter time needed for activation. Then, a crystal of iodine (I2) was added to 2 mL of the filtrate in the test tube and was shaken well. After the shaking, 1 mL of hexane was added to the filtrate and the observations were recorded. The hexane layer appears transparent at first then gradually turned into a light shade of pink. The aqueous layer on the other hand exhibits a light yellow orange color. The difference in color makes it easier to distinguish the two layers from each other. The two layers were then separated with the use of a medicine dropper. The method of separation used in separating the two layers is called solvent extraction. Solvent extraction is the technique for removing a desired component from another object or substance by transferring the component from an aqueous to an organic solvent that can then be separated. This process requires that the liquids are immiscible so as to easily separate one liquid from another. Water is polar while hexane is nonpolar. Thus, hexane is insoluble in water and an effective solution cannot be formed because water can only dissolve polar substances. Chemistry 14.1, Characteristics of Matter

The hexane layer was then placed under a hood to evaporate slowly, leaving behind iodine as the residue. The aqueous layer on the other hand was also allowed to evaporate leaving table salt as the residue. Part B The results show that Fe and Mg are metals while the naphthalene balls and iodine are nonmetals. Their classifications were determined according to their reaction with hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid tends to dissolve some metals to form oxidized metal chlorides and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas was observed in the Fe and Mg when the bubbles formed and there was the formation of gas. Hydrogen bubbles appeared because hydrogen atoms leave the acid and pair up to form hydrogen molecules. Depending on their atomic structure and how readily they give up electrons when exposed to hydrogen ions in an acidic solution, certain metals, including iron and magnesium, corrode more easily than others. Applying that in real life, corrosion could be prevented by plating, or painting over a metal with coating, to protect it from structural decay. It prevents electrochemical reactions from occurring. Non-metals are known to be less reactive than metals thus no visible reaction occurred between the naphthalene balls and iodine when reacted with hydrochloric acid. Since Fe and Mg exhibited evolution of gas after reaction with HCl, they were subjected to glowing splint test which proved the presence of oxygen and hydrogen gas. Oxygen was identified when the glowing splint burst into flames after being inserted into the test tube. Moreover, a squeaky pop sound was heard. This is a result of hydrogen gas combining with oxygen gas in the air; thus, proving the evolution of hydrogen gas and the metallic nature of iron and magnesium. Magnesium oxide is classified as basic, while sulfur dioxide is acidic. The reason is because metal oxides are basic in general while non-metal oxides are acidic. This is observed when Magnesium oxide dissolved in water turned the red litmus paper into blue and sulfur dioxide dissolved in water turned blue litmus paper into red. The reason behind is when Magnesium oxide is dissolved in water, it forms magnesium hydroxide which contains hydroxide ions (OH-). These OH- ions give rise to basicity. On the other hand, sulfur dioxide, when dissolved in water, forms sulfurous acid which contains hydrogen ions (H+) which give rise to acidity. Page 5 of 7

Part C After heating, no reaction took place in Fe filings; iodine, naphthalene and NaCl exhibited physical change; and food color and Mg showed chemical change. Since no reaction occurred to the iron filings, no change happened. The reason why it did not melt was probably due to its high melting point. Iodine showed physical change since there was only a change in color and not composition. The reason why it turned purple is because some iodine evaporates into iodine vapor, which is purple. The same goes to the naphthalene since the only thing that was changed was its state of matterfirst melting and then turning into solid again due to the closed environment. For NaCl, it exhibited physical change since it only melted and had a popping reaction. The popping reaction was probably due to the reaction of hydrogen gas, formed from the heating of water (present because the test tube may not be dry enough before usage), and reacted with oxygen gas in the air. The change in the food color at first looked only as a change in color, but since it actually burned, it showed chemical change. The Mg ribbon burned so it exhibited a chemical change. The reaction of HCl to Fe and Mg are both chemical changes, while the reaction of FeCl3 with Fe is physical change and chemical change with Mg. For Fe and HCl, it is a chemical reaction due to the formation of gas, which is hydrogen. The same goes for Mg and HCl, where hydrogen was also produced. For FeCl3 and Mg, a single replacement reaction has occurred Mg replacing Fe since the former is more reactive than the other. VII. Part A GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

necessary so us to carry out certain separations of the components. 3. What distinct properties are needed for sublimation? One of the components of the mixtures atmospheric pressure exerted should be too low to stop the molecules from escaping from the solid state. 4. What distinct properties are needed for solvent-extraction? We could separate the components of the mixture based on their relative solubilities and they should be immiscible liquids. 5. What distinct properties are needed for adsorption? The adsorbent should have a very large surface area in order to accumulate the atoms or molecules of the adsorbate. Part B 1. Among those classified metals, which is the most reactive with 0.1M HCl? - The more reactive metal with 0.1 M HCl was the magnesium (Mg) compared to iron (Fe) as observed upon the formation of a greater number of hydrogen gas and bubbles. 2. Complete and balance the following reactions below. a. MgO (s) + H2O Mg(OH)2 b. SO2 (g) + H2O H2SO3 Part C

1. Why can mixtures be easily separated by physical means? Mixture can be easily separated by physical means because once a mixture is created; the chemical properties of its components remain the same. They are not being combined chemically so it would be easy for us to separate such because there is no alteration of its chemical properties. 2. Why do we need to take note the physical properties of the substances? The experiment told us to take note the physical properties of the substances for us to observe and to know what kind of changes the substances will undergo. And these changes are

1. Based on the reactions in Table II (part C), which is the more active metal? - The reactions in the table exhibited chemical changes and showed that magnesium (Mg) is the metal which is more active. This was observed in the experiment when Mg was able to react with both HCl and Ferric Chloride chemically while Fe was only able to undergo a chemical change with HCl. 2. What is the composition of the filtrate in A #3b? - The composition of the filtrate in A was NaCl with food color. 3. Complete and balance the following reactions below:

Chemistry 14.1, Characteristics of Matter

Page 6 of 7

a. 2Fe + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H2 b. Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 c. 3Mg + 2FeCl3 3MgCl2 + 2Fe VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

materials used in the experiment be properly cleaned so as to ensure that no other substance other than that necessary to be used is affecting the results.

IX. Mixtures are combinations of two or more pure substances in which they retain their distinct properties. They are physically combined so they can also be separated by physical means. This process is called physical separation. In order to carry out certain physical separation methods, components of the mixture must possess distinct characteristics and properties that are needed for the said process. Different methods of physical separation require different characteristics and properties of the components. It is recommended to extend the experiment further so as to discover more physical separation methods and the needed properties for each process. Furthermore, we conclude that the classification of substances--whether metallic or non-metallic and basic or acidic--can be determined by the reactions and types of change that they produce with other substances, such as HCl, water and FeCl3. We also conclude that metals are in nature basic and are naturally more reactive than non-metals, while non-metals are acidic in nature and less reactive than metals. We recommend that there should be a great distinction noted between the experimental evidences of physical and chemical change. For example, students may find it hard to determine whether a simple change in coloration or burning. We further recommend that apparatuses and

REFERENCES

Brown, Theodore L. et al. Chemistry: The Central Science. Ninth Edition. Philippines: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2000. Bayquen, Aristea V. Exploring Life through Science: Chemistry. Copyright 2007. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Websters Desk Dictionary. RHR Press, New York. July 2001 edition. Magnesium. <http://blurtit.com/q630407.html> Microsoft Encarta Premium 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. Difference between metals and non-metals. (n.d.). <http://www.blurtit.com/q686681.html> Iodine crystals turn purple (2009.) <http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=200 80924212250AAMpWU7> Metals in hydrochloric acid (n.d). <http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci .phys.matter.metalshcl/> Chang, Raymond. Chemistry Ninth Edition. McGrawHill Companies, Inc.: New York, 2007 General Chemistry Laboratory Manual, 2006 Edition. Chemistry Unit, DPSM UP Manila

I hereby certify that I have given substantial contribution to this report.

_______________________ Nieva, Kristel Keith N. _______________________ Rivera, Darien John Q. -------------------------------------Marte, Martina Marlin S.

Chemistry 14.1, Characteristics of Matter

Page 7 of 7