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INPUT TRANSDUCERS INDUSTRIAL MEASURING DEVICES

ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS
Devices which convert the value of a controlled variable into an electrical signal are called electrical transducers.
Physical variables include: position, speed, acceleration, force, power, pressure, flow rate, temperature, light intensity, and humidity.

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Advantages of Electrical Signals Over Mechanical Signals

can be easily transmitted from place to place easier to amplify and filter easy to manipulate to find out such things as the rate of change of variable, the time integral of the variable, whether the variable exceeded some limit, etc.

POTENTIOMETER
an electrical transducer that is attached to mechanical sensor to convert a mechanical motion into an electrical variation parts include: resistive element and a movable contact called tap, wiper, or slider positioned anywhere along the length of the element

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POTENTIOMETER LINEARITY AND RESOLUTION Linear means that a given mechanical movement of the wiper produces a given change in resistance, no matter where the wiper happens to be on the element. Potentiometers used as industrial transducers have linearities of less than 1% or as low as 0.1%.

POTENTIOMETER RESOLUTION

Resolution: the minimum possible resistance variation, expressed as a percentage of the total resistance. Potentiometer used for industrial measuring purposes have good resolution, good linearity, and good environment characteristics (temperature and humidity); but expensive.

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POTENTIOMETER

POTENTIOMETER

-Conductive plastic- Infinite resolution - Servo mount -3600 degree rotation - 3600 degree electrical angle -Power rating : 2 watt -Options : Taps, bushing mount, gears, flatted and slotted shafts

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POTENTIOMETER
-7813/14 -7/8" diameter -Conductive plastic- Infinite resolution - Servo mount -3600 degree rotation - 3600 degree electrical angle -Power rating : 2 watt -Options : Taps, bushing mount, gears, flatted and slotted shafts

POTENTIOMETER

- Rocker pots - looks like an on/off switch operates like a single axis joystick - Foot Controllers - Cobra head joysticks

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POTENTIOMETER
- M2261 - Single or Ten Turn potentiometer - Up to 6 single turn pots or switches can be added - MOTOR 115VAC : Reversible RPM 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 30, 60 - M3279 - Ten Turn potentiometer - MOTOR 115VAC : Reversible RPM 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 30, 60 - M3248 - Single Turn potentiometer - MOTOR 115VAC : Reversible RPM 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 30, 60

LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

consists of one primary winding and two secondary winding all wrapped on the same form and contains a magnetic core which is free to slide inside the form
when the magnetic core is perfectly centered, the magnetic field linkage will be the same for secondary winding 1 and 2

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LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

the difference between the two secondary winding voltages is proportional to the core displacement LVDTs are used to measure mechanical displacement

LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

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LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

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LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)

Spring Loaded LVDTs

Harsh Environment LVDTs

PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
PRESSURE SENSING DEVICES: devices that detect the measured pressure and convert it into a mechanical movement which is then converted into an electrical signal by either a pot or an LVDT. Types: 1. BOURDON TUBES 2. BELLOWS

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BOURDON TUBES
a deformed metal elastic tube with an oval cross section open at one end and sealed at the other end Types: 1. C shaped 2. spiral 3. Helical shaped 4. Twisted most often used to measure pressures in the range from 10 to 300 psi

C SHAPED BOURDON TUBE

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SPIRAL BOURDON TUBE

HELICAL BOURDON TUBE

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BOURDON TUBES

Liquid filled pressure gauge

BELLOWS
a series of metal diaphragms connected together that when subjected to fluid pressure will distort slightly metal diaphragms movement will actuates a mechanical linkage which moves the wiper of a pot or the core of an LVDT to furnish an electrical output signal Bellows measure pressures in the range from 0.5 to 20 psi

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BELLOWS

DUAL BELLOWS INDICATOR

Differential pressure sensor dual bellows.

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Dual bellows assembly

BELLOWS

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THERMOCOUPLES
an industrial temperature measurement transducer consist of a pair of dissimilar metal wires joined together in a complete loop forming two junction Cold junction: subjected to a low temperature Hot junction: subjected to a high temperature

THERMOCOUPLES
a small net voltage is created in the loop proportional to the difference between the two junction temperature. the higher the temperature at the junction, the greater the voltage produced by that junction. relationship between voltage and temperature is approximately linear.

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THERMOCOUPLES

THERMOCOUPLES
Thermocouples will cause an electric current to flow in circuit when subjected to changes in temperature.
The amount of current that will be produced is dependent on the temperature difference between the measurement and reference junction; the characteristics of the two metals used; and the characteristics of the attached circuit.

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THERMISTOR a temperature measurement device that uses metallic oxides that is formed into shapes which resemble small bulbs or small capacitors utilize the resistance change as their temperature changes with large negative temperature coefficients and are non constant

THERMISTOR
non linear response: poorly suited for measuring temperatures over wide ranges great response for small temperature change preferable when the expected temperature band is narrow (-150oF to +800oF)

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THERMISTOR
Thermistor Composite Network: connecting the thermistors in a series parallel combination to compensate its non linearity response. used over a wide temperature range (about 200oF) more expensive Thermistor Self Heating (I2R): used for time delays, delicate components protection from surge current, detecting the presence or absence of a thermally conductive material

RESISTIVE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS (RTDs)

a temperature measuring device that uses a pure metal wire (nickel, copper, platinum) utilize the resistance change as their temperature changes with positive temperature coefficient or resistance preferable when the expected temperature band is wide (-400oF to +2000oF)

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OPTICAL PYROMETERS
a temperature transducer used in high temperatures and when contact type temperature sensors are impractical measures temperature from a distance by sensing the visible (light) and/ or invisible electromagnetic radiation emitted by the hot body

PHOTOCELLS
small devices which produce an electrical variation in response to a change in light intensity (illumination) Types: 1. photovoltaic 2. photoconductive

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PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
an energy source whose output voltage varies in relation to the light intensity (illumination) at its surface fast response can be switched at higher frequencies

PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL

a passive device, not capable of producing energy; its resistance varies in relation to the light intensity (illumination) at its surface
as the illumination goes up, resistance goes down

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PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL
- Resistance Varies with Incident Light - More Light = Lower Resistance
5V

R1

R2 10k

PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL
cells resistance change over 1 million ohms to less than 1 kilo ohms as the illumination changes from darkness (less than 0.01fc) to average room brightness (10 100fc) preferred when very sensitive response to changing light condition is needed
used in chopping a dc voltage signal insertion into an ac amplifier (photo chopper)

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