4. Equivalent circuit of IM.

Developing an equivalent circuit model is useful to study and predict the

performance characteristics of the induction machine with reasonable
accuracy.
In this section a steady-state per-phase equivalent circuit will be derived.
For convenience, consider a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine
as shown in fig 3.1.
Stator Rotor
Air-gap
Fig. 4.1. 3 - phase induction machines equivalent circuit
model
If currents flow in both stator and rotor windings,
resultant rotating magnetic fields will be produced in
the air gap.
This resultant air gap field will induce voltages in both
stator windings (at supply frequency f
1
) and rotor
windings (at slip frequency f
2
).
It appears that the equivalent circuit may assume a form
identical to that of a transformer; therefore it can be
developed from the knowledge of a transformer
equivalent circuit and from knowledge of variation of
rotor frequency with speed in IM.
The only difference is on account of the fact that
the secondary winding (rotor winding) of an
induction motor rotates and mechanical power is
developed.
The stator circuit model
As explained earlier, when a voltage V
1
is applied to
the stator terminals, the rotating flux generates
counter emf in the 3-phase of stator windings. The
applied voltage V
1
has to overcome counter emf = -
E
1
, V
1
` and stator leakage impedance drop,I
1
(r
1
+ jx
1
).
Thus,
( )
1 1 1 1 1
jx r I V V + +
'
=
V
1
E
1
X
1
R
1
R
c
X
m
Fig. 4.2 - The stator circuit model.
V1 = per-phase terminal voltage
R1 = per-phase stator winding
resistance
X1 = per-phase stator leakage
reactance
E1 = per-phase induced voltage in
the stator winding
Xm = per-phase stator magnetizing
reactance
Rc = per-phase stator core loss resistance
The stator current consists of two components, the
load component, I
2
` (-I
2
) and the exciting component
I
e.
I
2
` counteracts the rotor mmf, I
2
N
2
.
The exciting component I
e
, whose function is to create
the resultant air gap flux and to provide the core loss,
friction and windage loss and small stator and rotor
I
2
R losses I
0
is usually 30% - 50% of rated current of
IM.
Thus, the exciting current can be resolved into two
components.
- magnetising component, Im lagging V
1
` by 90
0

and

- core loss component I
c
which is in phase with
V
1
`.
In the equivalent circuit, I
c
and I
m
are accounted for by
a shunt branch consisting of:-
- core loss resistance R
c
= V
1
`/I
c
- magnetising reactance X
m
= V
1
`/I
m


Since there is air-gap between stator and rotor of
induction motor, X
m
(reactance on account of effect
of magnetizing current) will be much less than
transformer case. Thus, I
m
will be much greater than
in IM.
F,AT
,wb
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r

Induction motor
Note:- The graph indicates that, Reluctance of IM is much
greater than reluctance of transformers.
X
m
=
s
L
s
=
2f
1
L
s
L
s
=(N
s
)
2
/R
L
Fig. 4.3 Flux mmf relation in transformer and IM.
Rotor circuit model
Regarding the actual physical facts existing in the rotor circuit,
the per phase rotor current is:
Where, SE
2
slip frequency emf
I
2
slip frequency current

If the right hand side is divided by slip ,we get:- (for further analysis)
2 2
2
2
jSX r
SE
I
+
=
2
2
2
2
jX
S
r
E
I
+
=
R
2
SX
2
SE
2
I
2
S
R
2
Fig. 4.4a Rotor equiv.
circuit at slip s.
Fig. 4.4b
I
2
E
2
per phase equi. Circuit at stator frequency.
To determine the complete equivalent circuit of the rotor, the line
frequency emf E
2
, the line frequency current I
2
and the speed
dependant resistance r
2
/s must be referred to the stator primary
by the effective turn's ratio as in the transformer.
'
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
1 1
2
1
2
. V E
N
N
E
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
jX
S
r
N
N
jX
S
r
+
'
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
'
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
'
2
1
2
2
I
N
N
I
Where, N
1
` = N
1
K
w1

N
2
` = N
2
K
w2
V
1
X
1
R
1
R
c
X
m
P
ag
I
1
I
o
I
c
I
m
a
I
I
2
'
2
=
2
2 '
2
X a X =
S
R a
S
R
2
2 '
2
=
1 2
'
2
E aE E = =
E
1
1
2
1
2
E
N
N
E =
'
'
'
2
jX
Fig.4.5a Rotor equivalent circuit referred to the stator
S
r
'
2
fig.4.5b Exact equivalent circuit of IM
Where,
2
1
N
N
a
'
'
=
The equivalent circuit of IM is almost similar to the
transformer equivalent circuit. i.e.
- when S = 1, the exact equivalent circuit
becomes the equivalent circuit of a short circuited
transformer.
- In case S = 0, (at synchronous speed), the circuit
becomes the equivalent circuit of an open circuited
transformer.
Analysis of the equivalent circuit of IM
The equivalent circuit shown in Fig.3.4b is not
convenient to use for the determination of the
performance of the induction machine .
As a result, several simplified versions have been
proposed.
Some of the commonly used versions of the equivalent
circuit are discussed here.
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
If the voltage drop across R1 and X1 is small and the
terminal voltage V1 does not appreciably differ from the
induced voltage E1, the magnetizing branch (i.e. Rc and
Xm), can be moved to the machine terminals as shown
in the fig. 3.6 below. (this is done in transformer equivalent circuit
parameters determination)
V
1
X
1
R
1
X
2
S
R
'
2 R
c
X
m
I
2
P
ag
I
1
I
o
fig. 4.6 approx. equiv. circuit

( f )
2

Therefore, if a machine operates from a constant

voltage and constant-frequency source, the sum of
core losses and friction and windage losses remains
essentially constant at all operating speeds.
These losses can thus be lumped together and termed
the constant rotational losses of the induction
machine.
If the core loss is lumped with the windage and
frication loss, R
c
can be removed from the equivalent
circuit, as shown in the fig. below.
V
1
X
1
R
1
X
2
S
R
'
2 X
m
I
2
P
ag
I
1
I
o
Fig. 4.7
IEEE RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT IEEE RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
In the induction machine , because of its air gap, the exciting current I
e

is high of the order of 30 to 50 percent of the full-load current.
The leakage Reactance X
1
is also high .
The IEEE recommends that, in such situation, the magnetizing reactance Xm
can not be moved to the machine terminals (as is done in transformers.), but
be retained at its appropriate place , as shown in the fig.3.8 below.
The resistance RC is however, omitted, and the core loss is lumped
with the windage and friction losses.
This equivalent circuit is to be preferred for situation in which
the induced voltage E1 differs appreciably from the terminal voltage V1.
Fig. 4.8 a. Equivalent circuit of IM without core loss.
V
1
X
1
R
1
X
m
P
ag
I
1
I
o
'
2
I
'
2
X
S
R
'
2
Z
f
a
b
Steady state performance parameters of IM, such as current,
speed, torque, losses, etc. can be computed from the circuit of
fig. 3.8.
In this fig., Z
f
is the per phase impedance offered by the rotating
air-gap field.
Note that Z
f
includes
m
X jX
s
r
,
2
2
+
( )
( )
m
m
f f f
X X j
s
r
jX jX
s
r
jX R Z
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
= + =
2
2
2
2
V
1
X
1
R
1
X
m
P
ag
I
1
I
o
'
2
I
'
2
X
S
R
'
2 Z
f
a
Fig 4.8b
Impedance Z
1
as seen by stator voltage V
1
is:-

And
The total power lost in

The power lost in
therefore,
f
Z jX r Z + + =
1 1 1
1
1
1
Z
V
I =
+ : ,&
2
2
is jX jX
s
r
m
s
r
I R I Z
f f
2
2
2
2
1
= =
f g
R I
s
r
I P
2
1
2
2
2
= =
Determining the Equivalent circuit model parameters of
IM.
The response of an IM to changes in load can be
determined from the equivalent circuit of the motor.
The parameters R1,X1, R2, X2, Xm can be determined
by performing a series of tests on the IM. i.e.
- No-load test
- DC test for stator resistance
- Blocked rotor test.
These tests need precision because the resistances
vary with temperature and the rotor resistance also
varies with rotor frequency.
The No-load test
The induction motor is made
to run at no load at rated
voltage and frequency.
Per phase values of applied
stator voltage V
nl
, input
current I
nl
and input power
P
nl
are recorded ( by two
wattmeter method).
W1 A
1
A
2
A
3
W2
3-Phase
IM
A
C
B
V
Fig. 4.9 Circuit diagram for
no-load and blocked-rotor
Test
V
1
X
1
R
1
X
m
P
ag
I
1
I
o
'
2
I
'
2
X
S
R
'
2
Fig. 4.10 IEEE RECOMMENDED Fig. 4.10 IEEE RECOMMENDED
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Since slip S
nl
at no-load is very small, r
2
/s at no-load
is very large as compared to X
m.
Thus, the total impedance of parallel branches
consisting of jX
m
and (r
2
/s + jX
2
) is almost equal to
jX
m
.
Then, the no-load reactance X
nl
seen from the stator
terminals is:-

jX
nl
= jX
1
+ jX
m
= X
1
stator self
reactance.
V
NL
X
1
R
1
X
m
I
NL
Fig. 4.11 Equivalent circuit under no-load test.
From no-load test readings we can get;
nl
nl
nl
I
V
Z =
2
nl
nl
nl
I
P
R =
2 2
nl nl nl
R Z X =
,
,
During no-load condition, as stated earlier, the rotational
losses ( friction, windage and core losses are usually
assumed constant and can be obtained from the relation,
( )
1
2
r I P m P
nl nl rot
=
Rotational losses or fixed losses are:- Stator and
rotor Core losses and friction and windage losses.
m nl
X X X + =
1
If X
1
is known, X
m
can be
determined.
Thus,
The no-load test measures the rotational losses and
gives information about its magnetisation current.
i.e., no-load test gives X
nl
and P
rot
Note that, the only load during no-load test is friction
and windage loss.
The mechanical power (P
m
= P
g
- P
rcul
) is
consumed by mechanical losses.

P
M
e
e out
T P =
Fig. 4.12 Power flow diagram of IM.
S
t
a
t
o
r

I 2
R

l
o
s
s
S
t
a
t
o
r

c
o
r
e

l
o
s
s
R
o
t
o
r

I 2
R

l
o
s
s
R
o
t
o
r

c
o
r
e

l
o
s
s
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

a
n
d

w
i
n
d
a
g
e

l
o
s
s
P
g
Rotor input
power
Shaft power
Mech. power
developed
Input power
(3IVcos)
DC test for stator resistance
The rotor resistance r
2
plays an extremely critical role
in the operation of an IM. i.e.
- It determines the shape of the speed torque curve.
- It determines the speed at which the pull-out torque occurs.
To determine r
2
, it is necessary to find r
1
of the stator.
- Thus, a DC voltage is applied to the stator windings of an IM.
- The current in the stator is adjusted to the rated value & the voltage is
measured.
If the supply dc voltage is connected between the two
phases, ( the 3
rd
phase being open) then, the dc
current flows through the two phase windings and the
required per phase stator resistance is:-
, 2
1
dc
dc
I
V
r =
dc
dc
I
V
r
2
1
=
DC
w
A
V
+
_
R
S
T
Fig 4.13 Circuit for Dc test to determine stator
resistance
Blocked rotor test
During this test;
- An Ac voltage is applied to the stator; and the current
is adjusted to the rated value.
- The rotor is blocked so that it can not rotate.
- The current, voltage and power are measured.
Since the rotor is kept stationary, the slip = 1,and the rotor
resistance r
2
/s is just equal to r
2
which is quite a small value.


V
1
X
1
R
1
X
m
P
ag
I
1
I
o
'
2
I
'
2
X
S
R
'
2
Fig. 4.14 IEEE RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT Fig. 4.14 IEEE RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Compared with X
m
, r
2
& X
2
are small, so that the whole input
current flows through them. The equivalent circuit under this
condition looks a series combination of r
1
, X
1
, X
2
, r
2
.
u cos 3
L L in
I V P =
I
br
Fig.4.15 equivalent circuit during blocked rptor test
L L
in
I V
P
3
cos = u
u u arccos =
Impedance of the IM during block rotor test is:-

u u sin cos
br br br br br
Z Z jX R Z + = + =
2 1
r r R
br
+ =
1 2
r R r
br
=
2 1
X X X
br
+ =
;
3
L
L
br
I
V
Z =
Where, X
br
is the reactance of stator & rotor
In practice, it is difficult to get separately stator and
rotor reactance, and are usually taken from
experimental data from tables.
2 2
2
br br br
br
br
br
R Z X
I
P
R
=
=
br
br
br
I
V
Z =
However, for wound rotor machines x
1
is assumed to be equal to x
2.
i.e. x
1
= x
2
= X
br
For squirrel cage induction machines, total leakage reactance X
br

(=x
1
+ x
2
) can be distributed between stator and rotor as per the
following table:
Empirical distribution of leakage reactance X
br
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
1.Class A (normal T
st
, normal I
st
and low
slip)
2.Class B (normal T
st
, low I
st
and low slip)
3.Class C (high T
st
, low I
st
and low slip)
4.Class D (high T
st
, low I
st
and high slip)
X
2
X
1
Fraction of X
br
Class of motor
For design classes, please refer Stephen J. Chapman, 2
nd
ed.
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
1.Class A (normal T
st
, normal I
st

and low slip)
2.Class B (normal T
st
, low I
st
and
low slip)
3.Class C (high T
st
, low I
st
and low
slip)
4.Class D (high T
st
, low I
st
and high
slip)
X
2
X
1
Fraction of X
br
Class of motor
Thus, the block rotor test helps to determine
equivalent circuit parameters r
2
, X
br
(X
1
+X
2
).
If X
1
& X
2
are taken from tables, then X
m
can be
determined. i. e.; X
nl
= X
1
+ X
m
In general, by performing these three tests and using
experimental values of X1 and X2 from tables, we can
determine the equivalent circuit parameters of IM.
Separation of friction and windage loss
from the no-load test result
The power input to the induction motor at no-load has to
supply
the stator copper loss,
core loss and
friction and windage loss.
The dc resistance of the stator winding is measured and its per
phase effective value r
1
for AC is calculated from the relation:-
r
1
= (1.1 - 1.3) (dc resistance per phase)
For computing the friction and windage loss, the applied
voltage to the unloaded induction motor is varied from 20% to
about 1.25 of the rated voltage.
The input power, current and voltage are recorded so that a
graph can be plotted.
The speed with reduced voltage, will fall only slightly so that
the friction and windage loss remains substantially constant.
From the input-power readings, the corresponding stator ohmic
loss is subtracted to obtain the core loss and friction and
windage loss ( rotational loss); i.e.
Where, P
nl
- is the per phase power input,
I
nl
- is the per phase stator current and
r
1
- is the effective per phase stator resistance.
The plot of the rotational loss P
rot
with variable stator voltage is
shown in fig below.


P
C
P
f&W
P
rot
V V
rated
) r I P ( m P
1
2
nl nl rot
=
Fig. 4.16
Core loss at
rated voltage
Fric. &
Windage loss
P
rot
VS V
The intercept of the extraplotted P
rot
curve with the ordinate
gives the friction and windage loss, because the core loss is
zero for zero applied voltage.
In order to get a motor accurate value of mechanical loss
(friction and windage loss), rotational loss P
rot
should be
plotted against (Voltage)
2
.
This plot of Prot with (voltage)
2
is almost linear and, therefore,
the extrapolation is easier.
P
rot
V
2
V
rat.
Friction &
windage loss
(P
f&w
)
Core loss at
rated voltage (P
c
)
P
rot
Vs V
2
Fig. 4.17