Isoseismal map

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In seismology an isoseismal map is used to show lines of equal felt seismic intensity, generally measured on the Modified Mercalli scale. Such maps help to identify earthquake epicenters, particularly where no instrumental records exist, such as for historical earthquakes. They also contain important information on ground conditions at particular locations, the underlying geology, radiation pattern of the seismic waves and the response of different types of buildings. They form an important part of the macroseismic approach, i.e. that part of seismology dealing with non-instrumental data. The shape and size of the isoseismal regions can be used to help determine the magnitude, focal depth and focal mechanism of an earthquake.[1][2]
Isoseismal map for the 1968 Illinois earthquake

Contents
1 History 2 Methodology 3 Use 3.1 Locating the epicenter 3.2 Measuring the magnitude 3.3 Estimating the focal depth 3.4 Confirming the focal mechanism 4 References

Histor
The first known isoseismal map was produced for the 1810 earthquake in Mr in Hungary was published by Kitaibel and Tomtsnyi in 1814.[3] The first, six-level intensity scale was proposed by Egen in 1828 for an earthquake in Rhineland.[4][5] Robert Mallet coined the term 'isoseismal' and produced a map for the 1857 Great Neapolitan Earthquake with a threefold intensity scale and used this and other information to identify the epicentral area (a term he also coined).[6] Later studies made use of similar techniques, the main changes being to the actual seismic intensity scale employed.

Methodolog
Firstly observations of the felt intensity need to be obtained for all areas affected by the tremor. In the case of recent earthquakes news reports are augmented by sending out questionnaires or by collecting information online about the intensity of the shaking. For a historical earthquake the procedure is much the same, except that it requires searching through contemporary accounts in newspapers, letters and diaries etc. Once the information has been assembled and intensities assigned at the location of the individual observations, these are plotted on a map. Isoseismal lines are then drawn to link together areas of equal shaking. Because of local variations in the ground conditions isoseismals will generally separate zones of broadly similar felt intensity, while containing areas of both higher and lower degrees of shaking.[1] To make the isoseismals less subjective, attempts have been

made to use computer-based methods of contouring such as kriging, rather than relying on visual interpolation.[2]

Use
Locating the epicenter
In most earthquakes the isoseismals define a single clear area of maximum intensity which is known as the epicentral area. In some earthquakes there is more than one maximum because of the effect of ground conditions or complexities in the rupture propagation and other information is required to identify which contains the epicenter.

Measuring the magnitude

The magnitude of an earthquakes can be roughly estimated by measuring the area affected by intensity level III or above in square kilometres and taking the logarithm.[1] This allows magnitudes to be estimated for historical earthquakes.

Estimating the focal depth

The depth to the hypocenter can be estimated by comparing the sizes of different isoseismal areas. In shallow earthquakes the line are close together while in deep events the lines are spread further apart.[7]

Confirming the focal mechanism

Focal mechanisms are routinely calculated using teleseismic data but an ambiguity remains as there are always two potential fault planes. The shape of the areas of highest intensity are generally elongate along the direction of the active fault plane.

References
1. ^ How to map an earthquake, by Roger Musson, BGS (http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/7165/1/HOW_TO_MAP_AN_EARTHQUAKE__2008_.pdf) 2. ^ Linkimer, L. 2008. Application of the kriging method to draw isoseismal maps of the significant 20022003 Costa Rican earthquakes. Revista Geolgica de Amrica Central, 38, 119 134. (http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~linkimer/Publications/38-8-Linkimer.pdf) 3. ^ Varga, P. (2008). "History of Early Isoseismal Maps" (http://www.akademiai.com/content/q574r11u7242854h/fulltext.pdf) . Acta Geodaetica et Geoph sica Hungarica (Akadmiai Kiad) 43 (2-3): 285 307. doi:10.1556/AGeod.43.2008.2-3.15 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1556%2FAGeod.43.2008.2-3.15) . http://www.akademiai.com/content/q574r11u7242854h/fulltext.pdf. Retrieved 8 September 2011. 4. ^ Oldroyd, D.; Amador, F.; Kozak, J.; Carneiro, A.; Pinto, M. (2007). "The Study of Earthquakes in the Hundred Years Following the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755" (http://hess.metapress.com/content/h9v2708334745978/) . Earth Sciences Histor 26 (3): 321 370. http://hess.metapress.com/content/h9v2708334745978/. 5. ^ Egen, P. N. C. (1828). "ber das Erdbeben in den Rhein-und Niederlanden vom 23. Februar 1828". Annalen der Ph sik und Chemie 13: 153 163. 6. ^ Mallet, Robert (1862). Great Neapolitan Earthquake of 1857: The First Principles of Observational Seismolog (http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&id=4LcQAAAAIAAJ) . Royal Society. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&id=4LcQAAAAIAAJ. 7. ^ 2006. Mahajan, A.K., Kumar, N. & Arora, B. R. Quick look isoseismal map of 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Current Science, 91, 356-361. (http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102006/356.pdf)

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