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that the human body takes while standing chiaroscuro: the use of light and shadow to create the illusion of three-dimensional form fresco: creating a painting by painting onto a wet plaster section of wall with water-based pigment linear perspective: a Renaissance invention used to draw, paint and design architectural structures by using a grid pattern with a horizon line, single vanishing point and diagonals converging on the vanishing point. It allows artists to place three dimensional forms of any kind in space and create the optical illusion of correctness Humanism: the Renaissance belief that people were the most important source and focus of human endeavor rather than God and religion Renaissance Masterpicies to Remember Brunelleschi, The Dome of Florence Cathedral Botticelli, The Birth of Venus Michelangelo, David Raphael, The School of Athens The Mannerist Style Terms Mannerism: an off-shoot of the Renaissance that ignored most Renaissance rules and established their own. Whereas the Renaissance artists believed in harmony, balance and stability, using the triangle as the basis for their compositions, the Manneristst created works that were dynamic as opposed to stable, out of balance, not really harmonious and loved using diagonals that penetrated the viewers space, creating the illusion that forms were breaking free of the painting and entering our own space. Mannerist Masterpiece to Remember Tintoretto, The Last Supper The Baroque Period Terms: Barocco: from the Portugese meaning misshapen pearl Counter-Reformation: Roman Catholics program to invite former Catholics back from Protestantism to Catholicism Meraviglia: the marvelous, astonishing, surprising, spectacular nature of Baroque imagery Dynamic Compositions: Baroque compositions emphasize the diagonal nature of their
compositional setup, i.e. they appear to penetrate our space and are to be viewed from 360 degrees (if they are sculptures) Tenebroso: a combination of Early Renaissance chiaroscuro and Leonardos sfumato, but with the added element of drama and theatricality Baroque Masterpieces to Remember: Italy Gianlorenzo Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, David, The Baldacchino Caravaggio, The Crucifixion of St. Peter and David with the Head of Goliath Pietro da Cortona, The Glorification of Urban VIII a.k.a. The Triumph of the Barberini Family Baroque Masterpieces to Remember: Flanders Pieter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross Baroque Masterpieces to Remember: France Nicholas Poussin, The Rape of the Sabine Women Baroque Masterpieces to Remember: Holland Rembrandt, Self-Portrait Johannes Vermeer, The Love Letter Baroque Masterpieces to Remember: Spain Diego Velazquez, The Water Carrier of Seville The Rococo Period Terms Rococo: Beautiful, yet trivial art that represents the taste and lifestyle of the Aristocracy which is very hedonistic, i.e. the pursuit of pleasure. Fluffy: Unimportant subject matter. Neither symbolic, religious or historical Rococo Masterpiece to Remember Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing The Neo-Classical Period Tems Neo-Classicism: Late 18th century. Art that is primarily intellectual, sometimes political, and didactic, i.e. it teaches a lesson, either moral, political, or artistic, and is a reaction against the Rococo period. Based on either the Bible, Greek Mythology or actual historical events Style: usually tightly rendered, often classical looking characters (but not always) Neo-Classical Masterpiece to Remember
Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatti The Romantic Period: Terms Romanticism: Late 18th to 19thcentury. It is an artform that is diametrically opposed to Neo-Classicism. Rather than intellectual and political, Romanticism is art of the imagination, fantasy and emotion. Style: often loosely painted, uses a lot of color, subjects often taken from literature Romantic Masterpiece to Remember Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa The Realist Period Terms Realism: An art movement reacting against what they considered the nonsense of the Romantic Period. Realism avoids sentimentality, imagination and fantasy in favor of an objective observation of the real world. Similar to photography in its matter-of-fact quality Realist Masterpieces to Remember Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass Manet, Olympia Millet, The Gleaners Homer, Veteran in a New Field Eakins, The Gross Clinic Millais, Ophelia The Late 19th Century The Impressionist Period Terms Impressionism: Impressionism is a descendant of Realism but takes it a step further. It portrays contemporary life but also introduces color as a major factor in its manner of depicting the real world. Middle class art for a middle class audience by a middle class artist. Style: Impressionism is known for its loose brushwork and cropped compositions, an adaptation taken from recently introduced Japanese prints to France Impressionist Masterpiece to Remember Claude Monet, Impression Sunrise Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette Degas, The Tub Cassatt, The Bath The Post-Impressionist Period Post-Impressionism: Art produced after the last Impressionist exhibition in 1886. Not the same movement. Interested in other
ideas. Post-Impressionist Masterpiece to Remember Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the la Grande Jatte The Symbolist Period Terms Symbolism: Symbolism is a late 19th-century movement that can be viewed as a late manifestation of Romanticism, because it is concerned with pictorializing aspects of the imagination and sub-conscious mind, resulting in very unsettling, disturbing, unusual images. Symbolist Masterpice to Remember Edvard Munch, The Scream Early 20th-Century Art Terms Fauvism: Fauvism is a term referring to the style of painitng that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. Their use of dissonant colors caused the critics to say that they were a bunch of wild animals to have the gaul to pass off what the critics considered ugly paintings full of weird colors. The French word for wild animal is fauve. Fauvist Masterpiece to Remember Henri Matisse, Woman with a Hat Cubism: Cubism is an early 20th-century movement whereby the artists were engaged in intellectual exercises in an attempt to depart from all previous traditions of art. Rather than depicting the natural world accurately they decided to analyze, in other words, break down into their component parts, three-dimensional objects and then re-arrange them on the canvas in monochromatic (one basic color scheme) and interesting compositional ways. The compositions are usually quite complex. Not cubes, kind of like broken pieces of glass. Cubist Masterpiece to Remember Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles DAvignon
MY NOTES
4/6/2011
ITALIAN GOTHIC PAINTINGS- ICONS ENTHRONED MADONNA WITH ANGELS AND PROPHETS- HIERATIC COMPOSITION. VERTICAL. STYLIZATION- IMITATING THE DRAPING ON THE DRESSES FROM THAT TIME. HER KNEES ARE NOT BENT EVEN THOUGH IT LOOKS LIKE IT, HER LEGS ARE FORESHORTENED. MADE OF EGG TEMPURA, GIVES IT A YELLOW TONE, MORE DULL. MADONNA ENTHRONED- HIERATIC COMPOSITION. HORIZONTAL. HER KNEE IS BENT, CROSSING HER LEG, BABY IS RESTING ON HER KNEE. PLAINAR RECESSION= OVERLAPPING PLAINS OF PEOPLE. MADE OF EGG TEMPURA, GIVES IT A YELLOW TONE, MORE DULL. WE ARE JUST LOOKING AT THE SCENE, NOT BEING PULLED IN LIKE IN THE LAMENTATION. THE LAMENTATION- MADE WITH FRESCO, PAINTING WITH WATERCOLOR PIGMENTS ON A DRY PLASTER, COLORS MUCH BRIGHTER. PROTO-BAROQUE= PRE BAROQUE ART. MOST IMPORTANT CHARACTER IN THIS IMAGE IS JESUS. HE IS THE FOCUS OF THEIR PYSCOLOGICAL ATTENTION. TWO GUYS IN FRONT WITH BACKS TOWARD US- MAKES US WANT TO LOOK OVER THEIR SHOULDERS TO SEE WHATS HAPPENING, PULLS US INTO THE SCENE. UNDERSTANDING OF NATURE. THE EARLY RENAISSANCE 1400-1485 : PERIOD OF STRUGGLE TO STUDY NATURE SCIENTIFICALLY AND REPRESENT IT ACCURATELY. THE WHOLE GOAL IS TO RECREATE PERFECTION AND THEY THINK GREEK ART IS PERFECTION. THE PANTHEON- LARGEST IN TACT ROMAN TEMPLE. MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE IS ITS DOME. ITS DESIGNED BASED ON A SPHERE ITS 152 FT IN DIAMETER. CEILING IS CALLED AN OCULOUS- LETS LIGHT IN. CYLINDER SHAPE UNDER THE DOME- BASE OF BUILDING. SQUARES ARE PREVALENT ALSO. THE COLUMNS ARE 50FT HIGH BUT LOOK SMALL COMPARED TO THE REST OF THE BUILDING. THE DOME OF FLORENCE CATHEDRAL- FLORENCE IS WHERE THE RENAISSANCE STARTED. 1290- THE CATHEDRAL WAS COMPLETED HALFWAY ONLY, BECAUSE NO ONE COULD CREATE A DOME THAT WOULDNT COLLAPSE. 1420- BRUNALESKI CAME UP WITH A DESIGN THAT WORKED. HE CREATED PERSPECTICE IN 1413. TOOK 15 YEARS TO BUILD. HE CAME UP WITH THE DESIGN AND THE TOOLS TO MAKE THE DOME. HE WENT INSIDE THE PANTHEON IN ROME, THE POPE ALLOWED HIM TO CUT A HOLE IN THE TOP OF THE DOME AND SAW THAT THERE WAS 2 LAYERS, HE THEN REPEATED THIS IN HIS DESIGN FOR THE FLORENCE CATHEDRAL. THE ANNUNCIATION- WHEN GABRIEL TELLS MARY SHE IS HAVING A BABY. WHAT MAKES THIS PIECE RENAISSANCE IS THE USE OF PERSPECTIVE. THE BIRTH OF VENUS- THE THEME IS NEOPLATANISM- THE EQUIVELENT OF VENUS IN CHRISTIANITY IS THE VIRGIN MARY. VENUS IN THIS PIECE IS SUPPOSED TO BE MARY, WHO IS SUPPOSED TO BE JESUS. HORA IS SUPPOSED TO BE JOHN THE BAPTIST. THIS WHOLE PIECE IS ABOUT THE BAPTISM OF CHRIST ACCORDING TO NEOPLATANISM .THE SUBJECT IS SHE WAS BORN IN THE SEA COMES ASHORE AND LIVES (REAL STORY NOT WHAT ITS SUPPOSED TO BE LIKE IN NEOPLATANISM). HER BODY IS NOT PROPORTIONATE, HER ARMS ARE TOO LONG, HER SHOULDERS SLOPE DOWN- THIS SHOWS IT IS FROM THE EARLY RENAISSANCE. IN THE RENAISSANCE THOUGHT GREEK ART WAS PERFECTION, MODEL THEIR ART AFTER ANCIENT GREEK ART. THE HIGH RENAISSANCE 1485-1525 : GOAL IS TO IMPROVE ON PERFECTION.
4/11/2011
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE CONTD THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS- POPE COMISSIONED RAPHAEL TO PAINT IT. LOCATED IN THE PAPAL APARTMENTS. THE 4 GREATEST ARTISTST OF THE PERIOD ARE IN IT: RAPHAEL, DA VINCI, MICHELANGELO, BRAMANTE. THE LAST SUPPER- TINTORETTO. THE PIECE COMES OUT AND PENETRATES US INSTEAD OF PULLING US IN. (LIKE 3D TODAY) THIS PAINTING WAS SO DIFFERENT CONCEPTUALLY IT ACTUALLY LEAD TO THE BAROQUE PERIOD. IT IS FROM A MOVEMENT WITHIN THE RENAISSANCE CALLED THE MOVEMENT. IN A SUBTERRANIAN ROOM, WAITERS AND WAITRESSES, MORE LIKE THE REAL WORLD. DAVID- RENAISSANCE. BERNINI. MORE MOVEMENT, HES IN THE ACT OF THROWING THE STONE AT GOLIATH. MEANT TO BE SEEN FROM ALL ANGLES 360 DEGREES.
THE BAROQUE PERIOD: ITALY- CAME RIGHT AFTER THE RENAISSANCE. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION OCCURRED DURING THIS PERIOD. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS CORRUPT, SOLD INDULGENCES. FAMOUS PROTESTORS WERE LUTHER AND CALVIN. BAROQUE PERIOD IS MORE 3D WHERE THE RENAISSANCE DRAWS YOU IN. BAROQUE LIKES THINGS THAT MOVE (DIAGONAL LINES ETC.) NOT STABLE LIKE RENAISSANCE. THE FAADE OF ST. PETERS- GESTURE IS OPEN ARMS WELCOMING THE CATHOLICS BACK IN. THE BALDACCHINO- THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IS FULL OF PAGENTRY. THIS IS THE MAIN CHAMBER/CORRIDOR OF ST PETERS. BELOW THE FLOOR IS THE TOMB OF ST PETER. DOING THINGS ON A LARGE SCALE IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD.
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL- THE DOME IS ALMOST 140 FT IN DIAMETER. THE DOME OF ST. PETERS BASILICA- THE DOME OF THE FLORENCE
CATHEDRAL COULD FIT IN THIS DOME.
THE ECSTACY OF ST. TERESA- ST. TERESA WAS FROM SPAIN. BERNINI WAS
COMISSIONED TO SCULPT THIS OF HER. VERY LARGE STATUE, SHE IS IN A MOMENT OF ECSTACY, CONNECTING WITH GOD. BERNINI DID THIS AFTER READING HER JOURNAL, HE WAS ACCUSED OF BLASPHEMY. SHE IS BEING STABBED WITH A SPEAR AND HER GUTS ARE SPILLING OUT AND ON FIRE. THIS HAS SEXUAL CONNOTATIONS.
THE ENTOMBMENT- CARAVAGGIO. JUDITH AND HOLOFERNES- GENTILESCHI (WOMAN). JUDITH IS STRUGGLING TO
BE HEAD HIM, HES PUTTING UP A FIGHT, GORY. JUDITH WITH THE HEAD OF HOLOFERNES- CARAVAGGIO. JUDITH BE HEADED HIM BC GOD TOLD HER TO. HER FACE LOOKS HESITANT, NOT GORY. THE FARNESE GALLERY- IN AN ART MUSEUM, VERY SIMILAR TO MICHELANGELOS SISTENE CEILING. THE GLORIFICATION OF URBAN VII OR THE TRIUMPH OF THE BARBERINI FAMILY- PEOPLE SAY THIS IS THE EPITOME OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD ART. ON THE CEILING, WHEN VIEWING IT YOU FEEL LIKE YOU ARE BEING SUCKED UPWARD.
THE RAPE OF THE SABINE WOMEN- VERY STILL, LOOKS LIKE THE
RENAISSANCE, FROZEN ACTION, PRIMARY COLORS. FRANCE
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ROCOCO PERIOD COMES AFTER THE BAROQUE PERIOD. THERE IS NO MEANING IN RECOCO ART. THIS PERIOD BEGINS IN FRANCE. MOST IMPORTANT FIGURE IN THIS PERIOD IS KING LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE. EVERYTHING ABOUT HIM HAS A BIG IMPACT ON THE ARTWORK AND CULTURE. VIERZEBUBEILIGEN CHURCH KING LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE THE SWING-
NYMPH AND SATYR- ABOUT SEX, PLEASURE, FUN. THE NEO-CLASSICAL PERIOD THE OATH OF THE HORATII-
The Romantic Period- use emotions and imagination and not their intellect The Oath of Horatii- political The Raft of the Medusa- not political, about emotions, their suffering. Beethoven 9th Symphony 2nd Movement- Romantic Music is very image conjuring. Horses galloping, hunting scene. French National Anthem The Realist Period- uses intellect The Stonebreakers- during the age of invention, blossoming of the industrial revolution, becoming an urban society, he is saying romanticism has no place in this world, this is real world its not pretty. Rejected from the French Art Academy because it does not have a fore, middle, and back ground. Not meant to have any emotion at all, meant to be bland.
Luncheon on the Grass- he also wants to be accepted into the academy but
his painting is so far from what they want he is rejected for life. Manet-father of modern art.
The Gleaners- Millet. Respects the rules of the academy. Gleanings- whats left
over after the harvest.
Olympia- Manet.
Veteran in a New Field- Homer. Civil War Veteran returned from war to farm.
Wheat is hope and tool is Grim Reaper.
The Gross Clinic- Eakins. Self Portrait of Eakins. Lecture at a Medical College
The Impressionist Period- Impressionism is the most popular art in the entire world. Impression Sunrise- considered a piece of garbage at the time. The point is to not look real. His vision of the sun reflected in the fog. Middle class art for a middle class audience by a middle class artist.
4/27/2011
The Realist Period Modern Rebels against the Romantic Period Manet- spokesperson for modern art, realism. The Impressionist Period Take after Manet and Japanese Art. About color, light, everyday life of the middle class. Most radical group of the 19th century. Red Fuji- cut off Sanno Festival Procession- big areas of colors, cut off. Roman Cathedral-
The Bath- by Cassatt. From America. She went to the Pennsylvania Academy
of Fine Arts, but she didnt like it so she went to Paris and went to the Louve and copied art by great artists. She is approached by a man that wants to help her, turns out to be Degas, he takes her under his wing. Painting is a modern mother and child. Uncomfortable composition, cramped.
The Tub- by Degas. From a wealthy, aristocratic family. They disowned him
because he became an artist, they considered that dirty. He went to the academy. Painting in a tight style, some cropping going on. Uncomfortable composition, cramped.
The Symbolist Period The Scream- walking on a bridge and heard a blood curdling scream, shocked. Showing the essence of terror. Entire world is being distorted by this terror.
Cubism
What do Impressionism and Realism have in common? How can they be connected? How do they differ?