MIN 100

CEOLOGY Course Outline

- MINERALOGY
SEMESTER 1

4 hours per weok {one 3 hour block for field trips & one single

hour for preparation, review, lecture, and assignments) Texts: "Physical Ge01ogy~~ Plummer & McGeary by IvManualfor Mineralogyv1 Hurlbut & Klein by IvLab. Manual for Phys. Geol.Iv by Zumberge/Rutford

* from time to time, this manual may be replaced by or alternated with a field book, IvProcedures in Field Geologyvv by T.Freeman, containing practical field examples in which case the laboratory exercises will be provided through' handouts

STUDENTS ARE ADVISED TO PURCHASE ALL TEXTS IN THE FALL,

AS THE BOOKSTORE DOESN'T ALWAYS KEEP SUPPLIES ON HAND FOR
THE-SECOND SEMESTER
Objectives: This course is designed to teach the fundamental concepts of physical and historical geology, as well as make the student familiar with certain fielg mapping/illustration techniques. Although this handout is a long one, students who make the effort to study it will not only have a better impression of what to expect from the course, but also a good idea of what Is expected from them.

Marking/Evaluation/Attendance: More details will be supplied about this near the end of this outline; however, it should be noted that this course is run as though you are on the job! In other words, it is necessarv to be there, on time otherwise, marks (which are your wages) will be deducted.

.. . .

Course Content:
1. Introduction, orientation, and initial concepts

2. Nine geology field trips..Tri-Town area

( 9 weeks) a) Classroom lecture rock cycle, three main rock classes, basic principles, texture, & geol. time - Introductory trip from Haileybury to Dawson Point area, giving regional overview, while reinforcing basic concepts covered in class; Lake Timiskaming fault; Paleozoic rocks

b) Second half of introductory trip, this time showing

the southern half of.the Tri-Town area; general history
of Cobalt; Cobalt Lake fault; three principal rock
divisions

c) Rexwood area; Timiskaming & Ordovician rocks f overburden; first geological section to be done in field d) West Road (Clover Valley area) ; continuing geological section work, through Ordovician, Timiskaming, and Huronian rocks -(ultimately, with each successive trip, to build a 'fence' of sections through the Cobalt camp from the Haileybury outlier to Diabase mountain) e) North Cobalt area; interrelationships between Keewatin, Huronian, & Keweenawan rocks; drill sections f) Agaunico Basin area; cross-sections through major
fault and fold structures
g) LaRose Hill (Agnico Refinery) area; sections through
additional structures, and first attempt at constructing
a 3-D block diagram
h) Nipissing Hill area (Cobalt); sections across a full
suite of local Keewatin and Huronian rocks, as well as
erosional structures, and the Cobalt Lake Fault
i) Little Silver Hill & Diabase Mountain areas; additional structures, and glacial features, and second block diagram
3. Pleistocene glaciation in the Tri-Town area & the deposition of varved clays and boulder clays, and geomorphology; continental and mountain glaciers, their effects, and causes (including Ice Ages)

4. Historical Geology: time scale, and stratigraphy; fossil

identification; video 'The Earth Has A History'

5.

Sedimentary rocks, the deposition and solubility of limestone, and concretions; mechanical weathering Physical properties of minerals up to and including fracture

6.

7 Review .

End of first Semester

= 60

Hours

Instructor: P.J.Bateman
Revised March, 1992

Mark Distribution

&

Evaluation:

1. Term marks are compiled from all assignments, tests/quizzes, attendance, and field marks. Field marks are assigned on: a) a student's willing~~ess participate in field work, to rather than let someone else in the party do it instead.
b) completeness of a student's field gear each trip for example, proper footwear, rain kit, scales, geological hammer, hand lens, etc.
c) ability to practice common sense where safety is concerned d) participation in discussions, and interest shown
e) practical aptitude in the bush

Students will have the opportunity near the end of each

semester to write one make-up test to erase the one worst test
marks obtained during that semester.
The marks on assignments and tests are simply accumulated together i.e. added without weighting so a student can keep a rough tally of his/her progress. Attendance (including lates & absences) accounts for another 5% to lo%, and field marks account for 20% in this first semester. The overall term mark accounts for 55% to 60% of the final mark, the remainder being supplied by the final exam.

---

---

2. If one misses an assignment deadline, then penalty marks are given each day until that assignment is finally handed in. NO ASSIGNMENTS WILL BE ACCEPTED MORE THAN ONE WEEK PAST THE DUE DATE except in unusual, special circumstances.

......

3. CAUTION: If there is reason to believe that assignment work

has been 'copied1 (even if you were just 'working together'), the
instructor may have no choice but to divide the one mark between
all those involved.

4. If one misses a test/quiz, each case is judged

individually. Normallv, a make-up test/quiz may be given later in
the semester at a mutually agreeable time.

5. If you miss a field trip, be aware that you have a great dea.1 to catch up, and that time constraints make it very difficult to find enough hours to run the trip again. As above, each case is assessed individually --- but effort must be made on vour part to catch up notes and all information necessary to complete the relevant assignments.

Hai l e y b u r y School o f Mines

GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND MAPPING ( r e f . S t r u c t u r a l Geology, G .H. Davis)

Introduction: Geological mapping i s t h e h e a r t o f d e s c r i p t i v e a n a l y s i s i n geology. The map t h a t i s produced i s a d e s c r i p t i o n , an image of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f rock u n i t s w i t h i n an area. By t h e use o f symbols, t h e rnap g i v e s a threedimensional p i c t u r e of rocks, s t r u c t u r e s , and contacts on a two-dimensional sheet o f paper. The mare complete and accurate t h e d e s c r i p t i o n , t h e g r e a t e r t h e impact of t h e map. Equipment: The b a s i c t o o l s f o r geologic mapping i n c l u d e covered c l i p b o a r d , hardback f i e l d notebook, p r o t r a c t o r scale, penci 1 ( s ) (hardness 2 t o 4), c o l oured pencils, d r a f t i n g pen, hand lens, r o c k hammer, 2 m tape, and compass. A1 1 these items can be c a r r i e d h a n d i l y on a b e l t and i n a day pack, along w i t h o t h e r gear t h a t may be useful [canteen, c h i s e l , sample bags, fe1 t - t i p marking pen4s)r1,fly dope, f l a g g i n g tape, 50 ft tape, f i r s t a i d k i t , camera, binoculars, p o i k e t , a l t i m e t e r , sunscreen, raincoat, geochemical f i e l d k i t , etc.). Met hods :
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The i n i t i a l step i n p r e p a r i n g h f o r g e o l o g i c a l mapping i s s e l e c t i o g a s u i t a b l e base on which mapping can be c a r r i e d out. I n o t h e r words; one needs t o e s t a b l i s h c o n t r o l f o r t h e mapping p r o j e c t .

A number o f p o s s i b i l i t i e s present themselves. A fundamental one i s t h e pace-and-compass (Fig. A) o r tape-and-compass method. This i s o f t e n reserved f o r mapping v e r y small areas a t a l a r g e scale, (eg. 1: 100 o r 1: 1000). However, i t may a p p l y i n areas such as Northern Ontario, where monotonously u n i f o r m t e r r a i n (unending swamp) and t h i c k bush rnake o t h e r methods (such as a i r photos) less useful.
A g r i d - 1 i n e o r picket,-1 5ne system i s a common technique used f o r d e t a i l e d e x p l o r a t i o n of an area. Upon completion o f t h e gridwork, t h e g e o l o g i s t t r a v e r s e s t h e complete course, mapping t h e l o c a t i o n s and geologic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f bedrock outcrops and any s i g n i f i c a n t f l o a t . The map begins as an o u t c r o p map, b u t may be expanded i n t o a g e o l o g i c map by p r o j e c t i n g and f o l l o w i n g contacts through t h e i n t e r i o r p a r t s o f t h e g r i d . (Fig. B). Geophysicists walk t h e same g l ines w i t h instruments t o moni t o r magnetic, e l e c t r i c a l , and g r a v i t a t i o n a l $ p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e rocks i n t h e subsurface. A d d i t i o n a l l y , s o i l samples f o r m geochemical a n a l y s i s a r e c o l 1ected a1ong t h e g r i d . The combined g e o l o g i c a l , geophysical, and geochemical data, a l l assembled and p l o t t e d on t h e same g r i d , y i e l d u s e f u l d e s c r i p t i v e data r e g a r d i n g t h e o r e p o t e n t i a l of an area.

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F I G . 6: Gridline mapping. (A) Outcrop map showing locations of rock exposures relative to distances within surveyed grid. (8) Geologic map interpreted on the basis of the outcroD relat/onships shown in A.

l a p p i n g Process: The actual process o f mapping begins by determining t h e map u n i t s appropriate t o the p r o j e c t a t hand. For large-scale work, these might be d i s t i n c t i v e markers w i t h i n a s i n g l e formation. For small-scale work, each map u n i t may c o n s i s t o f a number o f rock formations, combined f o r reasons o f s t r a t l g r a p h f c 0.r t e c t o n i c s i g n i f i c a n c e . Selecting map u n i t s involves both reconnajssance f i e l d work and t h e reading o f p e r t i n e n t l i t e r a t u r e . Through these a c t i v i t i e s , t h e l i t h o l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and contact r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e geologic system o f i n t e r e s t become reasonably well known. A s p e c i f i c know1edge of Iit h o l o g i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f each map u n i t i s achieved through v i s i t i n g type l o c a l i t i e s . and through measuring sections of t h e rock i n thearea o f study. Mapping may proceed i n a number o f ways, b u t s i g n i f i c a n t time and e f f o r t w i l l always be invested i n t r a c i n g o u t contacts o f each o f the map u n i t s . I t i s useful e a r l y i n t h e mapping t o traverse across t h e g r a i n o f t h e rocks and structures, t o become f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e . t o t a l spectrum o f rock formations, t h e i r contacts, and t h e i r i n t e r n a l structures. Traverses are a l s o d i r e c t e d along s p e c i f i c contacts, t o c a r r y the u n i t s t o t h e l i m i t s o f the area.

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COST OF EXPLORATION T h e c o s t of exploration varies widely.

Such

f a c t o r s as t e r r a i n , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t i m e of

y e a r and s i z e of t h e job c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e
cost.
T h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s represent i d e a l

c o n d i t i o n s accessible by road ( 1 9 8 5 ) .
CLAIM STAKING LINE CUTTING GEOPHYSICS MAG VLF IP GEOCHEMISTRY HUMIC GOLD $75-125 $250-400 $75-150 $75-160 $250-400 $75-150

p e r claim
p e r km

per km per km p e r km

per km t o collect

$ 1 6 , 0 0 0 p e r km assays GEOLOGY TRENCHING (MACHINE RENTAL) DRILLING (MOB, DEMOB , ETC ) OVERBURDEN DRILLING $100-250 $100-250 $20-40 $10-20

per km

p e r hour

per f t .

per f t .

Estimate the cost of an exploration program

which covers a 20 claim block. consist of:

32 km Line cutting

32 km Geology

32 k n Mag
r

The exploration

32 km VLF

10 km Humic Gold
1000 ' Diamond drilling
(Use the lowest figures)

Example Illustration of How to Discover Ground Distance from Given Land Subdivision Co-ordinates
OBJECT:
GIVEN: to findtke actual ground distance between points A and 6 Point A is located at the NE corner of the NW$ of the SWS of Section 10 in a given Township. Polnt B Is located at the SW corner of the NW: of Section 12 in the same township. STEPS 1. 2. Pick the problem (or the words) apart one at a time! A is at the northeast corner of some block ..... so draw a block, and pin-point the northeast corner.

3.

The next part states that this 'block' happens to be the northwest quarter of something else. Therefore, draw in three more quarters in such a way that 'our block' in the one on the northwest side:

4.

Finally, we're told that this last block is the southwest quarter of Section 10. For the moment, we don't yet have to worry about where Section 10 is ......just add some blocks as shown below, so that 'our block' becomes part of the southwest quarter of Section 10:

5. We should now be able to see that point A is 0.75 miles from the east boundary of section 10, since each section is one
mile per side.

6. Another approach could be illustrated in locating point B.

This time, draw a block that represents Section 12. Divide this block into 4 quarters,and locate the northwest quarter. Now, you can locate the,southwest corner of this last block (the northwest quarter) .... which is point B:

7.

Finally, sketch a representative township, as shown in the lab manual reference sketch, and study the position of Section 10 with respect to Section 12. It should now be clear that the distance between point A and point B is 0.75 miles across part of Section 10, plus another whole mile across Section 11 ...... or 1.75 miles in total.

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1ST YEAR MINERALOGY

(Marks i n b r a c k e t s )

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PHYS. PROP. OF MINERALS 'UNKNOWNS' TEST

T r a y #1 (2) Tray #2 (4.5)

Name t h i s m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l , and i d e n t i f y i t s c l e a v a g e .

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T h r e e m i n e r a l s , labe14&du , B , & C , a r e c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s d tray. Give t h e h a r d n e s s and c l e a v a g e f o r e a c h : A. 4 ~EPrFeCT O C ~ ~ ~ + ~ I P O . L . / B. r W~AL '* f x l u6dtE J [ L , G d ) Give t h f r a c t u r e and 'c)ommon h a b i t o f t h e d l i c mineral resent:
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T r a y #3 (2)
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T r a y #4 ( 3) -

D i s t i n g u i s h between t h e s e two m l n e r a s on t h e b a s i s o f tenacity and, i f p o s s i b l e , i d e n t i f y both minerals:

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Tray #6 Tray #7 (4)

Give t h e s t r e a k and l u s t r e f o r t h i s m i n e r a l .

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P i c k & d e s c r i b e two main p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s f o r e a c h o f t h e s e m i n e r a l s from among t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : . Taste/Feel/Hardness .+ :,., r?. 7 1. A = H~RDE~~<<-:-, FEOLT . ic ~ i . '5 C B. ~ b ~ ~ ~ r ~
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T r a y #8 (3)

Name t h e two principal minerals present:

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Give t h e and, i f possible, c h e m i c a l f o r m u l a e of t h e s e two m i n e r a l s : A >;fc~qu,o pyk Urrvia @us r-izJ-4-

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T r a y #10 (4)

Give t h e c o l o u r and h a b i t f o r t h e two m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t here : / ' % A . MAG$( BLUIS~,; Q U R ~ L ~ COCg b~ j

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T r a y #11 G i v e a v a l u e a s c l o s e as you c a n f o r t h e S.G. o f t h i s (2) mineral. Suggest whether i t ' s p o s s i b l e t o give a f a i r e s t i m a t e f o r t h e S . G . o f t h i s s p e c i m e n u s i n g a hand method, a n d i f n o t , why n o t ? I& , '

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T r a y # 1 2 Y o u ' r e t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e w h i t e v e i n min (3) is quartz o r c a l c i t e . A l s o d e s c r i b e t h e o t h e r main mineral present. [ N o t e : I f you h a v e t r a y #12B, t h e n t h e the o t h e r main m i n e r a l y o u ' r e b e i n g a s k e d f o r i s black, dark green mineral.]