UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY

The Project is submitted to J.N.T.U through M.V.S.R Engineering College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the B.Tech in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By,

D. YAMINI KEERTI RAJ Roll No: 07063A4278

Under the Esteemed guidance of

E.Shanker Rao (B.Tech) Naga Lakshmi(Lecturer)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad 2008 2011

CONCEPT OF PROJECT WORK

Before starting every project, planning in the project is very important task and should taken up with great care as the efficiency of the whole project largely depends up on its planning While planning project each and every stage should be worked out in anticipation and should be carefully considered all the relevant position that is advance. Now a days more stress is being given to bring an engineer forward to establish their own industries and engineering students after completing their course are also being encouraged to establish their own industries. Hence the study on the project planning has become more important. For this reason most of the universities and boards have introduced the project work in the syllabus of final year. Those who want start industry should be project planning. In olden days to avoid the surges and spokes in A.C voltage, we use the automatic voltage regulator circuits. But if the power is failure we have to wait up to the power resumed. Inverter provides the supply even if the power is failure. The switching time between the A.C supply and the inverted supply is

large. So, the information which was stored will be lost. To provide supply immediately without leaving the information, we use uninterrupted power supplies. It uses the fast acting switch less than 5 nano seconds. So, the information will not lose. Using the advantage of UPS we preferred in for our Project work.

Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 2. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING 3. VARIOUS TYPES OF UPS 4. BLOCK DIAGRAM 5. DESCRIPTION OF BLOCKS 6. MODES OF OPERATION 7. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 8. FRONT PANEL CONTROLS 9. ASSEMBLING 10. TROUBLESHOOTING 11. SPECIFICATIONS 12. SAFETY 13. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
GENERAL OVERVIEW: The UPS is a high performance standby uninterruptible power source designed to protect computers and peripheral devices such as monitors, modems, tape drives, etc. from utility line failures which could result in the loss or corruption of valuable data. In the event of a utility failure such as a blackout, brownout or sag, the UPS rapidly transfers loads (computer equipment) to an alternative power source. This alternative power is derived from a battery within the UPS and provides the user with ample time to save files and properly close operation, show much time your equipment can remain operating during a utility failure before the UPSs batteries are drained depends on the capacity. Under normal conditions when the utility voltage is within proper limits, the UPS maintains the battery in a charged condition and serves to isolate your equipment from surges and high frequency electrical noise

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
An uninterruptible power supply/ uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources depends on capacity but sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment.

VARIOUS TYPES OF UPS

A variety of design approaches are used to implement UPS systems, each with distinct performance characteristics. The most common design approaches are as follows 1. Standby UPS 2. Line Interactive UPS 3. Standby-Ferro UPS 4. On-Line UPS y Double Conversion On-Line UPS y Delta Conversion On-Line UPS Standby UPS: The Standby UPS is the most common type used for Personal Computers. In the block diagram illustrated in Figure 1, the transfer switch is set to choose the filtered AC input as the primary power source (solid line path), and switches to the battery / inverter as the backup source should the primary source fail. When that happens, the transfer switch must operate to switch the load over to the battery / inverter backup power source . The

inverter only starts when the power fails, hence the name "Standby." High efficiency, small size, and low cost are the main benefits of this design. With proper filter and surge circuitry, these systems can also provide adequate noise filtration and surge suppression Line Interactive UPS: The Line Interactive UPS, illustrated in Figure 2, is the most common design used for small business, Web, and departmental servers. In this design, the battery-to-AC power converter (inverter) is always connected to the output of the UPS. Operating the inverter in reverse during times when the input AC power is normal provides battery charging. When the input power fails, the transfer switch opens and power flows from the battery to the UPS. With the inverter always on and connected to the output, this design provides additional filtering and yields reduced switching transients when compared with the Standby UPS topology. In addition, the Line Interactive design usually incorporates a tap-changing transformer. This adds voltage regulation by adjusting transformer taps as the input voltage varies. Voltage regulation is an important feature when low voltage conditions exist, otherwise the UPS would transfer to battery and then eventually down the load. This more frequent battery usage can cause premature battery failure. However, the inverter can also be designed such that its failure will still permit power flow from the AC input to the output, which eliminates the potential of single point failure and effectively provides for two independent power paths. High efficiency, small

size, low cost and high reliability coupled with the ability to correct low or high line voltage conditions make this the dominant type of UPS in the 0.55kVA power range Standby-Ferro UPS: The Standby-Ferro UPS was once the dominant form of UPS in the 315kVA range. This design depends on a special saturating transformer that has three windings. The primary power path is from AC input, through a transfer switch, through the transformer, and to the output. In the case of a power failure, the transfer switch is opened, and the inverter picks up the output load. In the Standby-Ferro design, the inverter is in the standby mode, and is energized when the input power fails and the transfer switch is opened. The transformer has a special "Ferro-resonant" capability, which provides limited voltage regulation and output waveform "shaping". The isolation from AC power transients provided by the Ferro transformer is as good as or better than any filter available. But the Ferro transformer itself creates severe output voltage distortion and transients, which can be worse than a poor AC connection. Even though it is a standby UPS by design, the Standby-Ferro generates a great deal of heat because the Ferro-resonant transformer is inherently inefficient. These transformers are also relative to regular isolation transformers; so standby-Ferro UPS are generally quite large and heavy. Standby-Ferro UPS systems are frequently represented as On-Line units, even though they have a transfer switch, the inverter operates in the standby

mode, and they exhibit a transfer characteristic during an AC power failure. Figure 3 illustrates this Standby-Ferro topology High reliability and excellent line filtering are this designs strengths. However, the design has very low efficiency combined with instability when used with some generators and newer power-factor corrected computers, causing the popularity of this design to decrease significantly. The principal reason why Standby-Ferro UPS systems are no longer commonly used is that they can be fundamentally unstable when operating a modern computer power supply load. All large servers and routers use Power Factor Corrected power supplies which draw only sinusoidal current from the utility, much like an incandescent bulb. This smooth current draw is achieved using capacitors, devices which lead' the applied voltage, Ferro resonant UPS system utilize heavy core transformers which have an inductive characteristic, meaning that the current 'lags' the voltage. The combination of these two items forms what is referred to as a 'tank' circuit? Resonance or 'ringing' in a tank circuit can cause high currents, which jeopardize the connected load Double Conversion On-Line UPS: This is the most common type of UPS above 10kVA. The block diagram of the Double Conversion On-Line UPS, illustrated in Figure 4, is the same as the Standby, except that the primary power path is the inverter instead of the AC main In the Double Conversion On-Line design, failure of the input AC does not cause activation of the transfer switch, because the input AC is

charging the backup battery source which provides power to the output inverter. Therefore, during an input AC power failure, on-line operation results in no transfer time Both the battery charger and the inverter convert the entire load power flow in this design, resulting in reduced efficiency with its associated increased heat generation. This UPS provides nearly ideal electrical output performance. But the constant wear on the power components reduces reliability over other designs and the energy consumed by the electrical power inefficiency is a significant part of the life-cycle cost of the UPS. Also, the input power drawn by the large battery charger is often non-linear and can interfere with building power wiring or cause problems with standby generators Delta Conversion On-Line UPS: This UPS design, illustrated in Figure 5, is a newer, 10 year old technology introduced to eliminate the drawbacks of the Double Conversion On-Line design and is available in sizes ranging from 5kVA to 1.6MW. Similar to the Double Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Conversion OnLine UPS always has the inverter supplying the load voltage. However, the additional Delta Converter also contributes power to the inverter output. Under conditions of AC failure or disturbances, this design exhibits behavior identical to the Double Conversion On-Line

A simple way to understand the energy efficiency of the delta conversion topology is to consider the energy required to deliver a package from the 4th floor to the 5th floor of a building as shown in Figure 6. Delta Conversion technology saves energy by carrying the package only the difference (delta) between the starting and ending points. The Double Conversion On-Line UPS converts the power to the battery and back again Whereas the Delta Converter moves components of the power from input to the output In the Delta Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Converter acts with dual purposes. The first is to control the input power characteristics. This active front end draws power in a sinusoidal manner, minimizing harmonics reflected onto the utility. This ensures optimal utility and generator system compatibility, reducing heating and system wear in the power distribution system. The second function of the Delta Converter is to control input current in order to regulate charging of the battery system. The Delta Conversion On-Line UPS provides the same output characteristics as the Double Conversion on- Line design. However, the input characteristics are often different. Delta conversion on-line designs provide Dynamically-controlled, power factor corrected input, without the inefficient use of filter banks associated with traditional solutions. The most important benefit is a significant reduction in energy losses. The input power control also makes the UPS compatible with all generator sets and reduces the need for

wiring and generator over sizing. Delta Conversion On-Line technology is the only core UPS technology today protected by patents and is therefore not likely to be available from a broad range of UPS suppliers. During steady state conditions the Delta Converter allows the UPS to deliver power to the load with much greater efficiency than the Double Conversion design.

COMPARISON SHEET
Type of UPS Standby UPS Range 0 0.5 Voltage Conditioning Low Design Dependant Benefits Low cost, high efficiency, compact High reliability, High efficiency, Good voltage conditioning Excellent voltage Conditioning, High reliability Excellent voltage conditioning, ease of paralleling Excellent voltage conditioning, High efficiency Limitations Uses battery during brownouts, Impractical over 2kVA Impractical over 5kVA Low efficiency, unstable in combination with some loads and generators Low efficiency, Expensive under 5kVA Impractical under 5kVA Inverter Efficiency Condition Very High Always OFF Design Dependant Always OFF Always ON Always ON

Line Interactive UPS

0.5 5

Very High

Standby Ferro UPS

3 15

High

Medium

Double Conversion On-Line UPS Delta Conversion On-Line UPS

5 5000

High

Medium

5 5000

High

High

DESCRIPTION OF BLOCKS
UPS Commonly consists of several blocks like 1. Noise and surge suppression 2. Load transfer switch 3. Inverter 4. Transformer 5. Rectifier 6. Battery 7. Battery charger 8. Static switch Noise and surge suppression: The UPS contains high performance EMI/RFI (Electro-Magnetic and Radio Frequency Interference) noise and surge suppression circuitry to protect your equipment. The UPS provides this suppression continuously. UPS doesnt transfer your load to its internal power source. Instead, the suppression circuitry reduces the amplitude of noise and surges to a level well below that which can be tolerated by your computing equipment.

Load transfer switch: The load transfer switch is actually an electro-dynamic relay which serves to rapidly transfer your computer equipment (load) from the utility to the UPSs alternate power source in the event of a utility failure. When the utility is restored within safe limits, the switch acts to re-transfer the load to the utility. The transfer switch is the only moving part in the UPS. The time required for the relay to transfer your load to either power source is much, much faster than it is required by any modern equipment Inverter: The inverter is a Direct Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC) device. It consists of two semiconductor devices a. Transistor b. SCR a) Transistor: Transistors are typically used on UPSs rated 150 KVA and below. The transistorized UPSs are smaller in size since they use fewer components. The limiting factor for not using transistors on higher rated UPSs is the current rating of the transistor itself; for that reason, a Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) inverter is used b) SCR: SCR-based inverter designs are used on UPSs in the 200 KVA power rating and above. But the determining factor of the inverter performance is the switching method of the semiconductor (transistor on SCR) in order to produce AC output power

Transformer: The UPSs transformer is an electrical component which steps up the output voltage of the inverter to the utility line voltage (115 VAC or 230 VAC). It serves to isolate the UPS from equipment failures Rectifier: Rectifier is a rectifier device, simply means that the exchange of Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC) devices. It has two main functions: First, the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC), through the supply of filtered load, or the supply inverter; second, to provide battery charging voltage. Therefore, it is also play a role in charger Battery: UPS battery is used as a storage energy device, which consists of several cells in series, with a capacity to maintain its size determines the discharge (supply) time. When the electricity is normal, the energy converted into chemical energy stored in the battery internal; when the electricity fails, the chemical energy into electrical energy provided to the inverter or the load. Battery charger: The Battery charger converts the Alternating Current (AC) to a Direct Current (DC) which is compatible with battery. The charger maintains the battery at a constant voltage to ensure that the battery will have the capacity to support the load. This method is known as float charging, provides maximum battery service life and minimal internal heating.

Static Switch: Static switch is a non-contact switch positioned in Figure 6, which is to use two SCR reverse parallel composition of a communication switch, its closed and disconnected from the logic controller control. Conversion and the model is divided into two kinds of type and. Conversion-type switch is mainly used for two-way power supply system, its role is to achieve all the way to another road from the automatic switching; and model switch is mainly used for parallel inverters with electricity or more inverter

MODES OF OPERATION
1. Normal Mode 2. Emergency Mode 3. Recharge Mode 4. Bypass Mode 5. Maintenance Bypass Mode Normal Mode: The critical AC load is supplied continuously by the inverter. The rectifier/charger derives power from a utility AC source and supplies DC power to the inverter while simultaneously charging a battery system. The inverter converts the DC power into clean and regulated AC power that is then supplied to the critical load through the static transfer switch. Emergency Mode: Upon failure of the utility AC power, the AC load supplied by the inverter will draw its power from the batteries. There shall be no interruption of power switching from AC power to batteries or switching from batteries to

AC power upon its restoration. While the battery powers the UPS, indication for actual battery backup time shall be provided Recharge Mode: Upon restoration of AC power, even if the batteries are completely discharged, the UPS will restart. The rectifier/charger shall assume the inverter and battery recharge loads. If the bypass source is within acceptable limits, the UPS will retransfer the critical load back to the inverter. Bypass Mode: When the inverter overload capacity is exceeded, the static transfer switch shall perform a transfer of the load from the inverter to the bypass source with no interruption in power to the critical load. Maintenance Bypass Mode: If for some reason the UPS has to be taken out of service for maintenance or repair, the UPS shall be provided with an optional, external maintenance bypass switch to enable a load transfer from the inverter to the bypass source with no interruption of power to the critical load

FRONT PANEL CONTROLS

Test / Alarm Disable switch: A dual function Test / Alarm Disable switch (400VA, 450VA, 600VA, 900VA and1250VA models) allows you to check for proper operation by initiating a transfer to on-battery operation. This test ensures that the UPS is not overloaded and will support the system load during an actual power disturbance. By using the Test function throughout the life of the UPS, you can estimate when the UPS's battery should be replaced. During a utility failure, the Alarm Disable portion of the switch can be pressed to silence the alarm.

Option switches: Option switches (400VA, 450VA, 600VA, 900VA and 1250VA models) allow you to adjust the UPS for applications where frequent or rapid utility voltage fluctuations cause the UPS to transfer to on-battery operation too often. Audible alarm functions can be altered so that warning of utility failure or low battery conditions are given when desired

Site wiring fault indicator: A site wiring fault indicator warns you of hot-neutral reversal, open ground and overloaded neutral faults. Faulty wiring prevents the safety features and surge protection circuits built into this UPS from operating properly. Check this indicator during installation or whenever your building's wiring has been serviced - call a qualified electrician if the indicator is illuminated.

Surge suppression and EMI/RFI filtering: The UPS provides high performance surge suppression and EMI/RFI (electromagnetic and radio frequency interference) filtering. The UPS suppresses surges defined by the ANSI C 62.41 (formerly IEEE 587) Category A and B standard to levels well below that which is compatible with your computer Remote interface: A remote computer interface port (400VA, 450VA, 600VA, 900VA and 1250VA models) capable of signaling utility failure and low battery conditions is provided for unattended shutdown of computer operations. When teamed with Power Chute UPS monitoring software, you may select operation of power event logging, power event notification, automatic restart upon power restoration, and battery conservation features

ASSEMBLING
The Cabinet is made up of Soft iron Metal. The Holes on the front side are made to the cabinet upon the requirement of no of switches and options available for that device. On the back side of the cabin a socket is fixed to take the output from the UPS. The two way transformer is fixed at the base of the lower part of the cabin. The full wave rectifier is fitted beside the transformer. The Isolating and the relay transformers are based on the upper side of the cabin. The Relays and the circuit boards for the AVR and the oscillator are fixed at the upper base of the cabin.

TROUBLESHOOTING
PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE ACTION TO TAKE
Che ck fit of line cord plug. Circu it b reak er is tripped when bu tton is extended. Unp lu g excessive lo ad s and reset br ea k er (p ress but t on). Check wall sock et with a t able lamp. A qualified electrician should b e su mmo ned to correct the building wirin g. The UP S will not provid e rate d n oise an d surg e supp r ession with inco rre ct buildin g wiring. Plug the UPS into 2 poles, 3 wir e groun ding outlet only.

Line cord plug is loose. UPS will not turn on (lamp within power I/0 R ear p an el circu it b rea ker is swit ch is n ot illu min a t ed), b ut b eep s tripped. wh en p o w er I/0 swit ch is on. Dead wall sock et .

UPS operates normally, but SITE WIRING FAULT indica tor is illuminated.

Bu ilding wirin g er ro r su ch a s missing grou nd, ho t and n eu t ra l p olarity rever sal, or over loa ded neut ral wir ing. "Ch ea t er " plugs or ad apt er installed ont o line cord plug (gr oun d no t conn ect ed ).

This ope ration is normal. The UPS occasionally emits The U PS is briefly t r ansferr ing UP S is protecting yo ur compu t er beep, c omputer you r eq uip men t to it s a ltern at e equipment from abnormal ut ilit y eq uip ment opera tes p ower source due to utility voltages. If the audible ala rm nor mally. vo ltag e sags or sp ik es. beco mes anno ying, s et opt ion s w itc h to t he up p osition . H ave yo ur line voltage check ed b y an electrician. O peratin g your UP S fro m an outlet which is wired to a differ en t b ranc h fuse or cir cuit br eak er may help. Adjust tra nsfer voltage via op tion; equipment will operate nor ma lly at th e utility voltages

U P S emits beep very often, more t h a n once o r Utility voltage is distorted or twice an h ou r . bran ch circuits are heavily load ed. C omput er eq uipment opera tes n or mally.

PROBLEM

POSSIBLE CAUSE

ACTION TO TAKE T ur n off UP S a nd unplug excessive loa ds. La s er pr inters will over loa d the UPS a nd shou ld be plugged int o a qua lit y sur ge s uppr es so r. See t h e section covering Over loa ds. Once overload is removed, r eset t h e c ircuit break er (pr ess but t on).

U PS emits loud t one. P ower I/0 s wit ch is on b ut comput er equipment is not U P S ha s shut down due to po wered. UP Ss r ear sever e overloa d. pa nel cir cuit br eak er is t r ipped. Nor mal voltages a r e kno wn to be pr esent .

UPS emit loud during UPS has shut down due to Turn off UPS and unplug utilit y failur e. Power overload. excessive loads. Recheck I/O swit ch is on but comput er system power comput er equipment requir ements as described in is not power ed. Rear installation instructions. UPS pa nel circuit breaker may be tur ned on when utility is not tripped. has been r est or ed. Excessive loa ds connect ed Unplug excessive loads from at UPSs output UPS. Recheck comput er receptacles. s ystem power requirements as described in installation instructions. UPS does not provide expect ed run time. Battery is wea k due t o The batter y s hould be Low batter y warning wear or recent operation rechar ged by lea ving t he UPS is sounded during utilit y power plugged in for 12 hours - do prematurely. outage. not operate Test contr ol during r echarge. If UPS s ounds low battery war ning prematurely when r et est ed, batter y should be repla ced. Check fit of line cord plug. Unplug excessive loads and res et circuit breaker. The UPS responds to this signa l only during utility failures (loa d is operating from t he UPSs int er nal power source).

UPS beeps Line cor d plug is loose. cont inuously. Lamp Circuit breaker is tripped. within I/0 power s witch is illu minat ed. Ut ility is not failed. UPS does not shut Signal not applied during down when RS-232 utilit y failur e. HI level is applied t o comput er int erface

Signal is not referenced t o Signal must be referenc ed to UPS common. the UPSs common

SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL PARAMETERS: 1. Input Voltage: Single Phase 120 Vac /230 Vac Three Phase 415 Vac 2. Input frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz (User configurable) 3. Rectifier frequency: 40-65 (Hz) 4. Sync frequency: 50 +/- 8% (Hz)

GENERAL OPERATING CONDITIONS: 1. Operation temperature: 0C to +40C (+32F to +104F) 2. Storage temperature: -15C to +50C (+5F to +122F) 3. Relative humidity: 0% to 95% (non-condensing) 4. Audible noise (at 1 meter): < 60 dB

SAFETY
Precautions: 1. To reduce the risk of electric shock, disconnect the Uninterruptible Power Source from the mains before installing a computer interface signal cable 2. De-energize the Uninterruptible Power Source in an emergency, move the I/O switch to the O (off) position and disconnect the power cord from the mains 3. Avoid installing the Uninterruptible Power Source in locations where there is water or excessive humidity
4.

Do not allow water or any foreign object to get inside the Uninterruptible Power Source

5. Make sure that the AC Utility outlet is correctly grounded. 6. Do not try to repair the unit yourself, contact your local supplier or your warranty will be void. 7. Use a certified input power cable with the correct plugs and sockets for the appropriate voltage system. 8. Make sure the battery bank is installed within the proper environment 9. Do not install the battery bank under direct sunlight. Your warranty will be void if the batteries fail due to overheating. 10.This battery bank is designed for indoor use only. 11.This battery bank is not designed for use in dusty, corrosive and salty environment.

12.The battery will discharge naturally if the system is unused for a period of time. 13.It should be recharged every 2-3 months if unused. If this is not done, then the warranty will be null and void. 14.Servicing of Batteries Should be Performed or Supervised by Trained Personnel with Knowledge of Batteries and the Required Precautions 15.When Replacing Batteries, Replace With the Same Quantity, Type & Capacity. 16.Do Not Dispose of Battery or Batteries in an open fire. The Battery May Explode. 17.Do not open or mutilate the batteries. The electrolyte from the batteries is toxic and harmful to the skin and eyes. 18.Risk of Electric Shock Battery Circuit is not isolated from AC, hazardous Voltage may exist between battery terminals and ground. Test before touching with bare hands. 19.A Battery can present a Electrical Shock and High Short Circuit Current. The Following Precaution to be taken When Working on Batteries: A) Remove watches, rings, or other metal objects. B) Use tools with insulated handles. C) Wear rubber gloves and boots. D) Do not lay tools or metal parts on top of batteries. E) Disconnect charging source prior to connecting or disconnecting battery terminals

REFERENCES
BOOKS REFERENCE: 1. ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY B.L.THERAJA & A.K.THERAJA 2. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS V.K.MEHTA 3. INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS B.K.VISWANATH

WEB REFERENCE: 1. www.mgepowerlearning.com 2. www.apc.com 3. www.stacoenergy.com