CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 9:
MANUFACTURED SUBTANCES IN INDUSTRY
NAME: MUHAMAD JAMIL ABDULLAH I/C: 950406-03-5567 TEACHER: SIR ZAINUR

SCHOOL: SEK. MEN. KEB. JELAWANG

What You Will See & Learn In This Folio is.

9.1: Manufacture of sulphuric acid - Uses of sulphuric acid - Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry - Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide 9.2: Manufacture of Ammonia & its salt - Uses of ammonia - Manufacture of ammonia - Preparation of ammonium fertilizers in laboratory 9.3: Alloys - Arrangement of atoms in pure metal - Alloy - Arragement of atoms in alloys
- Uses of alloy

9.4: Synthetic Polymers and their Uses - Natural Polymers - Synthetic Polymers - Uses of Synthetic Polymers
- Effect of the disposal of items made from synthetic polymers on the environment.

9.5: The Uses of Glass and Ceramics

- Types, composition, characteristics and uses of glass - Composition, properties and uses of ceramics 9.6: The Uses of Composite Materials - Composite materials (a): Reinforced concrete (b): Superconductor (c): Fibre glass (d): Fibre optics (e): Photochromic glass (f): Ceramic glass (g): Plastic strengthened with glass fibres

9.1: MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

Uses of sulphuric acid
Uses of sulphuric acid ,H SO ,in our daily life are as below: - Manufacture of fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate , - Manufacture of electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators (car battery) - Manufacture of soap and detergents - Manufacture of pesticides (insecticide) - Manufacture of plastic item such as rayon and nylon - Manufacture of paint and dyes

Manufacture of sulphuric acid in industry

1. Sulphuric acid, H SO , is manufactured in industry through the Contact process 2. The manufacturing of sulphuric acid , H SO, in industry Involves three stages:

Environmental pollution by sulphur dioxide

1. Fossil fuel such as petrol and manufactured products of sulphuric acid , H SO , contain sulphur. S 2. Burning of these products will oxidise sulphur ,S, to form sulphur dioxide, SO 3. Sulphur dioxide, SO , is an acidic gas. When it dissolves in rainwater, it forms sulphurous acid, ,H SO , and causes acid rain 4. Sulphur trioxide, SO , will also form when sulphur dioxide, SO , reacs with oxygen, O , gas in air 5. When sulphur trioxide, SO , dissolves in rainwater, sulphuric acid, H SO , is also formed causing acid rain. 6. The effects of acid rain on the environment are as below: (a) Corrodes and destroys property such as bridges, building & statues. (b) Reduces pH of soil and causes it to be unsuiable for plant life. (c) Reduces pH of water and causes the death of aquatic life.

9.2: MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA & ITS SALT

Uses of ammonia Uses of ammonia, NH , in daily life are as below:
- Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium phosphate, (NH ) PO - Manufacture of nitric acid, HNO , through the Ostwald process. - Manufacture of electrolytes in dry cells - Manufacture of cleaning agents such as washing powder and detergents - Manufacture of explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) - Manufacture of dyes

Properties of ammonia
Properties of ammonia, NH , are sumarised below:

Manufacture of ammonia

Ammonia, NH , is manufactured on a large scale in factories through the Haber Process In the Haber process, nitrogen, N , and hydrogen, H , gases are mixed in the ratio of 1:3 volumes (or moles)

The hydrogen, H , gas is obtained from methane CH , a type of natural gas, while nitrogen, N , gas is obtained from air by fractional distillation of liquefied air. The gas mixture is passed over iron (catalyst) at a temperature of 450-550 C and compressed under a pressure of 200-500 atmoshpere. The ammonia, NH , gas obtained is cooled (temperature of -50 C) to become liquid ammonia, NH (l).

Preparation of ammonium fertilizers in the laboratory

Ammonium fertilizers are nitrogenous fertilizers that can provide nitrogen elements to plants. Examples of ammonium salts are used as fertilizers are ammonium nitrate, NH NO , ammonium sulphate, (NH ) SO , and ammonium phosphate, (NH ) PO . Ammonia, NH , dissolves in water to form ammonia solution, NH (aq), (aqueous ammonia or ammonium hydroxide, NH OH) Neutralisation reaction between ammonia solution, NH (aq), and acid solution produces ammonium, NH , salt which is used as fertilizers.

Neutralisation reaction
Ammonia solution + phosphoric acid Ammonia solution + nitric acid Ammonia solution + sulphuric acid

Ammonium salt (fertiliser)

Ammonium phosphate Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulphate

9.3: ALLOYS
Arragement of atoms in pure metal
Pure metal is soft and not very strong. Atoms of pure metals have similar size and shape and are arranged closely but there is still space between the atoms. When force is applied to pure metals, the atoms slide along one another easily. This property causes pure metal to be ductile, that is, it can be stretched into a wire. When knocked or hammered, metal atoms slide along one another to fill spaces between the metals atoms. This property causes pure metal to be malleable, that is it can be knocked or pressed into various

Alloy
An alloy is a substance from a mixture and other elements A foreign atom (impurity atom) may be atoms of other metals or non-metals such as carbon. the process of mixing atoms of impurities with atoms of pure metal by melting is called alloying The aims of alloying are to: Increase the strength and hardness of the metal Prevent corrosion of the metal Improve the appearance of the metal so that it is more attractive.

Arragement of atoms in alloys Impurity atoms which are mixed may be larger or
smaller than atoms of pure metal. Impurity atom fill the empty spaces between the atoms in pure metal. Impurity atoms can prevent the layers of metal atoms from sliding along one another easily. Due to this, an alloy is harder & stronger than pure metal. For example, stell is harder than iron.

Uses of alloy

The properties of alloy such as its strength, ability to withstand corrosion and its shiny appearance cause it to be suitable to be made into various items for daily use.

9.4: SYNTHETIC POLYMERS & THEIR USES

Polymers are long chains of molecules made from combination of many small molecules. Small molecules that combine to form polymers are called monomers Polymerisation is a process of combining monomers to form a long chain of molecules.

Polymers can be divided by 2. Natural polymers Synthetic polymers

Natural Polymers

A natural polymer is a polymer that occurs naturally Natural polymers are normally made by living organism.

Natural Polymers Rubber Cellulose Strach Protein Fat Nucleic Acid

Monomers(small molecule) Isoprene Glucose Glucose Amino Acid Fatty Acid & Glycerol Nucleotides

Synthetic Polymer

 Synthetic (artificial) polymers are man-made polymers

that are produce from chemical compounds through polymerization. Plastic, synthetic fibres and synthetic rubbers are three examples of synthetic polymers. There are two types of polymerisation: Addition polymerisation Condensation polymerisation

( Addition polymerisation)

Unsaturated monomers that contain double bonds between two carbon atoms undergo addition polymerisation.

Monomers undergo addition polymerisation as shown below.

 If the structure of a monomer is known, the structural formula of its synthetic polymer can be determined as shown below: Step 1:
Write the symbol for two carbon atoms with double bonds in the middle. push the atom or molecule that is tied to the two carbon atoms above or below two carbon atoms.

Step 2:
Change or open the double bond into two single covalent bonds and draw brackets.

Step 3:
Write the letter n at the bottom right-hand corner of the molecule.

(Example 1)

You are given a propane monomer, C H . Write the structual formula of the synthetic polymer.

The monomers in a polymer can be determined. The following guidelines are given to help you to determine the monomer in a polymer, formed through the addition polymerisation.

(Example 2) Part of the structure of a molecule of a polymer (PVC) is given below. Determine and name the monomer.

( Condensation polymerisation)

 Small molecules such as water, H O, and ammonia, NH

, are released in condensation polymerisation. Monomer
(a) Adipic acid and hexanediamine (b) 1,4-dicarboxylbenzene & ethane-1,2-diol

Polymer Nylon Terylene

Example of synthetic polymer and their monomer

Uses of synthetic polymers.

 Synthetic polymers are used widely in daily life.

Type of polymer Polythene

Use

Make bucket, plastic bag, raincoats, films, bowls and rubbish bins. Polyvinyl chloride Make water pipes, electric cables, mats (PVC) vinyl records and clothes. Perspex Make car windscreens, airplane window panes & spectacle lense. Nylon Make ropes, curtain, stocking and clothes Polypropene Make ropes, bottles, chairs, drink can, and carpets. Polystyrene Make packing boxes, buttons, & noticeboards Terylene Make textile item such as clothes & cloths.
Application of synthetic polymers

 Synthetic polymers such as plastic, synthetic fibres &

synthetic rubber have been used to replace various natural items such as cotton, silk, glass, metal, timber & rock.

Natural compound that The advantages of synthetic have been replaced by polymers compared to natural synthetic polymers compounds Cotton and Silk Stronger, more durable, withstands dirt, and does not wrinkle easily Paper Waterproof, does not wrinkle or tear easily Timber Does not rot easily Metal Lighter, does not corrode easily, more easily forged and coloured Glass and Ceramics Does not break easily Marble (rock) Cheaper
Advantages of synthetic polymers used to replace natural compounds

Effects of the disposal of item made from synthetic polymers on the environment

Synthetic polymer are not biodegradle (not decomposed by microorganisms). The careless disposal of items made from synthetis polymers such as plastic causes environmental pollution. The effect of burning and careless disposal of items made from synthetic polymers on the environment are as below (a) Burning of synthetic polymers Release pollutants that endanger health uch as smoke, gases that are smelly poisonous and corrosive such as sulphur dioxide, pollutants that cause acid rain and the greenhouse effect.

(b) Careless disposal of synthetic polymers Spoils the beauty of the environment Causes flash floods during heavy rainfall Endangers marine life like turtles that accidentally eat polymers such as plastic as its food.

The best way to manage used items made from synthetic polymers is to recycle them. Plastics that are biodegradable can be used instead to reduce environmental pollution.

9.5: THE USES OF GLASS AND CERAMICS

Types, composition, characteristics and uses of glass

The main component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO , which obtain from sand The main characteristics of glass are Brittle Hard Chemically inert Transparent Not permeable to gas and liquid (fluid) Does not conduct electricity Heat insulator The most simple glass is fused silica glass. This glass mainly contains silica, SiO , Most of the glass are produced by mixing molten silica, SiO , with other compounds. Glass can be recycled. Glass can also be melted and solidified repeatedly.

 Diffferent types of glass have different uses

Composition, properties and uses of ceramics

Ceramics are made from clay that has been heated at a very high temperature. The main component of ceramics is silicate Most ceramics contain silicon, Si, oxygen, O, and aluminium, Al. Unlike glass, ceramics cannot be recycled. Ceramics that have been solidified cannot be melted again as they are extremely heat resistant. Common properties of ceramics Brittle Extremely hard High melting point Withstand compression Cracks when temperature changes drastically Several uses of ceramics are as follows. Manufactured of computer microchip Make dentures (enamel) Make porcelain, vase and ornamental items Make plates, bowls and pots Used in the manufacturing of car engines, spacecraft, superconductors and nuclear reactors.

9.6: THE USES OF COMPOSITE

MATERIALS
In this modern world, the demand for items with specific properties is high Compounds with specific properties are combined to produce a composite material that meets the requirements of industry, construction and transportation

Composite materials
Composite materialsare produced from the combination of two or more different compounds such as alloys, metals, glass, polymers and ceramics. The characteristics of the produced material are much more superior than those original components. Several uses of composite materials are: (a) Reinforced concrete Made from a mixture of cement, gravel, sands, water, iron or steel to produce nets, rods or bars Strong, high tensile strength and cheap Construction material for buildings, bridges, highway and dams.

(b)

Superconductor

 Made from various components such as mixture of niobium and germanium Compound that has no electrical resistance (zero resistance) Can function only under extremely low temperatures Used in the transportation, telecommunications and astronomy industries and in medical field

(c) Fibre glass Made from silica, sodium carbonate, and calcium carbonate Good insulator of heat and electricity Used to make protective apparel for astronauts and firefighters

(d) Fibre optics Made from glass, copper and aluminium Enables information to be transmitted in light form at high speed (speed of light) Used in the field of communication to make electrical cables and in the field of medicine to observe internal organs without performing surgery

(e) Photochromic glass Produced from molten silica that is mixed with a little silver chloride, AgCl Dark in color when exposed to bright light (ultraviolet ray) and bright when in the dark Used to make optical lenses and glass windows (windshields) of certain vehicles (f) Ceramic glass Produced by exposing glass that contains certain amount of metals to ultraviolet rays and heating it at high temperature Used to make cooking material and rocket head

 Withstand heat (g) Plastic strengthened with glass fibres Made of plastic and glass fibres Composite plastics that are very strong, light, easily formed and can withstand corrosion Use to make body of car & aeroplane, rods and other parts of aeroplans.