Chapter 14 halogens

1. Use the fact that Cl2 is a stronger oxidizing agent than Br2 to devise a way to prepare elemental bromine from an aqueous solution of the Br- ion 2Explain why students often believe that HCl is an ionic compound. describe the evidence that it is not 3.Hydrazine is made by a reaction known as the rasching process: 2NH3(aq) + NaOCl(aq)------N2H4(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2H4(aq)+H2O(l) decide whether this is an oxidazion-reduction reaction. If it is, identify the compound oxidation and compound reduced 4.Chlorine dioxide, ClO2 , is used commercially as a blewach or a disinfectant because of its excellent oxidizing ability. ClO2 is prepared by decomposing Chlorous acid 8HOClO(aq)_____6ClO2(g) + Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l) ls this an oxidation-reduction reaction? If it is, identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. 5. Which of the halogens is the most active, or reactive? Explain why? 6 descibe the differences between halogens and halides. Give example of each. 6. Fe3+ ions can oxidize Br- ions to Br2, but they cant oxidize Cl- ions to Cl2. use this information to determine where the Fe3+ ion belongs in the following sequence of decreasing oxidizing strength: F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 7. HBr can be prepared by reacting PBr3 with water: PBr3(l) + 3H2O(l)___3HBr(aq) + H3PO3(aq). 8.Use the information to explain what happens in the following reaction: P4(s) + 6Br2(s) + 12H2O(l)______ 12HBr(aq) + 4H3PO3(aq) 9. Explain why chorine reacts with fluorine to form ClF3 but not FCl3. 10.Chlorine reacts with with base to form the hypochlorine ion: Cl2(aq) + 2OH-(aq)____Cl-(aq) + OCl-(aq) + H2O(l) Use this information to explain why people who make the mistake of mixing chlorox with toilet bowl cleaners that contain hydrochloric acid often suffer damage to their lungs from breathing chlorine gas.

Chapter 15 oxygen family element

1.Use Lewis structures to explain what happens in the following reactions: Cl + O3 ____ClO + O2, ClO + O____Cl + O2 2. Identify the the oxidizing agents and reducing agents in the following reaction: CH4(g)+2O2(g)____CO2(g)+2H2O(g) 3. Use lews structures to explain what happens in the following reactions:H2O2+2e-____2OHH2O2_____O2+2H++2e4. Use the reactions that describe what happens when H2O2 loses a pair of electrons or picks up a pair of electrons to explain why the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide gives oxygen and water. 5. Which of the following elements or compounds reacts with water to produce a solution that could be used to produce a solution could be used to produce O2? A. Na B.Na2O C. Na2O2 D. NaOH E.NaCl 6. Describe three ways of preparing small quantities of O2 in the lad. 7. Describe the relationship among oxygen (O2), the peroxide ion (O22-), and the oxide ion (O2-).Explain why the number of electrons shared by a pair of oxygen atoms decreases as the oxidation number of the oxygen becomes more negative.

8. Which of the following elements or compounds could ultimately produce O 2 when it reacts with water ? A.Ba B. BaO C. BaO D. Ba(OH)2 E. Ba(NO3)2 9. Explain why the only compounds in which oxygen has a positive oxidation number are compounds, such as OF2, that contain fluorine. 10.Use the tendency of sulfur to form polysulfide ions to explain why ion has an oxidation number of in iron pyrite, FeS2, one of the most abundant sulfur ores 11. Write the Lewis structures for ozone, O3, and sulfur dioxide, SO2, discuss the relationship between these compounds 12. Explain why elemental oxygen exists as O2 molecules , whereas elemental sulfur forms S8 molecules. 13. Explain why sulfur forms compounds such as SF4 and SF6, whereas oxygen can only form OF2 14. describe the relationship between the thiosulfate and sulfate ions and between the thiocynate and cyanate ions. Use this relationship to the formula of the trithiocarbonate ion. 15. write the Lewis structures of the following products of the reaction between sodium and sulfur. A. Na2S B.Na2S2 C. Na2S3 D Na2S8 16. Explain why sulfur readily forms compounds in the +2 +4 and +6 oxidation states, but only a handful of compounds exist in which oxygen is in a positive oxidation state. 17. Explain why sulfur-containing compounds such as FeS 2, CS2 and H2S form SO2 instead of SO3 when they burn. 18. Use Lewis structures to explain what happens when the SO32- ion reacts with sulfur to form thiosulfate S2O3219. Explain why problems with acid rain would be much more severe if sulfur compounds burned from SO3 instead of SO2. 20. Explain why hydrogen pexoxide can be either an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent. Describe at least one reaction in which H2O2 oxidizes another substance and one reaction in which it reduces another substance.

Chapter 16 nitrogen family element

1. The Lewis structures for hydrogen azide (NH3) and the azide (N3-) ion. 2. Use the following enthalpy of formation data to explain why NF3 is essentially inert at room temperature, whereas NCl3 decomposes violently to N2 and Cl2 Compound ( ) NF3(g) -124.7KJ/mol NCl3(l) 230KJ/mol 3. Nitrogen has a reasonable oxidation number in all of the following compounds, and yet one of them is still impossible. Which one is impossible? A NF3 B NF5 C NO3- D NO2- E NO 4. Earths atmosphere contains roughly 4106 tons of nitrogen, and yet the biggest problem facing agriculture in the world today is a lack of nitrogen. Explain why. 5. Explain why elemental nitrogen is almost inert, but nitrogen compounds such as NH 4NO3, NaN3, nitroglycerine, and trinitrotoluene (TNT) form some of the most dangerous explosives. 6. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen are paramagnetic?

A. N2O B.NO C. NO2 D.N2O3 E. N2O4 F. N2O5 7. Use Lewis structures to explain what happens in the following reaction: 2NO+ O2 _____2NO2 8. Use Lewis structures to explain why NO reacts with NO2 to form N2O3 when a mixture of these compounds is cooled. 9. Describe ways of preparing small quantities of each the following compounds in laboratory A. N2O B. NO C. NO2 D. N2O4 10. Describe how to tell the difference between a flask filled with NO gas and a flask filled with N2O 11. Lighting catalyzes the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere to form nitrogen oxide NO N2(g) +O2(g)___2NO(g) explain why lightning is a source of acid rain. 12.Which of the following element or compounds is not involved at some stage in the preparation of nitric acid? A. O2 B.N2 C. NO D. NO2 E. H2 13. Explain why phosphors forms both PCl3 and PCl5 but nitrogen forms only NCl3 14. explain why nitrogen is essentially inert at room temperature, but white phosphorus bursts spontaneously into flame when it comes into contact with air. 15. Explain why red phosphorous is much less reactive than white phosphorous. 16. Explain why nitrogen forms extraordinary stable N2 molecules at room temperature, but phosphorus form P2 molecules only at very high temperatures. 17. Explain why nitric acid has the formula HNO3 and phosphoric acid has the formula H3PO4 18. Write the Lewis structure for phosphoric acid, H3PO4, and phosphorous acid, H3PO3. explain why phosphoric acid can lose three H+ ions to form a phosphate ion PO43- ,whereas phosphorous acid can lose only two H+ ions to form the HPO32- ion. 19. Explain why only two of the four hydrogen atoms in H4P2O5 are lost when this oxy-acid forms an oxy-anion. 20. Describe the role of carbon in the preparation of elemental phosphorus from calcium phosphate. 21. Predict the product of the reaction of phosphorus with excess oxygen and then predict what will happen when the product of this reaction is dissolved in wateer. 22. Explain why the most common oxidation states of antimony are +3 and +5. 23. Which of the following compounds should not exist: A.NA3P B. (NH4)3PO4 C.PO2 D. PH3 E.POCl3 24. Suggest tests which could be used to distinguish among NO N2O5 and NO2 25. Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25() for the disproportionation of 3 mol equeous HNO2 to yield gases NO and aqueous NO3-. The standard protenial for the reduction of HNO2 to NO is 0.99v, that for the redution of NO3- to HNO2 is 0.94v, comment on the stability of HNO2.

Chapter 17 carbon silicon boron

1. Use the structure of graphite to explain why the bonds between carbon atoms are so strong that it is difficult to boil off individual carbon atoms, and yet the material is so soft it can be used as a lubricant. 2. Explain why silicon forms a covalent carbide, but calcium forms an ionic carbide. 3. Write balanced equations for the combustion of both CO and H2 that explain why a mixture of these gases can be used as a fuel.

4. What factors are responsible for the diference in the properties of CO2 and SiO2? 5. Diagram possible structures of the B4H10 and B5H11 molecules, showing the existence of threecentered bridge bonds 6. Biborance reacts with water to form boric acid and hydrogen. What is the pH off the solution which results when 1.0g B2H6 reacts with 100mL water? Assume the final volume to be 100mL

Chapter 18 brief summary of nonmental elements

1. list the elements that arte nonmentas. Describe where these elements are found in the periodic table. 2. which of the following elements can exist as a triatomic molecule? A. hydrogen B. helium C. sulfur D. oxygen E. chlorine 3. which of the following cant be found in nature? Explain why. A. MgCl2 B. CaCO3 C. Fe D. Na3AlF6 E. NaCl 4. explain why more electronegative elements tend to oxidize electronegative elements. 5. suggest three tests which can be used to distinguish between a metal and a nonmental.

Chapter 19 metals general property

1. Suggest how the properties of liquid metals, such as mercury, support the bad theory of metallic bonding 2. Plot the melting points of NaCl, KCl RbCl. And CsCl results their formula weights. By extrapolation of the plot, estimate the melting point of lithium chloride. Explain why LiCl actually melts at a much lower temperature. 3. In steel manufature, manganese metal is used as a scavenger to reduce traces of iron oxide and ion sulfide, suggest two reasons why manganese is effective for this purpose. 4. Explain why transition group 8 includes nine elements, whereas the other trastion groups contain three elements each.

Chapter 20 s-block metals (alkali metals alkaline-earth metals)

1. Write a balancd equation for the following reaction Li(s) + O2(s) ____ 2. Which group 2A metal, Mg <Ca Or Ba, would be the most likely to form a peroxide? 3.Describe the differenc between the hydrogen atoms in metal hydrides such as LiH and nonmental hydrides such as CH4 and H2O 4. Write phosphorus bursts spontaneously into flame in the presence of air and Cs threrfore stroed under water. Cesium metal can also burst into flame in the presence of air , but it can be stroed under water, why not? 5.Cesium metal is so active that it reacts explosively with cold water and even with ice at temperature but magnesium only reacts with steam at high temperatures. 6. Write balanced equations for the reations lend to the explosions that occur when water is poured into burning magnesium metal. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs when someone tries to extinguish buring magnesium metal with a CO2 extinguisher. 7. Explain why BaO2 must be a peroxide, [Ba2+][O22-],and not an oxide [Ba4+][O2-]2 8. Explain why nmagnesium reacts with steam to form MgO, not Mg(OH)2 10. Describe the reaction that take place at the cathode and the anode of an electrolytic cell when MgCl2 is electrolyzed. Which reaction occurs at the cathode of an electrolysis cell, oxidation or reduction?

Chapter 21 p-block metals Aluminum family and germanium family

1. People often believe that the alvantage of replacing steel with aluminum is that aluminum is lighter. Explain why it is wrong to say that aluminum is lighter than steel 2. Explain why it often seems that aluminum is less reactive than iron. Explain why chemists think otherwise: explain how aluminum can be used as a structural metal in spite of its activity. 3. Explain why an even coating of Al2O3 abouit 5 nanometers thick protects aluminum from corrosion and make alkluminum seem less active than it really is. 4.The first practical storage battery was built by Gaston Plante in 1860. his battery consisted of two sheets of lead separated by a strip of rubber immersed in a 10% solution of sulfuric acid in water. Use the fact that lead storage batteries can be found in every car and truck on the road to compare the activity of with the other main-group metals. 5. The tin cans found on the shelves of go cerise stores are actually made of steel that has been thinly coated with tin. What would happen if Del Monte tried to package fruit cocktail in a steel can? 6. When aluminum is used to make cans, the metal has to be coated with plastic? 7. Children often believe that metals such as iron lose weight when they rust. Explain why they might believe this and why it is a mistake?

Chapter 22 dsblock metal Copper and zinc family elements

1.The Ag2S that forms when silver tarnishes can be removed by polishing the silver with a source of the cyanide or by wrapping it in aluminum foil and immersing it in salt water: Ag2S(s) + 4CN-(aq)--------2Ag(CN)2-(aq) + S2-(aq) 3Ag2S(s) +2Al(s)------------6Ag(s) + Al2O3(s) which of these reaction involves oxidation-reduction?

Chapter 23,24 d-block metals Transition elements(1) (2)

1. Predict the electron configuration of the Fe3+ion use valence-bond theory to explain why Fe2+ ions form the Fe(CN)64- complex ion. 2. Explain why the Co(NH3)63+ ion is a diamagnetic, low-spin complex, whereas the CoF63- ion is a paramagnetic high-spin complex. 3.Identify the subshell of atomic orbits filled among the transition metals in the fifth row of the periodic table,. 4. Describe some of the ways in which transition metals differ from main-group metals such as aluminum, tin, and lead. Describe ways in which they are similar. 5. Use the electron configurations of Zn2+ ,Cd2+ and Hg2+ to explain why these ions often behave as if they are main-group metals. 6. Write the electron configuration of following transition-metal ions: A. V2+ B.Cr2+ C.Mn2+ D.Fe2+ E. Ni2+ 7. Explain why the Co2+ ion be described as a d7 ion. 8. Explain the difference between more electronegative when it is oxidized from Mn2+ to Mn() 9. Use the idea that the electronegativity of an element increases with oxidation state to explain why the Mn-O bonds in MnO4- are covalent in spite of the fact that ( )=1.89v 10. Describe the difference between the valencebond model for the Co(NH3)63+ complex ion and the valence-bond model for the Ni(NH3)62+ complex ion.

11. Apply the valence-bond model of bonding in transition-metal complexes to Ni(CO)4, Fe(CO)5, and Cr(CO)6 12. Use valence-bond theory to explain the 2 charge on the Fe(CO)42- ion. Predict the charge on the equivalent Co(CO)4 x- ion. Use acid-base chemistry to predict the charge on the HFe(CO)4x- ion. 13. Use Lewis structures to explain what happens in the following reaction. 2CrO42- (aq)+2H+(aq)-----Cr2O72- (aq)+ H2O(l) predict the charge on the product of the following reaction. Explain why this transition-metal complex is a great at room temperature: 2MnO42- (aq) + 2H+(aq)------Mn2O7x-(g) + H2O(l) 14. Explain why Cu(NH3)42+ complexes have a deep-blue color if they dont absorb blue light. What light do they absorb? 15. When CrO42- reacts with acid to form Cr2O72- ions, the color shifts from bright yellow to orange. Dose this mean that the light absorbed shifts toward a higher or a lower frequency. 16. Compare the position of the Co2+, Co3+, Fe2+ andFe3+ ions in the spectrochemicallseries. Explain why the value of ( ) increases with the charge on the transition-metal ion. 17. Show that it is the thermodynamically possible to prepare MnO4- by the oxidation of Mn with sodium perxenate in acid solution (E=2.1v) 18. Potassium permanganate can be prepared by melting together equimolar quantities of MnO2 KOH and KNO3 The reaction mixture is allowed to solidify and then the dark green solid ,K2MnO4 is crushed and treated with dilute H 2SO4, whereupon a solution of KMnO4 and a precipitation of MnO2 are obtained write all relevant equations for this preparation

Chapter 30 nuclear chemistry

1.Define the terms atomic number, mass number nuclide nucleon and nucleus 2.Identify the missing particle or particles in the following reactions and write a balanced equation for each reaction (a) 238 92 U(___,3n)239 94 Pu (b) ______(a, n)242 96Cm (c) 250 98 Cf(11 5 B ,_____) 257 103 Lr (d) 249 98 (____, 4n ) 257 104 Rn 3. calculate the halflife for the decay of 39Cl if a Hg sample decays to 0.125 in 165 min