Beijing, China, August 27th 2010 International Workshop on DMRG and related stuff

Entanglement Renormalization

Guifre Vidal

Outline Introduction
MPS and MERA Entanglement renormalization

Applications
Quantum critical systems (1+1 D) * , ** Frustrated antiferromagnets (2+1 D) *
other applications (not in this talk):
interacting fermions anyons topological order
lattice gauge theory

* Glen Evenbly

** Robert Pfeifer

Outline Introduction
MPS and MERA Entanglement renormalization

Applications
Quantum critical systems (1+1 D) Frustrated antiferromagnets (2+1 D)

1) What is a tensor network state/ansatz?

quantum spin model: N spins
d
1 2

...

N
state of the N spins (e.g. ground state of a local Hamiltonian)
d d d i1i2 ...iN i1 1 i2 1 iN 1

i1 i2 ... iN

difficulty:

d N coefficients

variational ansatz: tensor network state

i1i2 ...iN

i1
i2 i3 i4

...

iN
i1 i2 i3 i4

dN

coefficients

O( N )

coefficients

...

iN

2) What are tensor network states useful for?

tensor network states:

N quantum spins
i1i2i3i4 ...iN
i1 i2 i3 i4

...

iN

dN

coefficients

O( N )

small tensors

Efficient representation of many-body states

Characterize and classify phases of matter and phase transitions
e.g. symmetry-breaking and topological order, fixed points of RG, etc

Variational ansatz for numerical approaches

(variational parameters = coefficients in the tensors)

3) Examples of tensor network states for 1D systems:

Wilsons NRG (Numerical Renormalization Group)

Matrix Product State

MPS

Whites DMRG (Density Matrix Renormalization Group)

Tree Tensor Network TTN

Multi-scale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz MERA

Entanglement Renormalization
Morningstar-Weinsteins CORE no tensor network state comes out Dasgupta-Ma-Fischer random systems (strong disorder) perturbative (corrections to TTN)

4) Quick comparison
MPS

N sites
MERA

layers

log 2 N

N sites

4) Quick comparison Number of tensors:

MPS

N N sites
MERA

tensors

N /8 1 N /4

layers

log 2 N

N /2

N N sites
N (1 1 / 2 1 / 4 1 / 8) 2 N

2N

tensors

4) Quick comparison Connectivity and correlations:

MPS

exponential correlators

C ( L) e
L
MERA
L

polynomial correlators

log 2 L

C ( L)

Lq

L
log L

log L

Llog

4) Quick comparison Entanglement entropy of a block:

MPS

constant

S ( L) const.
L
MERA

logarithmic

log 2 L

S ( L) log L

Outline Introduction
MPS and MERA Entanglement renormalization

Applications
Quantum critical systems (1+1 D) Frustrated antiferromagnets (2+1 D)

Entanglement Renormalization
quantum spin system Coarse-graining transformation

W
Preservation of locality

w
u

Entanglement Renormalization
u u

w w
Preservation of locality

w
u

Entanglement Renormalization
tensor network state

w
u

Entanglement Renormalization
tensor network state with built-in coarse-graining

large scale

small scale

Entanglement Renormalization
tensor network ansatz corresponding to a quantum circuit
0
0

large scale entanglement/ correlations

small scale entanglement/ correlations

Outline Introduction
MPS and MERA Entanglement renormalization

Applications
Quantum critical systems (1+1 D) Frustrated antiferromagnets (2+1 D)

Applications
Renormalization group flow and RG fixed points: quantum critical systems topological order
Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 220405 (2007) Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 110501 (2008) Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 81, 235102 (2010) Evenbly, Vidal, New J. Phys. 12, 025007 (2010) Giovannetti, Montangero, Fazio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 180503 (2008) Pfeifer, Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. A 79(4), 040301(R) (2009) Montangero, Rizzi, Giovannetti, Fazio, Phys. Rev. B 80, 113103 (2009) Giovannetti, Montangero, Rizzi, Fazio, Phys. Rev. A 79, 052314(2009) Evenbly, Pfeifer, Pico, Iblisdir, Tagliacozzo, McCulloch,Vidal,arXiv:0912.1642 Evenbly, Corboz, Vidal, arXiv: 0912.2166 Silvi, Giovannetti, Calabrese, Santoro, Fazio, arXiv: 0912.2893
Aguado, Vidal, PRL 100, 070404 (2008) Koenig, Reichardt, Vidal, PRB 79, 195123 (2009) Chen, Gu, Wen, arXiv:1004.3835v2

Variational approach for strongly correlated systems in 2D

frustrated antiferromagnets

Vidal, PRL 101, 110501 (2008) Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 81, 235102 (2010) (free fermions) Evenbly, Vidal, New J. Phys. 12, 025007 (2010) (free bosons) Cincio, Dziarmaga, Rams, PRL 100, 240603 (2008) (Ising 8x8) Evenbly, Vidal, PRL 102, 180406 (2009) (Ising) Cincio, Dziarmaga, Oles, arXiv:1001.5457v1

Evenbly, Vidal, PRL 104, 187203 (2010) Lou, Harada, Kawashima (in preparation) Corboz, Evenbly, Verstraete, Vidal, PRA 81, 010303(R) (2010) Pineda, Barthel, Eisert, PRA 81, 050303(R) (2010) Corboz, Vidal, PRB 80, 165129 (2009) Barthel, Pineda, Eisert, PRA 80, 042333 (2009)

interacting fermions

Anyonic systems

Koenig, Bilgin, arXiv:1006.2478v1 Pfeifer, Corboz, Buerschaper, Aguado, Troyer, Vidal, arXiv:1006.3532v2

Applications
Renormalization group flow and RG fixed points: quantum critical systems topological order
Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 220405 (2007) Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 110501 (2008) Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 81, 235102 (2010) Evenbly, Vidal, New J. Phys. 12, 025007 (2010) Giovannetti, Montangero, Fazio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 180503 (2008) Pfeifer, Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. A 79(4), 040301(R) (2009) Montangero, Rizzi, Giovannetti, Fazio, Phys. Rev. B 80, 113103 (2009) Giovannetti, Montangero, Rizzi, Fazio, Phys. Rev. A 79, 052314(2009) Evenbly, Pfeifer, Pico, Iblisdir, Tagliacozzo, McCulloch,Vidal,arXiv:0912.1642 Evenbly, Corboz, Vidal, arXiv: 0912.2166 Silvi, Giovannetti, Calabrese, Santoro, Fazio, arXiv: 0912.2893
Aguado, Vidal, PRL 100, 070404 (2008) Koenig, Reichardt, Vidal, PRB 79, 195123 (2009) Chen, Gu, Wen, arXiv:1004.3835v2

Variational approach for strongly correlated systems in 2D

frustrated antiferromagnets

Vidal, PRL 101, 110501 (2008) Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 81, 235102 (2010) (free fermions) Evenbly, Vidal, New J. Phys. 12, 025007 (2010) (free bosons) Cincio, Dziarmaga, Rams, PRL 100, 240603 (2008) (Ising 8x8) Evenbly, Vidal, PRL 102, 180406 (2009) (Ising) Cincio, Dziarmaga, Oles, arXiv:1001.5457v1

Evenbly, Vidal, PRL 104, 187203 (2010) Lou, Harada, Kawashima (in preparation) Corboz, Evenbly, Verstraete, Vidal, PRA 81, 010303(R) (2010) Pineda, Barthel, Eisert, PRA 81, 050303(R) (2010) Corboz, Vidal, PRB 80, 165129 (2009) Barthel, Pineda, Eisert, PRA 80, 042333 (2009)

interacting fermions

Anyonic systems

Koenig, Bilgin, arXiv:1006.2478v1 Pfeifer, Corboz, Buerschaper, Aguado, Troyer, Vidal, arXiv:1006.3532v2

Outline Introduction
MPS and MERA Entanglement renormalization

Applications
Quantum critical systems (1+1 D) Frustrated antiferromagnets (2+1 D)

Glen Evenbly

Robert Pfeifer

Scale invariant MERA

(3)

(2)

(1)

(0)

critical systems (1D) critical exponents OPE, CFT boundary & defects non-local operators computational cost:

Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 220405 (2007) Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 110501 (2008) Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 81, 235102 (2010) Evenbly, Vidal, New J. Phys. 12, 025007 (2010) Giovannetti, Montangero, Fazio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 180503 (2008) Pfeifer, Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. A 79(4), 040301(R) (2009) Montangero, Rizzi, Giovannetti, Fazio, Phys. Rev. B 80, 113103 (2009) Giovannetti, Montangero, Rizzi, Fazio, Phys. Rev. A 79, 052314(2009) Evenbly, Pfeifer, Pico, Iblisdir, Tagliacozzo, McCulloch,Vidal,arXiv:0912.1642 Evenbly, Corboz, Vidal, arXiv: 0912.2166 Silvi, Giovannetti, Calabrese, Santoro, Fazio, arXiv: 0912.2893

log N

p
scale invariance

inhomogeneous system

translation invariance

 Example I: accuracy in ground state energy (infinite chain)

Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. A 79, 144108 (2009)

10 10 10

-3

-4

-5

Ising 3-state Potts XX Heisenberg

E Energy Error,
10 10 10 10 10 10
-6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11

16

24 32 40 48 56 Refinement Parameter,

64

72

 Example II: operator content of quantum Ising model

Pfeifer, Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. A 79(4), 040301(R) (2009)

=36

=20

scaling operators/dimensions:

scaling dimension (exact )

identity

scaling dimension (MERA)

error

0
0.125 1

0
0.124997 0.99993

---0.003% 0.007%

spin
energy disorder

1/8
1/2

0.1250002
0.5

0.0002%
<108 %

fermions

1/2

0.5

<108 %

OPE for local & non-local primary fields

1/ 2

C C
/ 2

i i
( 6 10 4 )

fusion rules

C
C C

1/ 2
e ei
i /4

I I+
I
I I

/4

/ 2

{I, ,
local and semi-local subalgebras

{I, }

{I, ,

}
, }

...

{I, , } {I, ,

Boundary critical phenomena

infinite chain (bulk)

Evenbly, Pfeifer, Pico, Iblisdir, Tagliacozzo, McCulloch,Vidal, arXiv:0912.1642 see also Silvi, Giovannetti, Calabrese, Santoro, Fazio, arXiv: 0912.2893

bulk MERA

semi-infinite chain (boundary)

MERA with boundary

Boundary scaling operators/dimensions

Example: Ising model
4
Bulk Free BC
Fixed BC

3 2 1/ 8 2 1 1/ 8
2 1/ 2

2
1

2
1 1/ 2
1/ 2

1/ 8 0

Boundary scaling operators/dimensions

Free BC
scaling dimension (exact ) scaling dimension (MERA)

error --0.2% 0.18% 0.07 % 2 2.1%

identity spin

0 1/2 1+1/2

Bulk

0 0.499 1.503 2.001 2.553

4
Free BC
Fixed BC

3
2 1/ 2

2 1 / 82 2 2+1/2 1 1/ 8
Fixed BC
identity

2
1 1/ 2

1
scaling dimension (MERA)
1/ 2

scaling 1/ 8 dimension 0 (exact )

error 0 --0.4% 0.07%

0.12 %

0 2 3
4

0 1.992 2.998
4.005

4.062

1.5%

Outline Introduction
MPS and MERA Entanglement renormalization

Applications
Quantum critical systems (1+1 D) Frustrated antiferromagnets (2+1 D)

Glen Evenbly

Applications to 2D lattices: Frustrated antiferromagnets

Heisenberg antiferromagnet on Kagome lattice with 2D MERA

Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 187203(2010)

2D MERA

Vidal, PRL 101, 110501 (2008) Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 81, 235102 (2010) (free fermions) Evenbly, Vidal, New J. Phys. 12, 025007 (2010) (free bosons) Cincio, Dziarmaga, Rams, PRL 100, 240603 (2008) (Ising 8x8) Evenbly, Vidal, PRL 102, 180406 (2009) (Ising) Cincio, Dziarmaga, Oles, arXiv:1001.5457v1

topological order frustrated spins

interacting fermions

Aguado, Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 070404 (2008) Koenig, Reichardt, Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 79, 195123 (2009) Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett 104, 187203 (2010) Lou, Harada, Kawashima (in preparation) Corboz, Evenbly, Verstraete, Vidal, PRA 81, 010303(R) (2010) Pineda, Barthel, Eisert, PRA 81, 050303(R) (2010) Corboz, Vidal, PRB 80, 165129 (2009) Barthel, Pineda, Eisert, PRA 80, 042333 (2009)

Heisenberg antiferromagnet on Kagome lattice

Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 187203(2010)

H
i, j

Si S j

Si S j favours antiferromagnetic alignment

Geometric frustration

Ground state?
(Quantum Monte Carlo techniques suffer from sign problem)

Valence Bond Crystal ?

Spin Liquid ?

Marston, Zeng (1991), Syromyatnikov, Maleyev (2002)

Nikolic, Senthil (2003), Budnik, Auerbach (2004)

Ran, Hermele, Lee, Wen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 117205 (2007)

Gutzwiller ansatz

Singh, Huse, Phys. Rev. B 76, 180407 (2007)

Series Expansion

Jiang, Weng, Sheng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 117203 (2008)

DMRG

Ground state computation with 2D MERA

Evenbly, Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 187203(2010)

minimization of
i, j

Si S j

initial state: movie !!! (click here)

MERA solution (infinite lattice with 36-spin unit cell):

-0.420 -0.423 -0.426 -0.429 -0.432 energy

DMRG
Series Expansion
(Singh, Huse)

series expansion

2nd
3rd
Gutzwiller MERA 8
N 432 4th N 108 5th DMRG
14 20 26 32

(Jiang, Weng, Sheng)

N 48 108

E0/N -0.43591 -0.4316

MERA

(Evenbly, Vidal)

Order VBC 1
2

VBC
8 -0.4298

-0.375
-0.42187

Gutzwiller ansatz

(Ran, Hermele, Lee, Wen)

14 20 26 32

-0.4307 -0.4314 -0.4319 -0.4322

3 4 5

-0.42578 -0.43155 -0.43208

N
192

E0/N
-0.42866(2)

432

-0.42863(2)

Conclusions
Tensor network states:
Efficient representation of many-body states

Characterize and classify phases of matter

Variational approach for many-body problems

MPS MERA

emerges from

DMRG
renormalization

natural ansatz for natural ansatz for

gapped systems critical systems

emerges from entanglement

Applications:
also

1D quantum critical point

2D frustrated antiferromagnets
interacting fermions
anyons

MERA

conformal field theory

topological order

lattice gauge theory

 Boundary law for entanglement entropy

S ( L)
2D

LD

(and not

S ( L)

LD

1D

S ( L)

D 0 =const.

S ( L)

MPS

L
PEPS

My talk next week (Thursday morning):

L
Evenbly, Vidal, in preparation

Beyond the entropic boundary law with entanglement renormalization

MERA

S ( L)
L

LD 1 log L

S ( L)

L0 log L

log L