Chapter 1 Introduction to geological modeling and reserve calculation The science of geological modeling and reserve calculation was

born when the human started to ask the how i can calculate what i have inplace , the more sophisticated publication were started to appeared at the beginning of 20 century. I will simplify and give just background if you need detail you can find books in this folder for almost any discipline i will mention So what data are used calculate what is inplace ???

1. Interpretation of seismic 2D lines or 3D survey.

The approach of for seismicinterpretation is the following the wave in medium are traveling with certain speed the more density of medium the faster wave passing the medium. On the boarder of 2 medium with different densities speed of wave is changing this is key principal in seismic acquisition and interpretation process . To get or write seismic , on surface you need source of wave ( vibrator or dynamite) and receiver You produce waves and read what time each produced wave travel to ground reflects and been red by receiver. Then you start to process seismic . The final result is seismic in time . To convert you seismic to depth you need to build valid velocity model based on measurements in wells. So results of seismic can give you boundary of two media with different density - this may be horizon or fault. The other thing you can do with 3D seismic ids to define different geobodies and attributes, based on them you can predict some parameters in inner well space like pseudo-porosity.

2. Well Data
The data you use is horizons boundaries and log interpretation. During well drilling , well logging process taking place The purpose of this process to make measurements in drilling hole to do the following 1. Define litology 2. Define porosity 3. Define resistivity

Several logging tools are available now, but all of them are working based on physical effects and the source of they measurements are

1. Radioactivity 2. Wave time travel 3. Resistivity The boundary of horizons I will pass interpretation of the horizon process as this is process where person interpret horizon boundaries based only on his experience and vision and if for example you put 2 geologist in to 1 data set you will get at the end two different results - it is not a joke . Log interpretation The logging tools writes data vs depth on step basis - it mean there is no data between steps , and as usual this data are results of linear interpolation of two points . The standard for now is Las 2.0 So interpreter uses several set of curves and his task is to calculate following set of curves 1. Pay 2.Porosity 3. Sw 4. Ressum table So this 3 set of curves are a must to calculate reserves in model Reservoir summation table is table where you put averages values for each well for each horizon.

3.Core data
During drilling also you need to take core sample the and for running following analysis 1. RCA 2. SCAL RCA ( routine core analysis) On this analysis you get following data 1. Porosity measurements ( to match calculated vs fact porosity) 2. Density measurements ( to get constants when calculating porosity from density logs) 1. Permeability vertical horizontal ( neededfor permeability calculation and cut off) 2. Core structure analysis (for litology purposes) 3. Litology analysis ( forfacies model purposes) 4. Resistivity analysis ( core sample saturated with brine to get resistivity values for Sw calculation by Archie formula)

SCAL(special core analysis) 1. Capillary pressure (defining the values of pressure and irreducible water saturation Swi) 2. Defining residual oil saturation (Imbibition drainage process) 3. Relative permeability (Imbibition drainage process) Relative permeability directly not are not used in geological modeling but can be helpful during defining Sw cutoff Well test data To define position of you oil-water contact or gas-oil contact or gas-water contact you need to data 1. Sw by logs 2. Well test data Well test data After well finished you need to perforate and test it so each well have this following data during testing 1. Date of testing 2. Interval of testing 3. What been produced from interval You will need all this data when you will define you initial let say OWC. Some times OWC tend to go up during production and for this you need to analysis dates and if need trash the certain data asYOU CULCULATE RESERVES AT TIME WHEN NO PRODUCTION TOOK PLACE

Fluid data
To get this data samples of fluids for reservoir take to laboratory where runs several test the result of this test several but you need following 1. Initial Formation Volume Factor of oil (Bo - says what fraction of oil in reservoir condition to standard conditions) 2.Initial Formation Volume Factor of gas (Bg - says what fraction of oil in reservoir condition to standard conditions) 3. Initial Gas oil Ratio(GoR - says how much gas solved in 1 volume of oil in reservoir conditions) 4. Initial condensate (Rv - says how much condensate solved in gas )

Reserve calculation formulae

So how do we calculate reserves in place in standard conditions. Before we need to calculate HSPV - hydrocarbon saturated pore volume Bulk=All volume of you reservoir which lays above owc NTG = Ration of net thickness to gross thickness in wells NET=NTG*Bulk PORO = average ( weighted on net ) porosity values PV=Poro*Net Sw=average ( weighted on PV ) Sw values Soil=1-Sw Sgas=1-Sw-Sor whereSor oil residual oil saturation HSPV=Bulk*NTG*Poro*(1-Sw) for gas HSPV=Bulk*NTG*Poro*(1-Sw-Sor)

OIL in standard m3 OIP= HSPV*(1/Bo) Gas free in standard m3 GIP= HSPV*(1/Bg) Gas solved in standard m3 GIP= OIP*GOR Condensate Condensate= GIP *Rv

One lyric step out

During my long practice i heard a lot of time that old fashion reserve calculation or manual and modern 3D systems are different in they approach(1) . My opinion is that they implement same algorithms and the different between them is that 3D models give more precise resultsthan hand calculation, keep this in mind when you will work with old people who far from 3d models, and try not to harm them with the expression(1) which is not correct