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Assignment # 01
Title Transducers,types,working principle,diagrams and applications Submitted to Sir Tahir Ashfaq Submitted by M,Naeem Rizwan Roll # 08-ch-39

nfc institute of engg. And fertilizer research fsd

1-What are transducers

1.1 -Sensor 1.2 -Actuator

2-Efficiency 3-Classification of transducer

3.1- Based on the physical phenomeno 3.1.1-Primary transducer 3.1,2-Secondary transducer: 3.2- Based on the power type Classification, 3.2.1-Active transducer 3.2.2 Digital transducer 3.3 Based on the type of output the classification of transducers are made, 3.3.1-Analog transducer 3.3,2-Digital transducer

3.4-Based on the electrical phenomenon is a best Classification of Trasnducer,

3,4.1-Resistive transducer 3.4.2-Capacitive transducer 3.4.3-Inductive transducer 3.4.4-Photoelectric transducer 3.4.5-Photovoltaic transducer 3.5-Based on the non-electrical phenomenon Classification of transducer, 3.5.1-Linear displacement

3.5.2-Rotary displacement

4-Principle of the Transducer 5-Transducer Circuit Diagram

5.1- Easy LED Photo Sensor Circuit 5.2- Dog Repellent Circuit 5.3-Proximity Alarm Circuit

6-Applications of transducer
6,1-Pressure sensing in the Water industry 6.2-CC Cylindrical force transducer for industrial applications 6.3-Wireless sensors and smart transducers 6.4-Pressure Transducer Usage for Load Moment Indication in Cranes in Fluid Power and Mobile Hydraulics Applications 6.5-What makes a machine a robot? 6.6-Temperature Transducer 6.7-Steam Pressure Transducers

7-Refrences 1-(1)What are transducers

A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Energy types include (but are not limited to) electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic (including light), chemical, acoustic or thermal energy. While the term transducer commonly implies the use of a sensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be considered a transducer. Transducers are widely used in measuring instruments.

1.1-Sensor (e.g., thermometer)

a device that detects/measures a signal or stimulus acquires information from the real world a device that generates a signal or stimulus

1.2-Actuator (e.g., heater)

real world

sensor actuator

intelligent feedback system

2-(2)Efficiency
As in all energy conversions, some energy is lost when transducers operate. The efficiency of a transducer is found by comparing the total energy put into it to the total energy coming out of the system. Some transducers are very efficient, and others are extraordinarily inefficient.

3-(3)Classification of transducers:
3.1. Based on the physical phenomenon,

3.1.1-Primary transducer 3.1.2-Secondary transducer:

Primary transducer:The Mechanical device which converts physical quantity to be measured into a mechanical signal.

5 Secondary tranducer:The Electrical device which converts this mechanical signal to the electrical signal.

3.2. Based on the power type Classification,

3.2.1-Active transducer 3.2.2-Passive transducer

Passive transducers - require an external power to operate, and the output is a measure of some variation in passive components (e.g. resistance or capacitance) Examples of passive transducer : -Slide-wire resistor Resistance strain gauge Differential transformer Active Transducers - Self generating type - do not require an external power, and produce an analog voltage or current when stimulated by some physical form of energy. Thermocouple Photovoltaic cell Moving coil generator

3.3. Based on the type of output the classification of transducers are made,

3.3.1Analog transducer 3.3.2Digital transducer

Analog transducers convert the input quantity into an analog output which is a continuous function of time. E.g.-L.V.D.T,Thermocouple, Strain guage . Digital transducers convert the input quantity into an electrical output which is in the form of pulses.

3.4. Based on the electrical phenomenon is a best Classification of Trasnducer,

3.4.1-Resistive transducer 3.4.2-Capacitive transducer 3.4.3-Inductive transducer 3.4.4-Photoelectric transducer 3.4.5-Photovoltaic transducer

6 Variable resistance transducers are one of the most commonly used types of transducers. The variable resistance transducers are also called as resistive transducers or resistive sensors. They can be used for measuring various physical quantities like temperature, pressure, displacement, force, vibrations etc. These transducers are usually used as the secondary transducers, where the output from the primary mechanical transducer acts as the input for the variable resistance transducer. The output obtained from it is calibrated against the input quantity and it directly gives the value of the input. Capacitive transducer is a device that will sense the environment in a form of capacitor changes. Usually an oscillator will sense this change and change frequency accordingly. Inductive sensors are used for non-contact detection of metallic objects. Their operating principle is based on a coil and oscillator that creates an electromagnetic field in the close surroundings of the sensing surface. The presence of a metallic object (actuator) in the operating area causes a dampening of the oscillation amplitude Photoelectric transducers are Calorimetric Flow Sensors for gas & liquid applications, A photovoltaic transducer is simply another name for a solar panel. A transducer changes one energy to another in this case light energy to electrical energy. The two most common type of photovoltaic transducers are silicon and selenium.

3.5. Based on the non-electrical phenomenon Classification of transducer,

3.5.1-Linear displacement 3.5.2-Rotary displacement

Linear Displacement Transducer is a device that takes some form of input energy fed to it in a straight line, and outputs a converted signal relative to the range of displacement that has taken place The rotary capacitive displacement transducer uses a non-contact capacitance based sensor to measure shaft position.

(4)-Principle of the Transducer

In the transducer body there are four holes. Two coils at right angles to each other are wound through these holes. One coil (the primary) is supplied with an alternating current; the other (the secondary) acts as a measurement coil. Since the two are at right angles to each other, there is no magnetic coupling between the coils as long as there is no load on the transducer body.

The transductor is magnetised via the primary coil (a). A voltage proportional to the loading force is induced in the secondary coil (b). If the transducer body is loaded as shown in diagram, the field pattern changes. The permeability of the steel is reduced in the direction of the force and increases in the right angle direction to the force. The result is a change in the symmetry of the magnetic flux, so that some of the flux induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The induced voltage is proportional to the load.

(5)-Transducer Circuit Diagram

5.1-Easy LED Photo Sensor Circuit
Using a common benefit of photo voltaics LED, the circuit can recognize a different output darkness and light. This circuit is used J-FET for receive signal to buffer from LED ,About Output voltage, we used IC 1458 or LM1458 , while in the dark is about 7 volts and the drop about 2 volts in full sun. This is the figure of the circuit;

5.2-Dog Repellent Circuit

Heres circuit for dog repellent circuit that is a high output ultrasonic transmitter which is primarily intended to act as a dog and cat repeller. Heres the figure of the circuit;

5.3-Proximity Alarm Circuit

This is a design circuit for proximity circuit that can be used in alarm circuit. This is the figure of the circuit;

6-(6)Applications of transducers
6.1-Pressure sensing in the Water industry.
Pressure monitoring is widely used in the water industry to provide level measurement in reservoirs and bore boles, leak detection in distribution networks, as well as control data for a wide range of process functions.

6.2-CC Cylindrical force transducer for industrial applications

The CC force transducers have been designed for use in the plastics industry where it is required to measure the reaction force to the extrusion pressure that is present on the casing of the gearbox along the axis of the extruder screw. These models, fitted in contact with the thrust bearings, measure a force whose valve, after suitable correction, is equal to extrusion pressure multiplied by the screw area.

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6.3-(7)Wireless sensors and smart transducers

Smart transducers are sensors or actuators equipped with microcontrollers to provide local intelligence and network capability. An obvious advantage of wireless transmission is a significant reduction and simplification in wiring and harness. It has been estimated that typical wiring cost in industrial installations is US$ 130650 per meter and adopting wireless technology would eliminate 2080% of this cost (Sensors Magazine, 2004)

6.4-(8)Pressure Transducer Usage for Load Moment Indication in Cranes in Fluid Power and Mobile Hydraulics Applications
Cranes are an everyday aspect of construction and maintenance operations. Safe operation of cranes is dependent on information about all of the forces on the crane, the cranes geometry, where loads are applied and the cranes motion. This information is combined through the use of pressure transducers and displayed to the crane operators using a load moment indicator.

6.5-What makes a machine a robot?

Sensing Planning Acting

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6.6-(9)Temperature Transducer
\ A temperature transducer usually includes a temperature sensor such as RTD (resistance temperature detector), a thermocouple or a thermistor. Upon sensing, it converts temperature into an electrical signal proportional to the same parameter being sensed or measured. This signal will then be processed, conditioned or amplified to serve as an input voltage into a temperature controller or similarly functioning device.

6.7-(10)Steam Pressure Transducers

Amplified output transducers for use in applications where the transducer will be in contact with high temperature steam in aplications such as sterilizing autoclaves, food and beverage processing and power generation. These transducers include integral cooling features for protecting the transducer electronics from steam temperatures which would otherwise cause damage to standard industrial pressure transducers

7-Refrences
(1)-http://en.wikipedia.org (2)-www.wisegeek.com (3)-instrumentationandcontrollers.blogspot.com (4)-www.abb.com (5)-transducercircuit.blogspot.com/ (6)-www.sensorland.com (7)-www.sciencedirect.com (8)-http://www.wika.us

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(9)-www.transducer-the-essential-device.com (10)-www.sensorsone.co.uk