A

Dissertation Report ON
Buying preference of customers and customer satisfaction regarding selected A2 segment cars (Maruti Alto,Maruti Zen, Maruti Wagon-R, Hyundai Santro, Tata Indica) with regard to price, fuel efficiency, power, engine displacement and top speed in case of customers in the age group 30-40 years (A Case Study of Kurukshetra) Submitted to: Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Business Administration (Session 2005-2007)

Under the supervision of:Dr.Vikas Daryal Assistant Professor H.O.D.(M.B.A.) TIMT

Submitted By:Gagandeep Singh Roll No. 1105/05 Regn.No. 2K-SETK-448 University roll no. MBA-final.

Tilak Raj Chadha Institute of Management & Technology, (Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra ) Yamuna Nagar-135001

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There is always a sense of gratitude which one expresses for others for their help & supervision in achieving the goals. I too express my deep gratitude to each & everyone who has been helpful in completing the dissertation report successfully.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Vikas Daryal (Assistant Professor, HOD-MBA, TIMT) without whose guidance, keen interest and regular encouragement my project would not have been compiled. I would also like to grab the opportunity to thank Dr. R.K. Garg (Director) for his helping hand in the compilation of the report. Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents for their support.

Gagandeep Singh

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This project is about the buying preference of customers and customer satisfaction regarding selected A2 segment cars(Maruti Alto,Maruti Zen, Maruti Wagon-R, Hyundai Santro, Tata Indica) with regard to price, fuel efficiency, power, engine displacement and top speed in case of customers in the age group 30-40 years in Kurukshetra. The report starts with the introduction, which includes the profile of study and the significance of study. Profile of the study includes the company profile and the profile of the selected A2 segment cars (Maruti Alto, Maruti Zen, Maruti Wagon-R, Hyundai Santro,Tata Indica).It also includes brief description about the customer satisfaction and customer expectations. After introduction, come the objectives of study and literature review. Literature review includes the literature reviewed while doing this project. Next there comes research methodology which includes sampling and sampling design, analytical tools used, data collection, hypothesis study and the limitations of study. Data collection includes the sources of data collection. Limitations of study include the limitations faced while doing this project. In the last there come results and findings followed by recommendations, bibliography and annexure.

CONTENTS
Serial No. 1. a) b) 2. 3. 4. Introduction Profile of study Significance of study Objective of the study Literature Review Research Methodology a. b. c. d. e. 5. 6. 7. 8. Sampling & Sample Design Analytical Tools Data Collection Hypothesis Study Limitations of the study Page No.

Result & Discussions/Findings Recommendations Bibliography Annexure

PROFILE OF STUDY
In this competitive environment, no cars manufacturing company can even survive in this fast changing market place without knowing its products strengths and weaknesses. It has to fortify itself against threats from environment and exploit its strengths or increase profits. And in order to do so, the company has to conduct regular surveys to know the customers opinions, needs and preferences. This helps the company to manufacture the product likewise for each customers expectations. This project is about the buying preference of customers and customer satisfaction regarding selected A2 segment cars(Maruti Alto,Maruti Zen, Maruti Wagon-R, Hyundai Santro, Tata Indica) with regard to price, fuel efficiency, power, engine displacement and top speed in case of customers in the age group 30-40 years in Kurukshetra. Car Segments as per SIAM SIAM (Society of Automotive Manufactures), in April 2002, introduced the following length based classification of cars: Segment A1 (mini) cars having a length of up to 3,400mm Segment A2 (compact) cars having a length of 3,401-4,000mm Segment A3 (mid-size) cars having a length of 4,001-4,500mm Segment A4 (executive) cars having a length of 4,501-4,700mm Segment A5 (premium) cars having a length of 4,701-5,000mm Segment A6 (Luxury) cars having a length of more than 5,000mm

In A2 segment, car industry in India is mainly dominated by three major players: MARUTI SUZUKI HYUNDAI TATA MOTORS Besides these there are others players like HINDUSTAN MOTORS.

MARUTI ALTO
FEATURES SAFETY Side impact door beams Rear door child safety lock Clear lens headlamps Rear caps Collapsible steering column High rigid monocoque frame made of high tensile steel Front & rear seat belts Booster assisted brakes Rear seat head restraints

MILEAGE Most fuel efficient car in A2 segment (Petrol) 4-valves-per-cylinder MPFI engine 32-bit computer technology 47bhp & 796cc engine 5 speed transmission Low cost of ownership Low friction engine

COMFORT Super cool A.C. Electronic power steering Convenient cup holders Excellent services backup

PRICE Variant Alto Std Alto Lx 267845 Alto XFUN Lx -Alto Lxi 286381 Alto XFUN Lxi -97759 7 2 79231 28976 1 2 Non Metallic Price 234328 4 27123 Metallic Price 23771

SPECIFATIONS
WEIGHT
Kerb weight ALTO ALTO LX/ALTO LXi

720 kg 735 kg 1165 kg

Gross vehicle weight

SUSPENSION SYSTEM
Front

McPherson Strut with torsion type roll control device Coil spring gas filled shock absorbers with three link rigid axle and isolated trailing arms

Rear

ENGINE Swept volume

Engine type

796cc FC engine, 4 valves Per cylinder 3 32 bit computer 47 ps @ 6200 rpm 62 Nm @ 3000 rpm 5 speed, all synchromesh, manual

No. of cylinders Engine control Maximum power Maximum torque

Transmission SEATING

Capacity TYRES Tyre size DIMENSIONS

5 persons

145 / 80 R12

Overall length Overall width Overall height Wheelbase Tread

3495 mm 1475 mm 1460 mm 2360 mm

Front 1295 mm

Rear 1290 mm Minimum turning radius 4.6 m

Ground clearance

160 mm

VARIENTS
EXTERIOR Front Bumper Dynamic Front Grill S mark INTERIOR Fabric seats Moulded carpet Luggage compartment carpet Moulded door trims Cabin lamp Electronic Tripmeter Floor front console with cup holders Floor rear console Glove Box Front door pockets COMFORT AC with heater Rotary control for AC Tinted glasses Outside rear view mirror (RHS) Remote fuel lid opener Electronic power steering SAFETY Clear lens headlamps Head lamp leveling device Clear lens tail lamps Collapsible steering column Alto Alto LX Alto LXi

HYUNDAI SANTRO
KEY TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND FEATURES DIMENSIONS

Overall Length (mm) Overall Width (mm) Overall Height (mm) Wheelbase (mm) Ground Clearance (mm) Front Track Rear Track Min Turning Radius (m) Kerb Weight (Kg) Fuel Tank capacity

3565 1525 1590 2380 164 (M/T)146 (A/T) 1315 1300 4.4 854(M/T) 868(A/T) 35

ENGINE No. of cylinders and valves Displacement (cc) Fuel Maximum Power (ps@rpm) Maximum Torque (Kgm@rpm) SUSPENSION Front Suspension McPherson Strut Rear Suspension Torsional Beam Axle Rear Shock Absorbers Hydraulic BRAKES Front Ventilated Disc 4,12 1086 Petrol 63@5500 9.8 @ 3000

Rear Drum TYRE

Size

155/70 R13
& XK XK S XL S XO S AT S

VARIENTS
SAFETY

SECURITY Child Safety S Rear Locks Engine Door Sub S

S S 3 S S S

S S 3 S S S 4 doors S S S S

S S 3 S S S 4 doors S S S S

Frame Seat Belts - S Front Seat Belt - 3

3 S S S 4 doors S S S S

Rear HMSL S Dual Horn S Day & Night Mirror CLS HLLD S RHD Controls S EXTERIOR Grey interior S Key colour Clear Headlamps S

S S S S

Clear

Rear S

S S S

S S S

S S S

S S S

Lamps ORVM - Psg Side ORVM - Dr S

Side Tinted Glass B/C Bumper Radiator

S Chrome1 Chrome1 Half 3

S Chrome1 Half 3

S S Chrome2 Half 3

S Chrome1 Half 3

Grille Wheel Cover Half INTERIOR No. of Spokes 3 in Steering Dash Wheel Front

Dash board S S S S

Dash board S S S S S S

Dash board S S S S S S

Dash board S S S S S S

Speaker Grill board Rear Speaker S Grill Ash Tray COMFORT A/C Heater Power steering Power Windows Front Remote Fuel S Lid Opener Remote Tail S Gate Release Clutch Foot S Rest S S

S S S

S S S

S S S

S S S

MARUTI ZEN SPECIFICATIONS (in mm) Length Width Height 3495 1475 (LX, LXi), 1495 (VXi) 1595

Wheel Base Tread, Front Tread , Rear Turning Radius (m) Seating Capacity Ground Clearance Max Power (bhp/rpm) Max Torque (Nm/rpm) Engine Engine Capacity (cc) Engine Type Transmission Drive Clutch Type Kerb Weight (kg) GVW (kg) Tyre Size Fuel Tank Capacity (lt) Front Brake Rear Brake Transmission Type Suspension System

2360 1295 1290 4.6 5 Persons 165 64 / 6,200 84 / 3,500 F10D 1061 4 cyl 5MT 2WD Cable 855 (LX, LXi), 875 (VXi) 1275 145 / 70 R13 (LX, LXi), 155 / 65 R13 (VXi) 35 Ventilated Disc Drum Manual - 5 Speed, All Synchromesh with two overdrive gears Front : McPherson Strut with Torsion type roll control device Rear : Coil Spring, Gas filled shock

absorbers with three link rigid and isolated trailing arm Power Steering Type: VARIENTS
SAFETY & SECURITY SRS Airbag (Driver Side) ** ABS ** Side Door Beams High Mount Stop Lamp Rear Door Child Lock Front Wiper (2 Speed + Intermittent) Back Door Defogger Steering Lock Power Door Locking EXTERIOR Body Coloured Bumpers Body Side Moulding Wheel Cap Black Out Film Front Fog Lamps Body Coloured Side Door Handles Body Coloured Outside Door Mirrors Body Coloured Back Door Handle Antenna COMFORT Power Windows Power Steering Front Door Pocket Remote Keyless Entry System Air Conditioning Remote Fuel Lid Opener Vanity Mirror (Sun Visor) Grip Assistant (3 nos) Co-driver Side Front Door Lock Centre Console with Cup Holders IP Pocket Tachometer LX LXi (5Dr) CTR FR VXi (5Dr) (Keyless FULL FR/RR (Codriver)

Electronic Power Steering (LXi & VXi)

CTR -

Lights-off & Key Reminder Chime Accessory Socket Ash Tray ABC Pillar Trims Side Door Trims Back Door Trim Front Seat Adjustable Head Restraint Rear Seat Adjustable Head Restraint Front Seat Back Pocket (Driver Seat) Steering Wheel

Moulded Moulded PU(3 Spoke)

Moulded Moulded PU(3 Spoke)

Moulded Moulded PU(3 Spoke

PRICE Variant Zen Lx Zen Lxi Zen Vxi Zen Vxi ABS Non Metallic Price 321819 350810 375828 403928 Metallic Price 325218 354209 379226 407326

MARUTI WAGON-R
SPECIFICATIONS
TRANSMISSION Type Manual (LX, LXi, VXi) - 5 speed All-synchromesh with two overdrive gears

Automatic (AX) - 3 speed CAPACITY Seating Capacity Fuel Tank Capacity 5 persons 35 litres

DIMENSIONS IN MM. Length 3520 Width 1490 (VXi), 1475 (LX, LXi) Height 1660 (without roof rail), 1690 (with roof rail) Wheelbase 2360 Front Track 1295 Rear Track 1290 Min Ground 165 Clearance WEIGHT IN KG. Kerb Weight 825 (LX, LXi) 850 (VXi) 840 (AX) Gross Vehicle 1250 (LX, LXi, VXi) Weight

ENGINE Swept Volume Engine Type Engine Control Max. Power, bhp Max. Torque, Nm

1061 cc 4 cylinder in line, FC Engine 4 Valves per cylinder, MPFI 32-Bit Electronic Control Module (ECM) 64@6200 rpm 84@3500 rpm

SUSPENSION SYSTEM Front McPherson Strut with torsion type roll control device Rear Coil spring, gas-filled shock absorbers with three-link rigid axle and isolated trailing arms

PRICE
Variant WagonR Lx WagonR Lx LPG WagonR Lxi WagonR Vxi WagonR Lxi LPG WAGONR Vxi ABS WagonR Autometic Non Metallic 329003 350639 354533 378036 378610 408034 449778 Metallic 332402 354038 357932 381434 382009 411433 453177

TATA INDICA
SPECIFICATIONS
Engine Xeta GLE Xeta GLG Xeta GLS Xeta GLX DL 4cyl,1405cc 4cyl,1405cc 4cyl,1405cc 4cyl,1405cc 4cyl,1405cc Gearbox 5M 5M 5M 5M 5M Power (bhp) 70 75 70 70 53.5 Torque (Nm) 121 121 121 121 85 Top Speed 150 150 150 150 Fuel Tank 37 37 37 37 37

DLE DLG(Turbodiesel) DLS DLX(Turbo diesel)

4cyl,1405cc 4cyl,1405cc 4cyl,1405cc 4cyl,1405cc

5M 5M 5M 5M

53.5 68 53.5 68

85 130 85 130

37 37 37 37

Air Xeta GLE Xeta GLG Xeta GLS Xeta GLX DL DLE DLG(Turbo - diesel) DLS DLX(Turbo diesel) bags No No No No No No No No No

ABS No No No No No No No No No

Tubeless Central tyres No No No No No No No No No Locking No No No Yes No No No No Yes

Power steering No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes

Power windows No No Fr Yes No No Fr No Yes

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
Customer - The term is used to refer to someone who regularly purchases from a particular store or company. Traditionally the word Customer was used to define people whom the organization dealt with externally. Though the word Customer is used as a single unit, purchases could be made both by the individual and the group. Satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance in relation to his or her expectation

The most successful companies are aiming for high satisfaction Because customers who are just satisfied still find it easy to switch, when a better offer comes along. Those who are highly satisfied are much less ready to switch. High satisfaction or delight creates an emotional affinity with the brain, not just a rational preference. The result is high customers loyalty. In this highly competitive world customers play a very important role. Thus, if a company wants to survive then it should look forward to the determinants of customer satisfaction. Though it is a very subjective issue that differs from individual to individual yet, identifying some basic parameters of customer satisfaction is important. Satisfaction is a persons feeling of pleasure and disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance in relation to his or her expectations. It is only the customer delight that marketer aims for.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Consumer-Consumer is an individual who purchases for the purpose of individual or household consumption. The individual who consumes or uses a product, which may or may not be purchased by him. Consumer Behavior can be said to be the study of how individuals make decision on how to spend their available resources(time, money, efforts) on various consumption related items. Consumer Behavior may be defined as the decision process and physical activity individuals engage in when evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods or services.

The detailed study of Consumer Behavior or Consumer Preferences focuses on Who Buys products or services? How do they buy products or services? Where do they buy them? How often do they buy them? When do they buy them? Why do they buy them? How often do they use them?

CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS
How do buyers form their expectations? Their expectations are influenced by their past buying experience, friends and associates advice and marketers and competitors information and promises In four wheeler industry dealers are the main bridge between the company and the customer. They come into the direct contact with customer. So, they play an eminent role in providing customer satisfaction. Though customer expectations are a very qualitative term and it is very difficult to measure. In this study an effort has been made to measure the customer expectations level. We can broadly divide the customer expectations into two parts: Primary expectations Secondary expectations PRIMARY EXPECTATIONS The basic or primary expectations of the customer from a car are: Price

 Fuel Efficiency Safety Power Engine Displacement Design Brand Name

Features like: Power Steering, A.C.

SECONDARY EXPECTATIONS: The secondary expectations of the consumers from a car are: Availability of spare parts Response time to complaints Financing schemes After sale services

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research is helpful for the A2 segment car manufacturers in understanding the buying preferences of the customers with regard to Price Fuel Efficiency Power Engine Displacement Top Speed

This research provides an insight for the A2 segment car manufactures on how to increase the level of customer satisfaction with regard to : Price Fuel Efficiency Power Engine Displacement Top Speed. This research is helpful for the A2 segment car This research is helpful for the selected A2 segment car manufactures in understanding the role the advertising is playing. manufacturers in knowing the features with which their customers are satisfied. This research is helpful for the A2 segment car manufactures in knowing about the awareness among customers regarding A2 segment cars.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the research are: To study the buying preference of customers regarding selected A2 segment cars with regard to : Fuel Efficiency Price Power Engine Displacement Top speed To study the satisfaction level of customers regarding selected A2 segment cars with regard to : Fuel Efficiency Price Power Engine Displacement Top speed To study the different models of selected A2 segment cars
To study the brand awareness among customers regarding

selected A2 segment cars.

 Topgear1----Spotlight on the three A2 segment cars(Maruti Alto

LXI,Hyundai Santro Xing XL,Tata Indica Xeta GLS)---In this article everything that one need to know about the three A2 segment cars i.e price, equipment, technical aspects, performance ,the warranties, was given.
Lam Darius2---This article is about the rise in the sales of

the

five A2 segment cars, i.e. Maruti Alto, Hyundai Santro ,Tata Indica,Maruti Wagon-R, Maruti Zen, because of various factors like price, fuel efficiency etc.
Prasad R3--- This article is about the advertising strategy

adopted by Tata Indica.Tata Indicas launch campaign was aimed at repositioning the Maruti 800 as an inadequate car and position Indica as the More Car.The More car per car campaigns struck a chord and the positioning stuck. In the words of M.G. Parameswaran, Executive Director and CEOMumbai, FCB-ULKA, the agency that handles the Indica account, The success of Tata Indica is a combination of various factors: a great product offering, a great entry price, a well focused marketing and advertising strategy and the Tata brand

Kothari,C.R.,RESEARCH METHODOLOGY4,-- Research in

common parlance refers to search for knowledge. It can also be defined as a scientific and systematic search for information on a specific topic. A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, by what means concerning a research study constitute a research design. Sampling can be defined as the Selection of some part of an aggregate or totality on the basis of which a judgment or inference about the aggregate or totality is made
Cooper Donald R.,Schindler Pamela S5---Broadly the sources of

data are: Primary Sources Secondary sources. Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. Primary data is collected through: Questionnaires Observation Method Schedules

The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else & which have already passed through the statistical process. Secondary data has been collected through: Magazines, Journals, Pamphlets, Websites of the selected car companies
Gupta S.P6--- Correlation is a statistical technique which helps

in analyzing the relationship between two or more variables. It is used in measuring the closeness of relationship between variables.
Gupta S C,Kapoor V K7--- Correlation is a statistical technique

which helps in analyzing the relationship between two or more variables. It is used in measuring the closeness of relationship between variables. The study of correlation is of immense significance in statistical analysis and practical life:
Tull Donald S,Hawkings Del I8--- Questionnaires are considered

as the heart of survey operations and therefore should be very carefully constructed. It consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order which is filled by the respondents on their own. A good questionnaire should be comparatively short and simple and the sequence shall be from easy the difficult ones.

Advantages of questionnaires are: They are economical. They are free from the biasness of the interviewers. Respondents have adequate time to give well thought to their answers. Respondents can be reached conveniently. Large samples can be used and therefore the results are more dependable.
Schiffman Leon G, Kanuk Leslie Lazar9---- Study of the

customer behavior is the study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources (Time, Money and Efforts) on consumption related items. It includes the study what they buy, whey they buy it, when they buy it, where they buy it, how often they buy it and how often they use it. The primary purpose for the study consumer behavior as apart of marketing curriculum is to understand how and how customers make their purchase decisions. There insights enable marketers to design more effective marketing strategies.
Nair Suja R10---The success of the firm will be determined by

how effective it has been in meeting the diverse customer needs and wants by treating each customer as unique and offering products and services to suit his/her needs

RESEARCH
Research refers to a search for knowledge. Research is scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on specific topic. Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem Research Methodology in a way is a written game plan for conducting research. Research methodology may have dimensions. It includes research methods and also considers the logic behind the methods used in the context of the study. It may also be understood as the science of the study and minimizes the degree of uncertainty of making wrong choices. It helps to understand assumptions underlying various techniques and the criteria by which they can decide that certain techniques will be applicable to certain problems and others will not. Therefore in order to solve a research problem it is necessary to design a research methodology for the easy and accurate solution of the problem.

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DESIGN SAMPLING:

Sampling can be defined as the selection of some

part of an aggregate or totality on the basis of which a judgment or inference about the aggregate or totality is made. In other words it is the process of obtaining information about an entire population by examining only a part of it. ADVANTAGES Sampling saves time and money. It is usually less expensive and produces results at faster speed. It provides more accurate information. It enables to estimate the sampling errors and thus assists in obtaining information concerning characteristics of population. It also enables greater speed of collection of data. The ultimate test of sample design is how well it represents the characteristics of the population it purports to represent. In measurement terms the sample must be valid which depends upon

Accuracy It is the degree to which biasness is absent from the sample. Precision It represents how well the sample represents the population in all respect.

SAMPLING DESIGN: A sample design is a definite plan for

obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique or the procedure that is adopted in selecting the sampling units from which inferences about the population is drawn. Sampling design is determined before the collection of the data. Steps in developing a Sampling Design:
Type of universe-The first step in developing any sample

design is to clearly define the set of objects, technically called Universe, to be studied.
Sampling Unit-A decision has to be taken concerning a

sampling unit before selecting sample. Sampling unit may be Geographical one such as state, village, district etc Social unit such as family, club etc. Construction unit such a flat, house etc.
Source list-It contains the names of all items of a universe. Size of sample: It refers to the number of items to be selected

from the universe to constitute a sample.

Parameters of interest: Specific population parameters which

are of interest must be considered in determining the sample design Budgetary constraint Sampling procedure

CHARATERISTICS OF A GOOD SAMPLE DESIGN sample

Sample design must result in a truly representative Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error Must be viable in the context of funds available for research study Must be such that systematic bias can be controlled in a better way Must be such that results of sample study can be applied TYPES OF SAMPLING Probability Sampling Non-probability Sampling TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING Simple random sampling Area sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling TYPES OF NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING Convenience sampling Judgment sampling Quota sampling

Sample Size: It indicates the number of individuals who would be surveyed. Here the sample size is 200 respondents. The sampling technique used in this project work is JUDGEMENT SAMPLING. In judgement sampling the researchers judgement is used for selecting items which he considers as representative of the population.

ANALYTICAL TOOLS The analytical tools used in this project are: Correlation Multidimensional Scaling
Data has been represented and analyzed through
Bar charts and Pie Charts.

XL Stat software has been used for analysis of data and hypothesis testing. Correlation is a statistical technique which helps in analyzing the relationship between two or more variables.. It is used in measuring the closeness of relationship between variables. If two or more quantities vary in sympathy, so that the movement in one tend to be accompanied by corresponding movements in other then they are said to be correlated. Utility of correlation
With the help of correlation analysis, we can measure the

degree of relationship between different variables. An economist specifies the relationship between different variables like demand and supply etc by way of correlation.

 In business. Trader makes the estimation of costs, sales, prices

etc. with the help of correlation and makes appropriate plans. Correlation is extremely useful in making comparative study of two or more related phenomena and analyzing their mutual relationship

Types of Correlation On the basis of direction of change of variables, correlation can be classified as:
Positive Correlation Negative Correlation On the basis of change in proportion, correlation can be classified as: Linear Correlation Curvi-Linear Correlation On the basis of number of variables studied, correlation can be classified as Simple Correlation Partial Correlation Multiple Correlation Degree of Correlation : Various types of degree of correlation are:

Degree of Correlation Perfect Correlation High degree of Correlation

Positive +1 Between +0.75 to +1

Negative -1 Between -0.75 to -1

Moderate Degree of Correlation Low Degree of Correlation Absence of Correlation

dx Maruti Zen dy Price Fuel Efficiency Engine Displacement (cc) Power (bhp) Top Speed (kph) f fdx fdx2 fdxdy 1 2 -2 -1 0 -2 20 -1 6 Hyundai Santro

Between +0.25 to +0.75 Between -0.25 to -0.75 Between +0 to +0.25 0

Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R 0 26 1 4 Tata Indic a 2 3 59 56 25 -118 -56 0 236 56 0 66 -12 0 f

Between -0 to -0.25 0
fdy fdy2 fdydx

80

10 4

3 4

0 24 0 0
7 5

-8 -3 0

3 5

-12
7

16

20 0

3 0

-32 0

11

35 25 N= 200 fdx= -18 fdx2 = 386 fdxdy = 52

35 50 fdy =-89

35 100
fdy2 =427

0 -2 fdydx = 52

-10
6

-11
4

0 0

4 66 0 0 0

3 14

18
7 4
16

-24

45

-8

28

22 22 22 6

39 78 156 -10

-90 180 66

-28 28 -10

200 x 52 (-18) (-89) 200 x 386 (-18)2 10400 - 1602 76876 77479 200 x 427 (-89)2

8798 277.26 x 278.35 8798 77175.45 r = 0.11 Value of coefficient of correlation r is equal to 0.11.This shows that there is low degree of positive correlation

Multi Dimensional Scaling

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a method for analyzing a (similarity or dissimilarity) proximity matrix based on a set of observations. The purpose of MDS is to model the proximity of observations in order to represent them as accurately as possible in a limited number of dimensions (usually 2). There are different MDS algorithms: XLSTAT uses the SMACOF (Scaling by MAjorizing a COnvex Function) algorithm that minimizes the "normalized stress" function. Furthermore, there are several MDS models (or representation functions), i.e. several ways to transform the dissimilarities into disparities. The disparities are the distances that describe the optimal representation for the observations. The difference between the disparities and the distances measured on the representation resulting from the MDS is called the stress: the lower the stress, the better the representation of the observations. When the representation function simply respects the relative order of the observations, one speaks about ordinal MDS or nonmetric MDS. When the dissimilarities are transformed into disparities using a specific parametric function, one speaks about metric MDS. The following models are available in the current version of XLSTAT: Metric MDS Absolute MDS: each dissimilarity dij must exactly match the distance between points i and j in the representation space. Ratio MDS: the ratio of all distance pairs in the representation space must correspond to the ratio of the corresponding dissimilarities.

Interval MDS: the ratio of all differences between distances in the representation space must correspond to the ratio of the differences of the corresponding dissimilarities. NONMETRIC MDS Ordinal (1): the order of the distances in the representation space must correspond to the order of the corresponding dissimilarities. If there are two dissimilarities of the same rank, then there are no restrictions on the corresponding distances. Ordinal (2): identical to the previous model, but if dissimilarities exist in the same rank, the corresponding distances must be equal. The stress measures the quality of the representation for a given number of dimensions. The lower it is, the better the representation. Various formulas have been proposed by different authors. Although the minimization is always based on the normalized stress, XLSTAT allows to show the results using the four formulas defined below:

Raw stress: it gives the quality of the representation based on the squared errors of the representation compared with the disparities. The formula gives: where Dij is the disparity between individuals i and j, and dij is the Euclidean distance on the representation for the same individuals. wij is the weight of the ij proximity (value is 1 by default). Normalized Stress: it gives the quality of the representation based on the squared errors of the representation compared with the disparities, divided by the sum of the squared disparities.

Kruskal's stress 1: it gives the quality of the representation based on the square root of the squared errors of the representation compared with the disparities, divided by the sum of the squared distances on the representation. Kruskal's stress 2: it gives the quality of the representation based on the square root of the squared errors of the representation compared with the disparities, divided by the sum of the squared centered distances on the representation. The formula gives: where is the average of the distances on the representation. This formula usually results in a stress value that is approximately twice the value obtained for Kruskal's stress 1. In order to know if the representation quality is good enough, some rules exist, mostly based on the Kruskal's stress 1. However, the Shepard diagram that allows to compare the dissimilarities with the distances and to observe some ruptures in the ordination of the values is a empirical but reliable method. The more the chart looks linear, the better the representation. The way the stress evolves when the number of dimensions decreases is also interesting to detect if a significant amount of information is being lost in the selected representation

DATA COLLECTION
Broadly the data has been collected through : Primary Sources Secondary sources.

Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. Primary data has been collected through: Questionnaires It is considered as the heart of survey operations and therefore should be very carefully constructed. It consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order which is filled by the respondents on their own. A good questionnaire should be comparatively short and simple and the sequence shall be from easy the difficult ones. Advantages of questionnaires are: They are economical. They are free from the biasness of the interviewers. Respondents have adequate time to give well thought to their answers. Respondents can be reached conveniently. Large samples can be used and therefore the results are more dependable.

Before using the questionnaire method PILOT SURVEY was conducted by me. PILOT SURVEY- It is the replica or rehearsal of the main research or survey and is carried out to find out the weaknesses of the questionnaire and the survey techniques.

Experience gained in this way would lead to the improvement in the study. Sample size for pilot survey: 30 respondents. My pilot survey was conducted on 30 respondents and I found the results quite satisfactory and therefore went forward with the same methodology of the study adopted. The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else & which have already passed through the statistical process. Secondary data has been collected through: Magazines Journals Pamphlets of the selected car companies Websites of the selected car companies

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The chi-square test is one of the most simplest and widely used nonparametric test in statistical work. The symbol is Greek letter chi. It

was first used by Karl Pearsons in the year 1990. the quantity chisquare describes the magnitude of the discrepancy between theory and observation. XL Stat software tool has been used for hypothesis testing. Chi-square= (O-E)2 E Where O=observed frequency And E=expected frequency Degree of freedom: While comparing the calculated value of chi square with the table value, we have to determine the degree of freedom. By degree of freedom we mean the number of classes to which the values can be assigned arbitrary or will without violating the restriction or limitations placed. (The calculations are shown in the annexure).

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The limitations that were faced in this project work are:

 Reluctance was shown by the customers in filling up the questionnaires Questionnaires reminders There is possibility of ambiguous replies to certain questions Omission of replies to certain questions. Low rate of return of duly filled in questionnaires
The time period for carrying out the research was short as a

were not

returned on time despite several

result of which many facts were left unexplored.

Car of which brand do you have?

Maruti 133 Hyundai 28 Tata 39

39, 20% Maruti 28, 14% Hyundai 133, 66% Tata

INTERPRETATIONS: 66% respondents have car of brand Maruti 20% respondents have car of brand Tata 14% respondents have car of brand Hyundai Out of the following cars(Maruti Alto,Maruti Zen,Maruti

Wagon R, Hyundai Santro, Tata Indica) which car do you have?

Maruti Zen 45 Hyundai Santro 28 Tata Indica 39 Maruti Alto 66 Maruti Wagon R 22

22, 11% 66, 32%

Maruti Zen 45, 23% 28, 14% 39, 20% Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R

INTERPRETATIONS:
32% respondents have Maruti Alto 20% respondents have Maruti Zen 14% respondents have Hyundai Santro

11% respondents Maruti Wagon R 20% respondents have Tata Indica

For how long have you been using this car?

Less than eight months

Eight months

One year

Two years

More than two years

35

46

28

37

54

Less than eight m onths Eight m onths 54, 26% 35, 18% O year ne 37, 19% 46, 23% 28, 14% T o years w M than tw ore o years

INTERPRETATIONS: 18% respondents have been using their car for less than eight months. 23% respondents have been using their car for eight months. 14% respondents have been using their car for one year 19% respondents have been using their car for two years 26% respondents have been using their car for more than two years

Which version of the Maruti Alto do you have?

Std 30 Lx 16 X fun LX 6 LXi 11 X fun LXi 3

11, 17% 6, 9%

3, 5% 30, 45%

Std Lx X fun LX LXi X fun LXi

16, 24%

INTERPRETATIONS: 45% respondents have Maruti Alto Std. 24% respondents have Maryti Alto LX.
9% respondents have Maruti X fun LX 17% respondents have Maruti Alto LXi 5% respondents have Maruti Alto X fun LXi

Which version of the Maruti Zen do you have?

LX 16 LXi 20 VXi 9

9, 20% 16, 36% LX LXi VXi 20, 44%

INTERPRETATIONS: 36% respondents have Maruti Zen LX Std. 44% respondents have Maryti Zen LXi. 9% respondents have Maruti Zen VXi

Which version of the Maruti Wagon R do you have?

LX 8 LXi 9 VXi 5

5, 23% 8, 36% LX LXi VXi 9, 41%

INTERPRETATIONS:
36% respondents have Maruti Wagon R LX.

41% respondents have Maryti Wagon R LXi. 23% respondents have Maruti Wagon R VXi

Which version of the Tata Indica do you have?

DLG(Turbo Diesel) 6 15 9 5 4 Xeta GLF Xeta GLS DL DLF

4, 10% 5, 13%

6, 15%

D LG (Turbo D ies el) Xeta G LF Xeta G LS DL D LF

9, 23%

15, 39%

INTERPRETATIONS:
15% respondents have Tata Indica DLG(Turbo Diesel). 39% respondents have Tata Indica Xeta GLF 23% respondents have Tata Indica Xeta GLS 13% respondents have Tata Indica DL 10% respondents have Tata Indica DLF

Which version of the Hyundai Santro do you have?

XL 6 XO 15 AT 9

9, 30%

6, 20% XL XO AT 15, 50%

INTERPRETATIONS: 20% respondents have Hyundai Santro XL . 50% respondents have Hyundai Santro XO. 30% respondents have Hyundai Santro AT.

How did you come to know about your car brand/model?

Advertisement 80 Friends 65 Family Members 23 Publicity 12 Any Other 20

20, 10% 12, 6% 23, 12%

Advertisement 80, 39% Friends Family Members Publicity

65, 33%

Any Other

INTERPRETATIONS: 39% respondents have come to know about their car through Advertisements. 33% respondents have come to know about their car through friends 12% respondents have come to know about their car through family members.
6%respondents have come to know about their car through

publicity.

Awareness about these five car brands available in market?

Full Aware 48 Aware 126 Less Aware 26 Unaware 0

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

126

No. of respondents

48 26 0 Full A ware A ware Les s A ware Unaware

INTERPRETATIONS:
48 respondents are fully aware about these five car brands. 126 respondents are aware about these five car brands. 26 respondents are less aware about these five car brands.

Why did you prefer Maruti Zen?

Price 20 Fuel Efficiency 10 Engine Displacement 4 Power 5 Top Speed 6

6, 13% 5, 11% 4, 9% 10, 22% 20, 45%

P ric e Fuel E ffic ienc y E ngine Dis plac em ent P ower Top S peed

INTERPRETATIONS: 20% respondents prefer Maruti Zen due to price 22% respondents prefer Maruti Zen due to fuel efficiency 9% respondents prefer Maruti Zen due to engine displacement
11% respondents prefer Maruti Zen due to power

13% respondents prefer Maruti Zen due to top speed

Why did you prefer Hyundai Santro?

Price 6 Fuel Efficiency 3 Engine Displacement 4 Power 11 Top Speed 4

4, 14%

6, 21% 3, 11% 4, 14%

P ric e Fuel E ffic ienc y E ngine Dis plac em ent P ower Top S peed

11, 40%

INTERPRETATIONS: 21% respondents prefer Hyundai Santro due to price 11% respondents prefer Hyundai Santro due to fuel efficiency
14% respondents prefer Hyundai Santro due to engine

displacement
40% respondents prefer Hyundai Santro due to power

14% respondents prefer Hyundai Santro due to top speed

Why did you prefer Maruti Alto?

Price 26 Fuel Efficiency 24 Engine Displacement 5 Power 7 Top Speed 4

7, 11% 4, 6% 5, 8%

P ric e 26, 39% F uel E ffic ienc y E ngine Dis plac em ent P ower

24, 36%

Top S peed

INTERPRETATIONS: 39% respondents prefer Maruti Alto due to price 36% respondents prefer Maruti Alto due to fuel efficiency
8% respondents prefer Maruti Alto due to engine

displacement
11% respondents prefer Maruti Alto due to power

6 respondents prefer Maruti Alto due to top speed

Why did you prefer Maruti Wagon R ?

Price 4 Fuel Efficiency 3 Engine Displacement 5 Power 3 Top Speed 7

7, 31%

4, 18%

Price Fuel Efficiency Engine Displacement Power Top Speed

3, 14% 3, 14% 5, 23%

INTERPRETATIONS: 18% respondents prefer Maruti Wagon R due to price 14% respondents prefer Maruti Wagon R due to fuel efficiency
23% respondents prefer Maruti Wagon R due to engine

displacement
14% respondents prefer Maruti Wagon R due to power

31% respondents prefer Maruti Wagon R due to top speed

Why did you prefer Tata Indica?

Price 3 Fuel Efficiency 16 Engine Displacement 7 Power 9 Top Speed 4

4, 10 % 9 , 2 3%

3, 8%

P ric e F ue l E ffic ie n c y 16, 4 1 % E ng in e D is p lac em ent P ow er Top S pee d

7 , 1 8%

INTERPRETATIONS: 8% respondents prefer Tata Indica due to price 41% respondents prefer Tata Indica due to fuel efficiency
18% respondents prefer Tata Indica due to engine

displacement
23% respondents prefer Tata Indica due to power

10% respondents prefer Tata Indica due to top speed Are you satisfied with your car?
Highly Satisfied 29 92 16 41 Satisfied Undecided Unsatisfied Highly Unsatisfied 22

22, 11% 41, 21%

29, 15%

Highly S atis fied Satis fied Undec ided Uns atis fied

16, 8%

92, 45%

Highly Uns atis fied

INTERPRETATIONS:
15% respondents are highly satisfied with their car 45% respondents are satisfied with their car 8% respondents are undecided with their car 21% respondents are unsatisfied with their car 11% respondents are highly unsatisfied with their car

The features with which you are satisfied are?

Price 57 Fuel Efficiency 56 Engine Displacement 26 Power 36 Top Speed 25

25, 13% 36, 18%

57, 28%

Price Fuel Efficiency Engine Dis placement Power

26, 13%

56, 28%

Top Speed

INTERPRETATIONS:
28% respondents are satisfied with price of their car 28% respondents are satisfied with fuel efficiency of their

car.
13% respondents are satisfied with engine displacement of

their car.
18% respondents are satisfied with power of their car. 13% respondents are satisfied with top speed of their car

In your opinion, what is the impact of advertising?

Very High 33 High 70 Medium 55 Low 31 Very Low 11

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

70 55 33 31 11

No. of respondents

V ery High

High M edium Low

Very Low

INTERPRETATIONS:
33 respondents say advertising has very high impact. 70 respondents say advertising has high impact 55 respondents say advertising has medium impact. 31 respondents say advertising has low impact.

11 respondents say advertising has very low impact

How much does your income affect the purchase of a car?

Very High 33 High 75 Medium 50 Low 31 Very Low 11

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

75 50 33 31 11

No. of respondents

V e ry H ig h

H ig h M e d iu m L o w V e ry L o w

INTERPRETATIONS:
33 respondents say advertising has very high impact. 75 respondents say advertising has high impact 50 respondents say advertising has medium impact. 31 respondents say advertising has low impact. 11 respondents say advertising has very low impact

How much an attractive scheme offered by a car company affects the purchase of a car?
Very High 30 High 65 Medium 60 Low 29 Very Low 16

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

65

60

No. of respondents

30

29 16

V ery High

High

M edium

Low

V ery Low

INTERPRETATIONS:
30 respondents say attractive scheme offered by a car

company very highly affects the purchase of a car. 65 respondents say attractive scheme offered by a car company highly affects the purchase of a car. 60 respondents say attractive scheme offered by a car company has medium affect on the purchase of a car. 29 respondents say attractive scheme offered by a car company has low affect on the purchase of a car. 16 respondents say attractive scheme offered by a car company has very low affect on the purchase of a car.

Recommendations
Recommendation refers to the outcome of the research work done and the suggestions for implementation. 1. It is suggested that manufacturer should make all efforts to control cost.

2. New technology should be applied according to the requirement of the customer. 3. Provide various schemes which attract the customers. 4. Spare parts of the cars should be easily available in the market. 5. Cars should be more fuel efficient. 6. Cars should be available in different colors so as to attract the customers.

1) Topgear, The Big Test:First Timers, Vol.1, Issue 8 April 2006,Page No.-166-174 2) Lam Darius, Autocar India, Alto-gether Strong, Vol 6 No.1 September 2004,Page No.- 21 3) Prasad R, 4Ps Business and Marketing , Indicating More, Volume-1, Issue-14,15 September-28 September, Page No.- 53 4) Kothari,C.R, Research Methodology,2nd edition, Wishawa Parkashan, Page No.-1-22 5) Cooper Donald R, Schindler Pamela S, Marketing Research, Tata McGraw Hill, Page No.-398.
6) Gupta S.P, Statistical Methods, 30th edition, Sultan Chand &

Sons, Page No.- 378-418

7) Gupta S C, Kapoor V K, Fundamental of mathematical

statistics, Sultan Chand & Sons, Page No.-10.1-10.40.

8) Tull

Donald

S.,Hawkings

Del

I,

Marketing

Research

Measurement & Method, 6th ediition, Prentice Hall of India, Page No.- 50-72. 9) Schiffman Leon G, Kanuk Leslie Lazar, Consumer Behavior 6th edition, Prentice Hall of India, Page No. -6-13. 10) Nair Suja R, Consumer Behavior in Indian Perspective , 1st edition , Himalaya Publishing House, Page No.- 311-341.

Web sites:
http://www.hyundai.co.in\Welcome to Hyundai Motor

Hyundai

Santrow.mht, Date 7 february 2007.

http://www.indiainfoline.com/sect/maud.pdf,

date 18 february 2007

htmhttp://car\INDIACAR_NET - Latest auto news - Maruti's Nov

sales up 7_8%, date 18 february 2007

http://car\Auto Industry in Top Gear.htm, date 9 march 2007 http://car\Indiatimes Auto.htm, date 9 march 2007 htmhttp://car\The Hindu Business Line

Maruti eyeing 50 pc in pincer trap-

share in A2 segment.htm, date 26 january 2007

htmhttp://a2\Mid-size

passenger By

cars

Automobiles-Auto-News

Industry-News-The

Economic

Times.htm, date 12 march 2007

http://Hyundai records 49% increase in domestic sales in

January 2007 - India PRwire.htm, date 26 january 2007

htmhttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/,3 march 2007

Secondary Data Magazines like AUTOCAR INDIA,TOPGEAR ,MOTORING Pamphlets of the selected car companies

QUESTIONNAIRE I am doing a survey on buying preference of customers and customer satisfaction regarding selected A2 segment cars (Maruti Alto,Maruti Zen, Maruti Wagon-R, Hyundai Santro, Tata Indica) and the survey is being conducted in lieu of the partial fulfillment of dissertation for the degree of M.B.A. In this regard, I wish to seek your kind cooperation.

Car of which brand do you have?

Out of the following cars which car do you have? Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon-R Tata Indica Maruti Zen Hyundai Santro

For how long have you been using this cars? Less than eight months One year More that two years Eight Months Two Years

Which version of the specific car do you have? What is the price of your car?

What is the mileage (kpl) that your car is giving while driving in city and on highway? What is the top speed (kph) of your car? What is the engine displacement (cc) of your car? How much power (bhp) does the engine of your car develops? How did you come to know about your car brand/model? Advertisement Family Members Any Other Through Friends Publicity

Awareness about these five car brands available in market? Fully Aware Unaware Aware Less aware

Why did you prefer this car ? Fuel Efficiency(kpl) Top Speed(kph) Engine Displacement(cc) Power(bhp) Price

How would you rank the following factors in order of there importance for purchase of a car? Fuel Efficiency(kpl) Top Speed(kph) Power(bhp) Price

Engine Displacement(cc)

Are you satisfied with your car? Highly Satisfied Satisfied Unsatisfied

Highly Unsatisfied Undecided Among the following features of your car, the features with which you are satisfied are? Fuel Efficiency(kpl) Top Speed(kph) Engine Displacement(cc) In your opinion, what is the impact of advertising ? Very High Low High Very Low Medium Power(bhp) Price

How much does your income effect the purchase of a car? Very high Low Very Low High Medium

How much an attractive scheme offered by a car company effects the purchase of a car? Very high Low Very Low High Medium

Suggestions, if any

Name: Place: Age: Occupation: Annual Income (in Rs.): Calculations of chi-square test H0 = There is no correlation between various factors like price, fuel
efficiency, engine displacement, power, top speed and purchase of the car. H1 = There is positive correlation between various factors like price, fuel efficiency, engine displacement, power, top speed and purchase of the car.
XLSTAT 7.1 - Tests on Contingency Tables (Chi-square...) - 3/14/2007 at 3:20:58 PM

Data: workbook = Book1 / sheet = Sheet1 / range = $B$2:$F$6 / 5 rows and 5 columns In case of square table, the Cohen's Kappa is calculated Independence tests between the rows and columns in the contingency table: Chi-square (observed value 47.532 Chi-square (critical value) 26.296 DF 16 One-tailed p-value < 0.0001 Alpha 0.05 Decision At the level of significance Alpha=0.050 the decision is to reject the null hypothesis of independence between the rows and the columns In other words, the dependence between the rows and the columns is significant Chi-square likelihood ratio test (Wilks' G): Wilks' G (observed value) 47.373

Wilks' G (critical value) 26.296 DF 16 One-tailed p-value <0.0001 Alpha 0.05 At the level of significance Alpha=0.050 the decision is to reject the null hypothesis of independence between the rows and the columns In other words, the dependence between the rows and the columns is significant

Table of the statistics testing the independence rows/columns: Value DF p-value Chi-square 47.532 16 <0.0001 Wilks' G 47.373 16 <0.0001 Table of the coefficients: Coefficients Pearson's Phi Cramer's V Tschuprow's T Contingency coefficient Theil's U (R|C Theil's U (C|R) Averaged Theil's U Goodman and Kruskal tau (R|C) Goodman and Kruskal tau (C|R) Cohen's Kappa

Value 0.488 0.244 0.244 0.438 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.066 0.059 -0.019

Calculations of Multidimensional Scaling(MDS)

Rank Factors Price Fuel Efficiency Engine Displacement Power Top Speed 1 20 10 4 5 6 2 6 3 4 11 4 3 26 24 5 7 4 4 4 3 5 3 7 5 3 16 7 9 4

XLSTAT 7.1 - Multidimensional

Scaling (MDS) - 3/14/2007 at 3:48:39 PM

Similarity matrix (converted to a dissimilarity matrix): workbook = Book1 / sheet = Sheet1 / range = $B$2:$F$6 / 5 rows and 5 columns No missing values Metric Multidimensional Scaling Multidimensional Scaling model: absolute Stress used for the results: Kruskal's stress-1 Dimension of the representation space: 2 Repetitions: 10 Seed of the pseudo-random numbers generator: 1094498164 Iterations: 50 Convergence: 0.0001 Space with 2 Dimensions: Model: Dij= Pij Observation coordinates: Observation R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Dim1 7.170 -1.448 -6.559 -6.053 6.890 Dim2 -5.204 -7.822 8.289 -1.852 6.588

Distances measured in the representation space:

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

R1 0 9.006 19.250 13.642 11.796

R2 9.006 0 16.903 7.540 16.648

R3 19.250 16.903 0 10.154 13.556

R4 13.642 7.540 10.154 0 15.452

R5 11.796 16.648 13.556 15.452 0

Ideal distances calculated using the model (disparities): R2 R3 R4 R1 0 10.000 16.000 15.000 R2 10.000 0 16.000 9.000 R3 16.000 16.000 0 13.000 R4 15.000 9.000 13.000 0 R5 14.000 16.000 16.000 13.000 In the case of the absolute model, the disparities are equal than the dissimilarities R1 R5 14.000 16.000 16.000 13.000 0

Residual distances: R1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 0 -0.994 3.250 -1.358 -2.204 R2 -0.994 0 0.903 -1.460 0.648 R3 3.250 0.903 0 -2.846 -2.444 R4 -1.358 -1.460 -2.846 0 2.452 R5 -2.204 0.648 -2.444 2.452 0

Comparative table:

Pair R2 - R4 R1 - R2 R3 - R4 R4 - R5 R1 - R5 R1 - R4 R3 - R5 R1 - R3 R2 - R3 R2 - R5

Dissimilarit Dissimilarity Disparity Distance y Disparity Distance rank rank rank 9.000 9.000 7.540 1 1 1 10.000 10.000 9.006 2 2 2 13.000 13.000 10.154 3 3 3 13.000 13.000 15.452 3 3 7 14.000 14.000 11.796 4 4 4 15.000 15.000 13.642 5 5 6 16.000 16.000 13.556 6 6 5 16.000 16.000 19.250 6 6 10 16.000 16.000 16.903 6 6 9 16.000 16.000 16.648 6 6 8 In the case of the absolute model, the disparities are equal than the dissimilarities

Summary of repetitions:

Repetition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Iterations 50 50 50 23 50 50 50 50 50 39

Initial stress 0.538 0.428 0.304 0.301 0.551 0.407 0.397 1.022 0.556 0.594

Fin. stress 0.184 0.164 0.212 0.189 0.237 0.206 0.172 0.164 0.238 0.147