Supelec

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Merouane Debbah merouane.debbah@supelec.fr February, 2008

Shannons point of view on OFDM

C. E. Shannon, Communication in the presence of Noise, Proceeding of the IRE, vol. 37, no.1, pp. 10-21, Jan, 1949.

Fourier

We can divide the band into a large number of small bands, with N (f ) approximately constant in each

In Shannons terms, N (f ) is the power spectrum.

First OFDM scheme

M. L. Doeltz, E. T. Heald and D. L. Martin, Binary data transmission techniques for linear systems, Proc. IRE, vol. 45, pp. 656-661, May 1957.

First system known as Kineplex (50 years ago!) for military purposes in the band [1.830Mhz].

Unfortunately, not much is known about this system...

The Analog age of OFDM

B. R. Saltzberg, Performance of an efcient Parallel Data Transmission System, IEEE Trans. Commun, Vol. Com-15, p. 805-811, Dec. 1967 S. B. Weinstein and P. M. Ebert, Data Transmission by frequency Division Multiplexing, IEEE Trans. Commun, vol. COM-19, pp. 628-634, Oct, 1971.

Joseph Fourier, 1768-1830 The basic idea used the Fourier transform but the success was limited due to the high cost of orthogonal analog lters.
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The digital age of OFDM

A. Peled and A. Ruiz, Frequency domain data transmission using reduced computational complexity algorithms, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Apr. 1980, pp. 964-967 B. Hirosaki, An Orthogonally multiplexed QAM system using the discrete Fourier Transform, IEEE Trans. Commun,. vol. Com-29, pp. 982-989, Jul. 1981 The modulator was based on the FFT and had well celebrated features thanks to Cooley (IBM) and Tukey (Princeton) in 1965. But how does one cope with frequency selective channels?

OFDM Afterwards
WO9004893, oct, 1989, First worldwide patent introducing the guard interval in OFDM

Tristan de Couasnon, Supelec then TH-CSF The idea is based on the use of a guard interval. The unexploited guard interval trades complexity for performance but this is exactly the degree of freedom we need We have to exploit it!
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The digital age of OFDM

MODULATOR
S(k)
S0(k) S1(k)

DEMODULATOR
rig(k)
P=S P=S
ig r0 (k) ig rD 1(k)

s( k )
s0 (k ) s1 (k ) s2 (k )

sig(k)
sig (k) 0 sig 1 (k) D sig (k) D

r(k)
r0(k) r1(k) r2(k)

R( k )
R0(k)
C0

sn

SN

1(

k)

sN

D (k )

DAC sampling rate T

s(t)

bn

C(k)

r ( t)

rn ADC sampling rate T

ig rP 1 ( k )

RN
rN 1(k)

1( )

CN

sN 1 (k )

sig 1 (k) P

modulation

guard interval insertion

parallel to serial conversion

digital to analog converter

analog to serial to parallel digital converter conversion

guard interval suppression

demodulation

Some mathematics..

The transmitted signal xN +L of user 1 is:

(1) xN +L

(1)

(1) xN L+1

. . .

xN (1) x1 . . . (1) xN

(1)

(N +L)1

we let

(1) xN =

(1) x1

. . .

N 1

xN

(1)

H = FN

(1) s1

. . .

N 1

sN

(1)

= FN sN

(1)

Some mathematics...

rBS1 = CN +LxN +L + n Here, CN +L CN (N +L) represents the OFDM complex channel matrix of the channel between the kth user Uk and the j th base station BSj , (k,j) (k,j) h h0 0 0 L . ... ... ... . 0 . (k,j) CN +L = . ... ... ... . . 0 (k,j) (k,j) 0 0 hL h0 N (N +L)
(k,j)

(1,1)

(1)

Some mathematics...

The received signal is processed by a FFT matrix FN . At BS1 , we can write the outcome signal yBS1 as follows FN CN +LxN +L = FN CN FN sN = HdiagsN (1,1) (1,1) (1,1) h0 0 hL h1 . . ... ... ... . . . . (1,1) (1,1) ... ... h hL L = . ... ... ... . 0 . . ... ... ... . . 0 (1,1) (1,1) 0 0 hL h0
(1,1) (1) (1,1) H (1) (1) (1)

where

CN

(1,1)

N N

and

(1) Hdiag

is a diagonal matrix with the frequency response as diagonal elements.

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