SUBCOURSE EDITION

SS0520 5

OPERATION OF AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSORS

 US ARMY STILL PHOTOGRAPHIC SPECIALIST
MOS 84B SKILL LEVEL 1 COURSE

OPERATION OF AUTOMATIC
FILM PROCESSORS

SUBCOURSE NO. SS0520­5

US ARMY SIGNAL SCHOOL
FORT GORDON, GEORGIA

Three Credit Hours

GENERAL

The   Operation   of   Automatic   Film   Processors   subcourse,   part   of   the   Still

Photographic   Specialist   Skill   Level   I   course,   is   designed   to   teach   the
knowledge necessary for performing tasks related to the operation of automatic
film processors.  Information is provided for general operation of this type of
equipment and on specific models such as the Versamat 11C­MW.  The subcourse is
presented   in   two   lessons   each   corresponding   to   a   terminal   objective   as
indicated below.

Lesson 1: PREPARE CONTINUOUS FILM PROCESSOR FOR OPERATION

TASK:   Describe   the   function,   internal   systems,   preparation   procedures,   and

safety precautions for the automatic film processor.

CONDITIONS:   Given   information   about   the   function,   preparation   for   operation,

and safety precautions associated with the automatic film processor.

STANDARDS:   Demonstrate   competency   of   the   task   skills   and   knowledge   by

responding   to   the   multiple­choice   test   covering   function,   internal   systems
preparation procedures, and safety precaution for the automatic film processor.

(This   objective   supports   STP   Task   113­578­3044,   Prepare   Automatic   Film

Processor for Operation.)

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Lesson 2: OPERATE CONTINUOUS FILM PROCESSOR

TASK: Describe the operation of the automatic film processor.

CONDITIONS:   Given   information   about   systems   and   operating   procedures   of   the

Versamat 11C­MW Processor.

STANDARDS:   Demonstrate   competency   of   the   task   skills   and   knowledge   by

responding   to   the   multiple­choice   test   covering   operation   of   the   automatic
print processor.

(This   objective   supports   STP   Task   113­578­3045,   Operate   Automatic   Film

Processor.)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

TITLE PAGE.......................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................... iii

INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSORS........................... vi

Lesson 1: PREPARE CONTINUOUS FILM PROCESSOR FOR OPERATION........... 1

Learning Event 1: Describe the Function, Capability, and
Operation of the Automatic Film Processor...................... 1

Learning Event 2: Describe the Major Systems of the
Automatic Film Processor........................................ 3

Learning Event 3: Identify Basic Areas of Safety............... 14

Learning Event 4: Identify the Steps Necessary to Prepare
Film Processor for Operation................................... 14

Practice Exercise............................................... 17

Answers to Practice Exercise................................... 18

Lesson 2: OPERATE CONTINUOUS FILM PROCESSOR......................... 19

Learning Event 1: Describe the Versamat 11C­MW Film 
Processor....................................................... 19

Learning Event 2: Describe the Major Systems of the Versamat
11C­MW Film Processor........................................... 22

Learning Event 3: Locate and Describe the Functions of the
Controls and Indicators with Versamat 11C­MW Film Processor. . . . 29

Learning Event 4: Describe the Preoperational Inspection,
Daily Start­up, and Shutdown Procedure......................... 31

Practice Exercise............................................... 36

Answers to Practice Exercise................................... 38

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 *** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***

THE PASSING SCORE FOR ALL ACCP MATERIAL IS NOW 70%.

PLEASE DISREGARD ALL REFERENCES TO THE 75% REQUIREMENT.

Whenever pronouns or other references denoting gender appear in this document,
they are written to refer to either male or female unless otherwise indicated.

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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

v
 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATION OF AUTOMATIC
FILM PROCESSORS

This   subcourse   contains   two   lessons   on   the   operation   of   continuous   film

processors.     These   processors   are   becoming   more   common   in   Army   laboratories
throughout the world.  Your understanding of their operation will help make you
a better still photographic specialist.

Lesson 1 deals with the preparation of a processor and Lesson 2 explains how to
operate the processor.

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 LESSON 1
PREPARE CONTINUOUS FILM PROCESSORS FOR OPERATION

TASK

Describe   the   function,   internal   systems,   preparation   procedures,   and   safety

precautions for the automatic film processor.

CONDITIONS

Given   information   about   the   function,   preparation   for   operation   and   safety
precautions associated with the automatic film processor.

STANDARDS

Demonstrate  competency  of the  task  skills and knowledge  by responding  to  the

multiple­choice   test   covering   function,   internal   systems   preparation
procedures, and safety precaution for the automatic film processor.

REFERENCES

NONE

Learning Event 1:
DESCRIBE   THE   FUNCTION,   CAPABILITY,   AND   OPERATION   OF   THE   AUTOMATIC   FILM
PROCESSOR

1. In   an   attempt   to   produce   standardized   products   of   top   quality   at   high

speeds, many types of automatic processors have been designed and tested.   It
would be impractical to teach the operation of each individual type of machine.
However   a  basic   understanding   of   the   fundamentals   common   to   these   processors
will   be   helpful.     Many   of   these   fundamentals   can   be   applied   to   any   type   of
machine a soldier may encounter.  In this lesson you will become familiar with
the Versamat 11C­MW Continuous Film Processor.

2. The function of a processing machine is to transport film through various
solutions for a specific length of time.  This function must be repeatable.

3. Continuous   film   processors   are   designed   for   the   rapid   processing   and
drying of black and white film, color negative and positive transparency slide
film.     Continuous   processors  can   process  both   roll   and   sheet   film.     Keep   in
mind   that   no   one   machine   can   process   both   black   and   white   and   color   film.
Continuous   processors   are   designed   either   for   black   and   white   film   only   or
color film only.   A color processor could process black and white film if it
were modified.   However, this would be wasteful in time and money.  There are
also new processors coming on the market that will process

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both film and paper.   These require a change in chemistry when going­from one
medium to the other.

4. The processor  is designed to be installed outside  the darkroom,  with  the

film entrance inside or against a light­tight opening into the darkroom wall.
This   allows   darkroom   personnel   to   feed   unprocessed   film   directly   into   the
processor without exposing it to light.

5. The operation of a processor is as follows:

a. Film is fed into the feed entrance (fig 1­1(1)).

b. Film enters the developer tanks (fig 1­1(2)).

c. It is carried to the tank bottom and back to the top (fig 1­1(3)).

d. It  then  goes  onto  the fix tanks and the remaining  tanks in  the  same

manner (fig 1­1(4)).

e. The   dryer   section   receives   the   film   from   the   squeegee   assembly   and
transports it downward and then upward between air tubes, which direct hot air
onto both sides (emulsion and base) of the film (fig 1­1(5)).

f. The   processed   and   dried   negative   or   transparency   then   passes   into   a

receiving bin (for sheet film) or onto a take­up adaptor (for roll film) (fig
1­1(6)).

Figure 1­1.  Basic operating procedure of a film processor

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Learning Event 2:
DESCRIBE THE MAJOR SYSTEMS OF THE AUTOMATIC FILM PROCESSOR

1. Film drives and transport systems.

a. Probably the most important area of machine design is the film drive
system.  The film must be transported through the solution tanks at a constant
speed.     The   operator   must   be   able   to   adjust   this   film   drive   speed   as   the
situation warrants.  Also, the speed must be reproducible.  In other words, if
a particular type of film is to be processed at speed of 10 feet per minute, a
second roll at 20 feet per minute and a third at, again, 10 feet per minute,
the first and third rolls, (both processed at 10 feet per minute) must produce
identical results.

b. An   ideal   transport   system   would   be   one   in   which   the   film   is   moved

through the processing machine without the film being touched by the processor;
it   could   never   be  damaged.     Research  is   being   conducted   on   a  liquid   bearing
transport   which   would   do   exactly   that:   move   the   film   through   the   processor
without contact  between them.    An ideal  drive  system  would  provide  a uniform
rate of speed throughout the system, one in which there would be no slack or
stress on the film at any point.  Finally, an ideal drive system would also be
exact,   one   in   which   the   speed   of   travel   could   be   set   with   considerable
accuracy.     Many   film   drive   and   transport   systems   approach   these   ideals,
particularly in the areas of uniformity and accuracy.  Drive systems generally
consist   of   a   motor,   a   variable   speed   transmission,   and   a   drive   chain   which
produces   rotation   of   the   transport   rollers,   usually   through   a   system   of
clutches.

c. The type of transport system found in a processor is dependent on the
size  (width)   of the  film  to  be  processed  and  the  desired  quality  of  the  end
product.  In processors designed for narrow film widths, the film is generally
transported by gangs of  rollers.   If the  film being processed  is perforated,
sprocket   drives   may   be   employed   to   transport   the   film.     In   other   cases   the
rollers   are   flanged   and   the   film   is   guided   between   the   flanges.     If
misalignment of this type of roller occurs because of a worn shaft or bearing,
the film could climb the flange causing crimped edges, creases lengthwise along
the   film   or,   in   severe   cases,   film   breaks   due   to   the   film   running   off   the
roller.

d. On   the   other   hand,   processors   designed   for   larger   (wider)   sizes   of

film usually  have  single  roller transports  instead  of ganged  rollers.    These
single,   wide   rollers   depend   on   proper   alignment   for   accurate   film   tracking.
Because of their width some lateral movement of the film is possible, allowing
the film to "find its own path" through the processor.  This lateral movement,
however, increases the possibility of side strain on the film.  If the rollers
become misaligned, one edge of the film may rise up off the roller resulting in
damage to the film.

e. Another   factor   to   be   considered   is   the   diameter   of   the   individual

rollers.   Smaller diameter rollers use considerably less space, allowing more
of them to be placed within a small area.  The disadvantage of smaller rollers
is that they exert more strain on the film as it bends around them.  The 

3
converse is true of the larger diameter rollers: they exert less strain on the
film   but   occupy   more   space   in   a   processing   machine.     Some   processors   have
rollers of different sizes and it is important for a technician to know these
sizes and their locations.  This will frequently make it easier to pinpoint the
cause of a mechanical processing defect.   For example, if an abrasion appears
approximately every three inches on a roll of film, the cause could be a small
(one­inch diameter) roller.   If, on the other hand, the defect is found every
nine   inches,   the   smaller   rollers   could   be   eliminated   as   the   cause   and   the
larger (three­inch diameter) rollers would be inspected.

2. Machine Threading Systems.

a. Leader Type.   Most processing machines are pre­threaded with a leader
which may be thick or thin acetate, mylar, or in some instances, clear film,
thereby rethreading the machine for the next processing run.

b. The threading pattern used most often with wide film (over 70mm wide)
is the "over­under system."   Normally when this pattern is used, the emulsion
side of the film touches only the bottom rollers which are always wet with the
processing  solutions  (figure  1­2).    However,  one  processor  now  being  used  is
operated with the film emulsion down which means the emulsion side touches the
top rollers and the base side touches the bottom rollers.

Figure 1­2.  Over­under threading

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 c. Another threading system is the "loop" type.  In this system, the film
is  threaded  in  a loop  around  the  rollers  and  only  the  film  base  touches  the
rollers (fig 1­3).

Figure 1­3.  Loop type threading

d. Leaderless Machines.    These machines  do not  require threading  with  a

leader,   but   transport   the   film   through   the   machine   by   another   means.     This
transport   method   is   a  double   row   of   rollers   that   are   closely   spaced   to   each
other, and to the opposing row.  The film is first spliced to a stiffening tab,
usually called a "bullet."  The bullet with the film attached is inserted into
the   machine   and   is   transported   between   the   rows   of   rollers   and   through   the
machine   by  friction.     More   will   be   said   about   this   type   of   transport   system
later (fig 1­4).

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Figure 1­4.  Leaderless transport system

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3. Agitation Systems.

a. The purpose of an agitation system is to move the processing solution
within the tank so that fresh solution is always brought into contact with the
film.     Continuous   processing   machines   employ   numerous   types   of   agitation
systems.

b. Immersion.     The   immersion   method   of   agitation   is   perhaps   the   oldest

and most widely used system.  In this system, the film travels through various
tanks   containing   solutions   and   receives   agitation   solely   from   its   movement
through the tank.  Another way of stating it would be that instead of solution
being brought into contact with the film, the film, instead, is being brought
into contact with  the solution.    The immersion  system is the  least expensive
and, obviously, the easiest agitation method to maintain.   Figure 1­5 shows a
typical immersion processing tank.

c. Spray   System.     The   spray   processor   consists   of   empty   tanks   through

which the film passes.   As film moves through the tanks, solution is sprayed
against the emulsion.  Spray heads are often mounted on both sides of the film
so that spray pressures are equalized and film will not be pushed to one side
(fig 1­6).

Figure 1­5. Schematic of a typical Figure 1­6. Schematic of a typical 

immersion processing tank spray processing tank

(1) There   are   two   main   spray   processing   configurations.     One   sprays
fresh solution which is used once and then drained away.   The other employs a
sump in which the solutions accumulate to be pumped through the spray system 

7
onto the film and back to the sump.  Both systems are in common use.  Each has
its advantages and disadvantages.  When spray processing, the oxidation process
is speeded up, since the exposure of developer to air is accelerated.  This is
why some systems use the developer only once, after which it is drained.

(2) In   systems   where   the   solution   is   used   again,   the   machine   is

equipped  with a replenishment  system to offset the  effects of oxidation.   In
either   system,   it   helps   to   use   a   developer   formula   with   a   high   preservation
content.   There are some complex systems in which the air within the machine
developing tank is evacuated and replaced with nitrogen gas.  Nitrogen gas does
not   support   oxidation,   and   developer   used   in   a   nitrogen   environment   may   be
recovered and used again and again.

d. Spray­immersion.     This   is   a   third   agitation   system   and   as   the   name

implies, a combination of the preceding two.   In a spray­immersion system the
spray bars  are submerged  in the solution so that the film receives  agitation
from both the spray action and immersion in the solution.

e. Gaseous Burst.  Another method is called the gaseous burst system.  In
this   system   a   photographically   inert   gas   (nitrogen)   is   bubbled   through   the
solution from a perforated grill in the bottom of the tank at short intervals.
The gas bubbles rising through the solution keep it in motion to bring fresh
solution   into   contact   with   the   film.     Another   method   is   called   turbulation.
This is a system where the solution is pumped out of the tank, usually near the
top, and back into the tank, usually near the bottom.  Keeping the solution in
motion again provides fresh solution to the film surface.  Many processors use
several of these agitation methods at the same time.

f. There are advantages and disadvantages to each major chemical system.
The spray concept gives excellent rapid processing.  However, adjustment of the
spray   fan   to   minimize   streaking   is   critical.     In   the   spray   processor,   the
cabinet doors may be opened making all cabinet areas accessible for cleaning.
Since solutions do not remain in the cabinets, there is no drastic buildup of
chemical byproducts in the machine.   Deposits which are formed can be removed
by   wiping   with   a   sponge.     In   an   immersion   type   system,   the   operator   cannot
reach the bottom of the tanks and must rely upon chemical cleaning agents to
remove   chemical   deposits.     When   the   spray   machine   is   used,   milliliter   of
solution  can be filtered  before it is repumped  into the machine.    Developer,
however, is oxidized rapidly and requires a large amount of replenishment.  The
rapid exhaustion of the developer, and consequent high rate of replenishment,
makes the spray processor expensive to operate.

g. Other   considerations   are   the   man­hours   required   to   mix   this

replenisher  and   the   storage   space   the   replenisher   occupies.     Most   processors
used by the Army are immersion machines.

4. Recirculation Systems.

a. Recirculation   systems   perform   four   important   functions   in   processing

machines.  The recirculation system:
8
 (1) Filters the solution.

(2) Controls the temperature of the solutions.

(3) Provides a logical place to add replenisher to the solutions.

(4) Provides a certain amount of agitation to the solutions.  Figure 1­
7 shows a typical recirculation system.

Figure 1­7.  Typical recirculation system

b. Filtration.     Solutions   are   generally   filtered   before   they   are

reintroduced  into  the  machine.    Continuous  filtration  of this  type,  at least
during   machine   operation,   is   generally   regarded   as   preferable   to   batch
filtration.  This filtration is usually accomplished through the use of screen
or   cartridge   filters.     The   particle   size   passed   by   the   filter   is   of   prime
importance.   Most processors use filters that filter out all particles larger
than   10   microns.     Wash   water   must   be   filtered   to   the   same   degree   as   the
chemical   solutions.     Instruments   used   on   the   solution   filter   system   should
include pressure gauges on the inlet and outlet of the filter to indicate the
pressure drop across the filter system.  The pressure drop will signal when the
filters are becoming clogged and need cleaning or replacing.

c. Temperature Control.   One of the most critical elements of the color
photographic process is solution temperature.  Temperature must be controlled

9
for consistent  and reproducible  results.    The developer  is the  most  critical
solution   and   should   be  held   within   ±  1/4   to   1/2°F   (±   0.1  to   0.25°C).     Other
solution temperatures are less critical, but should be controlled to within 2°F
(l.1°C) of the developer temperature.   In black and white film processing the
temperature of the developer is not as critical as in color processing.   The
temperature   can   range   from   65°F   to   75°F   and   the   other   solution   temperatures
should be controlled to within 2°F of the developer temperature.

d. Heat   Exchanger.     The   heat   exchanger   incorporates   refrigeration   coils

and electrical heating elements.  The developer and fixer solutions are pumped
through   separate   exchangers.     The   chemicals   are   adjusted   to   the   proper
temperature,   and   reintroduced   into   the   processing   machine.     A   temperature
sensing   probe,   located   within   the   processing   machine   tank,   monitors   solution
temperatures   and   transmits   this   information   to   the   solution   thermostats.    If
solution   temperature   is   too   high,   the   refrigeration  compressor   is   turned   on.
This drives the refrigerant through coils within the heat exchanger and cools
the solution.  If the solution in the tank is too cold, the heaters located in
the heat exchanger are turned on.  This heats the solution.  The operator sets
the   solution   thermostats   at   the   desired   temperature   and   the   solution
temperature is automatically controlled.

e. Replenishment.     Replenisher   is   generally   introduced   to   existing

solutions   in   the   recirculation   system.     It   is   mixed   with   the   partially
exhausted   solutions   and,   therefore,   does   not   enter   the   machine   in   its   raw,
undiluted   state.     If   raw   replenisher   were   added   directly   into   the   solution
tanks,   uneven   development   and/or   fixation   could   occur   before   the   replenisher
mixed with the solutions already present.

f. Agitation.     The  agitation  systems   used  in  continuous   processors   have

already   been   discussed   at   length.     Some   of   these   systems,   specifically   the
turbulation method, the spray­immersion method, and the spray method in which
the solution  is reused,  rely  on the processor's  recirculation  system  to pump
the solution out of the tank, treat it (filter, heat/cool, and replenish), and
pump it back in.

5. Replenishment   System.     The   purpose   of   replenishment   is   to   maintain   the

activity of the solution at a constant level throughout processing operation.
This   becomes   necessary   due   to   the   fact   that   as   solutions   are   used   their
activity decreases.  Replenisher may be added to solutions in one of two ways.

a. Topping off.

(1) After a certain amount of film is processed, a quantity of solution
is   removed   and   another   quantity   of   replenisher   is   added.     The   quantity   of
replenisher   is   usually   greater   to   allow   for   carryover   and   evaporation.     For
example,  a processing  tank holds 8 gallons of developer.    After processing  a
roll of film, only 7.8 gallons remain, the .2 gallon has been carried out by
the   film   or   has   evaporated.     Additionally,   the   remaining   7.8   gallons   is
partially exhausted.

10
 (2) To   replenish   using   the   topping­off   method,   .3   gallons   might
additionally   be   removed   from   the   tank   and   replaced   with   one­half   gallon
replenisher   solution,   bringing   the   activity   and   the   physical   level   of   the
solution back to its original state.

(3) While this is a fairly simple method of replenishment, it does not
adapt well to continuous processors.  If a long (500 ­ 1000 ft) roll of film is
being   processed,   the   solution   activity   would   gradually   decrease   during
processing.   As a result, the end of the roll would receive less development
than the beginning.

b. Bleed System.

(1) In   order   to   maintain   the   activity   at   a   constant   level   during

processing, the bleed system is used.  In this system the replenisher solution
being added forces a proportional amount of used developer solution out of the
tank   through   an   overflow   at   the   top.     This   method,   therefore,   provides
continuous replenishment during processing, and, if the replenishment rates are
properly established, the gamma of the film at the start of processing and the
gamma at the end will be the same.

(2) The replenishment rates used are dependent on many factors.   Among

them   are:   the   chemical   composition   of   the   solution,   the   type   of   film   being
processed, the size (width) of the film, the machine processing speed (time),
and the overall density of the film.  If a film is overexposed and produces a
dense negative, it will use up developer more rapidly than a normally exposed
film.   Since this is frequently not known until after the film is processed,
adjustments  may   be   necessary  after  processing  or   during   the   next   run.    If   a
film is underexposed (thin negatives), normal replenishment would be excessive
and, again, adjustments will be necessary.

6. Squeegees.

a. As   the   film   is   transported   from   tank   to   tank,   solutions   are   carried

over which will cause contamination or dilution.  A squeegee is used to remove
most  of  the  fluid  from   the  film  surfaces  to  minimize  carryover.    It  is  also
very important to remove excess water from the film before it enters the drying
cabinet.

b. There   are   three   general   types   of   squeegees:   blade,   roller,   and   air.
Their use will depend on the complexity of the particular processor.

(1) Blade   squeegee.     This   type   consists   of   two   rubber   blades   which
resemble   miniature   windshield   wipers   mounted  so   that   the   film   passes  between
them.

(2) Roller  squeegee.    Depending   on the  processor,  this  type  will  have
two or more rollers to remove the liquid as the film passes between them.

(3) Air squeegee.     The  film  passes  between  two  closely  spaced  nozzles
with high pressure jets of air being directed at the film.

11
 c. Since the first two types of squeegees come into direct contact with
the   film,   it   is   imperative   that   they   be   kept   absolutely   clean.     A   chemical
deposit or an abrasion on the squeegee will seriously damage the film.  The air
squeegee, although it never touches the film, must also be used with caution.
The   compressed   air   must   be   clean   and   free   of   oil   used   in   many   types   of
compressors.

d. Washing  the film is done in the last two tanks of the  processor  and

the movement of the film in water provides adequate agitation.

7. Drying Systems.

a. The drying of film is a complex, two­fold operation.  So that moisture
may be removed from the thickness of an emulsion, it must first migrate to the
surface   and   then   evaporate   in   the   air.     The   rate   at   which   this   takes   place
depends   upon   the   thickness   of   the   emulsion,   the   amount   of   hardening   it
received,   the   density   of   the   developed   image,   the   temperature,   relative
humidity, and movement of ambient air reaching the film. 

b. The air is heated to expand it, to lower its relative humidity, and to
accelerate   the   evaporation   of   moisture.     These   factors   are   directly
proportional to the temperature.   The temperature must be held within certain
limits.   If it is too low, evaporation is slowed and drying marks result, and
if it is too high, the emulsion may become brittle and crack.  The exact limits
are governed by the kind of material being dried, how it was processed, and the
type of dryer being used.

c. The reason air should be kept moving is that air at the surface of the
wet emulsion soon becomes saturated and will not take up additional moisture.
The saturated air must be replaced by unsaturated air if drying is to continue.
Of   course,   even   still   air   is   in   constant   motion,   and   an   emulsion   will   dry
eventually, but the drying will most likely be more rapid at the edges than in
the   center.     Thus,   any   considerable   change   in   the   drying   conditions   that
persists for comparatively long periods of time will leave visible lines at the
wet­dry borders.  This condition is apt to occur in certain types of dryers.

d. Parallel­flow dryers utilize a series of reverse­bend ducts to conduct
warm dry air across the film as it moves through the drying cabinet.  Figure 
1­8 shows schematically a typical arrangement.

(1) In order to prevent the drying marks mentioned above, parallel­flow
dryers   should   be   operated   at   rather   high   air   velocities.     The   temperature
should not be excessive, and the relative humidity of the air should not be too
low.

(2) The exact conditions must be adjusted  to the climate in which the

dryer is being used.   Different  settings would be required  for coastal areas
than, for example, the desert.

e. One of the most common methods of drying is called impingement drying.
In this method, jets of air are applied at right angles to the

12
emulsion and base of the film simultaneously.   The schematic, fig 1­8b, shows
the   relation   of   the   film   to   the   air   plenums   in   the   drying   compartment   of   a
continuous processor.

(1) Air is heated to temperatures ranging between 100°F and 150°F (37.8°
to 65°C) and is directed against  the film at velocities  of from 5000 to 6000
feet   per   minute.     An   efficient   squeegee   must   be   used   since   surface   liquid
remaining on the film will result in non­uniform drying.

(2) As with any other type of dryer, the condition of temperature and
velocity must be adjusted to the local climate.   Otherwise, the film will dry
more rapidly at the edges causing drying marks.

(3) Some   types   of   film   tend   to   become   excessively   brittle   when   dried
rapidly by this method.   This is due to reduced relative humidity rather than
overdrying.

Figure 1­8a.  Parallel­flow dryer Figure 1­8b.  Impingement dryer

13
Learning Event 3:
IDENTIFY BASIC AREAS OF SAFETY

1. There   are   three   basic   areas   of   safety:   chemical,   electrical,   and

mechanical.  When working with a continuous processor you will be confronted by
all three areas simultaneously.

a. Chemical.     When   working   with   photographic   solutions,   always   assume

that they will be harmful.  Never try to determine the contents of a bottle by
sniffing.  If in doubt, safely discard the contents according to the local SOP
and   obtain   one   you   are   sure   of.     When   mixing   chemicals,   wear   appropriate
protective clothing and follow the manufacturer's instructions.  Remember AAA­
ALWAYS ADD ACID OR ALKALI.   That is, add acid to water.   NEVER add water to
acid.

b. Electrical.     Electrical   equipment   always   presents   the   possibility   of

shock.  Make sure the electrical equipment is properly grounded.  If in doubt,
have it checked by qualified personnel.

c. Mechanical.   Processing machines are filled with gears, chains, drive
shafts,   and   other   moving   parts.     Keep   hands   away   from  these  parts  while  the
machine is running.   Be especially careful of loose­fitting clothing and long
hair.   Either remove loose clothing, or roll up sleeves, tape them tight and
wear a hat or some other device to keep hair away.

2. Remember that safety is a continuing job.  If you find an unsafe condition
report  it  to  your  supervisor.    It's  always   better  to  be  safe  now  than  sorry
later.

Learning Event 4:
IDENTIFY THE STEPS NECESSARY TO PREPARE FILM PROCESSOR FOR OPERATION

1. The first step is to flush all rollers and crossover assemblies with warm
water to remove any foreign matter.  Then wipe down the wet tanks using a damp
sponge.

2. Remove the side panel to gain access to the plumbing section.  Remove the
panel by lifting up on the stainless steel edging and disengaging the bottom of
the panel from the processor.  Then pull the panel from the processor.  Inside
the plumbing section are five tank drain valves that must be closed.

3. Connect the replenisher lines from the storage tanks to the inlets on the
front of the processor.  Make sure the proper line is connected to the proper
inlet.  See figure 2­10 for the proper inlet location.

4. The   processor   is   now   ready   for   the   installation   of  the   roller   racks   and
crossover   assemblies.     Place   No.   1   rack   into   the   first   developer   tank   by
sliding the rack into the tank until it seats firmly.   Under NO circumstances
should you try to jam the racks into place.  After the rack has seated, check
to make sure the roller rack drive gear engages the worm gear on the drive

14
Figure 2­10.  Processor, Versamat 11C­W overall view

Figure 2­11.  Numbered racks and crossovers

15
shaft.     Install   the   rest  of   the  rack   assemblies   and   then   install   the   cross­
overs.   Each rack and crossover is numbered or identified as to its position.
Figure 2­11 shows the correct positioning.

5. You are now ready to install the roll­feed adapter (or magazine assembly)
and roll film take­up assembly if they are required.

6. The processor should be filled with chemicals using the required developer
and fixer.    It  must  be  filled  to  the  proper  level  using  an  external   source.
The   replenisher   system   is   not   designed   for   initial   filling   of   the   chemical
tanks.  Once the tanks are filled, check the replenisher system for operation.
To do so, proceed as follows:

a. Make sure the lines are connected to the inputs and the storage tanks
are filled with solutions.

b. Turn the replenisher switch to the MANUAL position.

c. Open   the   bleed   valve   inside   the   plumbing   chamber   to   remove   the   air
from the lines.  When the solution flows, close the valve.

d. Open flow meter control valves and allow the solutions to flow through
the flow meters to the tanks.

e. Adjust the flow meters to the desired replenishment rate.

f. Turn the replenisher switch to the OFF position.

7. Replace   the   side   panel   for   the   plumbing   compartment   and   allow   5   to   10
minutes   for   the   developer   and   dryer   assembly   to   come   up   to   the   required
temperature.  Turn on the cold and hot water and adjust the mixing valve to the
recommended   water   temperature   (slightly   less   than   the   recommended   developer
temperature).     The   water   temperature   is   indicated   by   a   thermometer   on   the
mixing   valve.     Before   the   initial   processing   operation,   check   the   developer
temperature   with   a   process   thermometer   to   ensure   the   machine   thermometer   is
correct.     After   the   initial   check   and   correction,   this   check   is   performed
periodically during the maintenance inspections.

16
 PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. What   is   the   function   of   a   processing   machine?

____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

2. Continuous  film processors are designed  for  rapid  processing  and drying

of   what   types   of   film?
______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

3. Where   in   the   laboratory   are   film   processors   installed?

___________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

4. What   two   film   transporting   methods   are   used   in   continuous   film

processors?

_________________________________________________________________________
_

5. What   are   the   two   threading   systems   used   in   a   leader­type   processor?

______

_________________________________________________________________________
_

6. What   threading   system   is   most   often   used   with   70mm   or   wider   film?
________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

7. What   is   the   purpose   of   the   agitation   system?

_____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

8. What   are   the   three   types   of   agitation   systems?

___________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

9. What   gas   is   used   in   the   gaseous   burst   system?

____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_
10. What   is   the   purpose   of   this   gas?
_________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

11. Temperature   control   in   color   processing   is   very   critical   and   must   be

controlled for consistent results.

A. True B. False

12. Chemical,   electrical,   and   mechanical   are   the   three   basic   areas   of
________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

17
 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. Transport film through various solutions

2. Black and white film, color negative and positive transparency slide film

3. Outside the darkroom

4. Leader and leaderless

5. Overunder and loop threading

6. Overunder system

7. To   move   the   processing   solution   so   that   fresh   chemistry   is   always   in

contact with the film

8. Immersion, spray system, and spray immersion

9. Nitrogen

10. To keep the solution in motion

11. A

12. Safety

18
 LESSON 2
OPERATE CONTINUOUS FILM PROCESSOR

TASK

Describe the operation of the automatic film processor.

CONDITIONS

Given information about systems and operating procedures of the Versamat 11C­MW
processor.

STANDARDS

Demonstrate  competency  of the  task  skills and knowledge  by responding  to  the

multiple­choice test covering operation of the automatic print processor.

REFERENCES

None

Learning Event 1:
DESCRIBE THE VERSAMAT 11C­MW FILM PROCESSOR

1. Semiautomatic   continuous   processing   machines   for   film   and/or   paper   are

utilized   throughout   Army   laboratories   where   large   amounts   of   intelligence   or
motion  picture   work   are  performed.    One   of   the   processors   most   likely   to   be
encountered in the lab is covered in this lesson. 

2. Versamat 11C­MW.  The "Kodak Versamat" film processor.

a. This   processor   (fig   2­la)   is   an   automatic,   rapid­processing   machine

designed to handle black and white roll film in width from 16mm to 241.3mm (9.5
inches)   in   any   lengths   and   cut   film   ranging   from   101.6mm   by   127mm   (4   by   5
inches)   to   279.4mm   by   355.6mmm   (11   by   14   inches).     The   Versamat   can   also
process   two   rolls   of   70mm   or   90mm,   or   three   rolls   of   16mm   or   35mm   film
simultaneously.

b. Operating   speed   of   the   processor   ranges   from   2   1/2   to   25   feet   per

minute.  On some models of the Versamat processor, a modification of the drive
system is necessary to increase the speed to 25 feet per minute. 

c. Figure 2­1b is an inside view of the major parts of the Versamat 11C­
MW.

19
 Figure 2­1a.  Processor, Versamat 11C­MW overall view

3. Operating principles.

a. The Versamat is self­threading and does not need a leader to pull the
film   through   the   machine.     Instead,   the   film   is   transported   through   the
processor by a series of roller­driven assemblies called racks.  However, when
processing   roll   film,   a   tab   of   thick­based   material   (acetate,   mylar,   or
processed X­ray film) must be attached to the head of the roll of film to guide
it through the processor.  This leader tab is referred to as a bullet (fig 2­
2).

b. Once   the   exposed   film   is   placed   in   the   feed   end   of   the   Versamat
processor, the film transport system automatically takes over.  The film is

20
 1. Number 1 developer tank 11. Dryer thermostat pilot lamp
2. Number 2 developer tank 12. Damper control knobs
3. Number 1 fixer tank 13. Dryer temperature gauge
4. Number 2 fixer tank 14. Overflow
5. Number 3 fixer tank 15. Fixer inlet (A­type chemistry)
6. DEV thermostat pilot lamp 16. Fixer inlet (B­type chemistry)
7. Developer thermostat 17. Number 1 wash tank and rack
8. Weir block 18. Number 2 wash tank and rack
9. Dryer food light switch 19. Squeegee assembly
10 Dryer thermostat 20. Dryer flood light

Figure 2­1b.  Versamat major parts

conveyed   through   the   various   processing   solutions   by   the   racks,   which   are
located in each of the seven stainless steel tanks.

(1) The   rack   leads   the   film   to   the   bottom   of   each   tank,   through   a
turnaround,   and   back   up.     These   racks   also   serve   the   purpose   of   providing
effective agitation so that byproducts of development can be removed and fresh
developer solution brought to the surface of the film.   Once the film reaches
the   top   of   the   rack,   it   travels   to   the   next   rack   by   means   of   a   crossover
assembly.

21
 Figure 2­2.  Bullet with a 35mm roll of film attached

(2) The   crossover   also   acts   as   a   squeegee   by   removing   most   of   the

liquid   adhering   to   the   film's   surface.     The   film   passes   from   the   feed   end
through all seven processing tanks in this manner.  The operator may, however,
bypass any tank by using a Skip Rack Crossover.

(3) The final tank before the dryer compartment is a cascade spray wash
which   removes   any   remaining   solutions   from   the   surface   of   the   film.
Immediately after the last wash tank, the film passes through a roller squeegee
assembly which removes most of the surface water.

(4) From   here   the   film   enters   the   dryer   compartment   and   is   directed
downward   between   a   series   of   rollers.     Once   it  reaches   the   bottom  it   passes
through   another   turnaround   assembly   and   back   up,   again   between   a   series   of
rollers.   While the film is in the dryer compartment warm air is directed at
both   sides   from   a   series   of   air   tubes.     The   processed   and   dried   film   then
passes into either a receiving bin (for sheet film) or a take­up adapter (for
roll film).

Learning Event 2:
DESCRIBE THE MAJOR SYSTEMS OF THE VERSAMAT 11C­MW FILM PROCESSOR

1. Description.     The   Versamat   11C­MW   film   processor   is   constructed   as   a

light­tight, self­contained film processor.  It has a leaderless drive system,
a replenishment chemical system, and an impingement dryer system for complete
processing  during  one  operation.    The  processor  has  seven  wet  tanks­­two  for
developer, three for fixes, and two for cascade spray wash.  A vertical roller
rack in each tank leads the film to the bottom of the tank and back to the top.
The   film   then   goes   to   the   rack   in   the   next   tank   through   crossover   rollers.
From the wet section the film is passed to the dryer through a squeegee

22
assembly.   Here, the film is transported downward and then upward between air
tubes that direct hot air onto both surfaces of the film.   The processed and
dried film is then passed to a receiving bin, or a roll film take­up system.
The processor measures 58 inches in length, 25 inches in width, and 54 inches
in height.   Maximum weight of the unit, without processing solutions, is 1200
pounds.     Although   no   more   than   11   square   feet   of   floor   space   is   needed   for
installation   of   the   processor   unit,   additional   space   may   be   needed   to
accommodate the floor­mounted, 30­gallon replenisher storage tanks.  To operate
and service the Versamat processor, a space requirement of 2 feet is necessary
on both sides and at both ends of the unit.

2. Systems Description.   The major systems of the Versamat 11C­MW processor,
described below, combine to perform the necessary stages in film processing.

a. Main   drive   system.     The   main   drive   system   consists   of   a   single,

variable speed motor, sprockets, drive shaft, chains, and gears which drive the
entire  transport   system.     The  system   is   activated   by   a   rocker   switch   on  the
control panel, and the speed is varied by a speed control potentiometer.   The
set speed is automatically kept constant by a drive control.

b. Developer   recirculation   system.     The   developer   recirculation   system,

(fig 2­3), continuously pumps the developer from the developing tanks through a
filter,   heat   exchanger,   thermostatically­controlled   heater,   and   back   to   the
tanks.   An ON­OFF switch  operates the pump and energizes the  thermal control
system.     NOTE:   The   fixer   solution   is   not   recirculated   in   the   Versamat
processor.

Figure 2­3.  Developer recirculation system

23
 c. Water   circulation   system.     The   water   circulation   system   on   the
Versamat   11C­MW   (fig   2­4)   operates   from   regulated   pressure,   through   a   water
mixing   valve   and   flow   meter.     It   provides   fresh   water   to   the   deep   wash   and
spray tanks through the jacket side of the heat exchanger.   Water temperature
for   the   wash   water   and   heat   exchanger   is   regulated   by   a   thermostatically
controlled valve in the mixing valve.

Figure 2­4.  Water circulation system

d. Developer   and   fixer   replenishment   system.     The   developer   and   fixer

replenishment   systems   (fig   2­3   and   2­5)   pump   developer   and   fixer   to   the
processing tanks from the storage tanks.  The replenisher pumps can be operated
continuously   or   automatically   controlled   by   a   detector   roller   system.     Both
systems are energized by a rocker switch, AUTO­ON­MAN.   NOTE: The weir blocks
shown in figure 2­5 control the direction of flow for the fixer.

e. Air   circulation   system.     The   air   circulation   system   is   designed   to

circulate heated air through the dryer section of the processor.   The air is
heated by thermostatically controlled heaters.   A blower, located beneath the
processing   tanks,   forces   the   air   through   the   system.     Make­up   air   is   added
through a grill at the dryer end of the processor, and an equivalent amount of
moist air is discharged through the dryer exhaust to maintain proper relative
humidity in the dryer.  Approximately 250 cubic feet per minute of

24
 Figure 2­5.  Fixer replenishment system

air   is   replaced.     The   blower   and   heating   element   power   is   controlled   by   a

switch on the control panel, and  a thermostat  in the dryer section  regulates
the temperature.

f. Drainage   system.    The   drain  used   for  the  Versamat   must  be  a  4­inch,
open drain capable of handling 4 gallons per minute during normal operation, or
8 gallons per minute when draining the tanks.

g. Roller transport system (fig 2­6).  The transport system consists of a
film detector assembly, seven racks, eight crossovers, a squeegee assembly, and
two crossovers,   transport  rollers,  and  turnaround  in the  dryer.    Each  roller
rack consists of a series of chain­driven rollers mounted in a staggered path.
The rotation of the rollers moves the film through the processor.  As the film
reaches   the   bottom   of   the   rack,   a   turnaround   assembly   turns   the   film   180°.
When   the   film   reaches   the   top   of   the   rack,   a   crossover  assembly   conveys  the
film to the next rack.  This process continues through each rack assembly until
the film is transported to the dryer assembly.   In order to transport film in
continuous lengths, the surface speed of the rollers is slightly increased in
certain   locations   in   the   processor.     This   enables   the   transport   system   to
prevent any slack that could be built up due to normal film swelling.  Slight
increases of speed occur in the following locations:

25
 * Squeegee assembly
* Dryer entrance crossover
* Dryer down­path
* Dryer turnaround
* Dryer up­path
* Dryer exit crossover

Figure 2­6.  Roller transport system

h. Dryer transport system (fig 2­7).  The dryer transport system consists
of an entrance and exit crossover, two vertical rows of belt­driven rollers, a
turnaround, and air tubes mounted between the transport rollers.  The air tubes
direct air onto both surfaces of the film.  Guide pins mounted on the air tubes
direct the film from one roller to the next.

26
 Figure 2­7.  Dryer transport assembly

i. Electrical system.  The electrical system of the processor requires an
input power of 120/208­volts, 3­phase, 4­wire service.  The electrical design,
however, allows conversion to either 115/230­volt, 1­phase, 3­wire or 230­volt,
3­phase, 3­wire service.  If it is necessary for you to convert

27
the power connection from the normal service, consult the applicable technical
manual for correct hookup requirements.

j. Standard Equipment.  Standard equipment includes:

(1) Basic processor with racks

(2) Film guide assembly

(3) Crossovers and turnarounds

(4) Film bin

(5) One splash guard

(6) Two weir blocks (to direct fixer flow)

(7) Four stainless steel floor plates

k. Accessories.  The Versamat can be used with the following accessories:

(1) Roll­feed   adapter­­permits   processing   of   roll   films   of   various

sizes.

(2) Roll­feed takeup­­used with roll and adapter to take up the film as
it leaves the processor.

(3) Developer   bypass­­allows   the   bypass   of   the   first   developer   tank

when only one tank is required, as for shorter development time.

(4) Skip   rack­­allows   the   bypassing   of   any   intermediate   rack   as

dictated by the film requirements.

(5) Two   30­gallon   replenisher   tanks   complete   with   dust   covers   and
compression fittings.

(6) Two   strainers   (one   for   developer   replenisher   and   one   for   fixer
replenisher).

(7) A   thermostatically   controlled   mixing   valve,   strainers,   and

temperature   gauge,   tubing   and   clamps   for   connecting   replenisher   tanks   to
processor.

(8) A combination film magazine.

28
Learning Event 3:
LOCATE AND DESCRIBE THE FUNCTION OF THE CONTROLS AND INDICATORS ON THE VERSAMAT
11C­MW FILM PROCESSOR.

1. Controls  and  indicators.    Before  you  operate  the Versamat   processor,  you

must   understand   the   location   and   functions   of   the   controls   and   indicators.
During the following discussion, refer to Figures 2­8 and 2­9.

a. Dryer   fan   switch.     The   dryer   fan   switch   operates   the   blower   and
applies power to the dryer heater circuit.  When the dryer thermostat calls for
heat, a pilot lamp illuminates.

b. Main   drive   switch.     The   main   drive   switch,   protected   by   the   12­amp
fuse, applies power to the main drive motor and speed control circuits.   The
motor starts immediately, but there is an approximate 3­second delay before the
transport   system   begins   to   drive.     This   allows   the   motor   to   reach   operating
speed and the other electrical components to warm up before operation.

c. Replenisher   pump   switch.     This   switch   controls   the   power   to   the

replenisher pumps.  The switch has three positions, MANUAL, OFF, and AUTO.  In
AUTO, the replenisher  pump  is  energized  by a microswitch  under  the detection
roller as film is fed between the rollers.  The AUTO mode is used primarily in
processing  sheet  film.     In the MANUAL  position  the  replenisher   pumps  operate
continuously   for   processing   continuous   lengths   of   thin   base   film.     The
replenishment   assures   a   fresh   flow   of   chemicals   to   the   machine.     To   prevent
unnecessary waste of chemicals, turn the pump switch OFF immediately after the
processing is completed.

Figure 2­8.  Control panel

29
 d. Speed indicator  light switch.   This switch  is provided  to illuminate
the speed indicator and the developer and fixer flow meters.   Illumination is
provided   as   long   as   the   switch  is   ON.     To   prevent  fogging   undeveloped   film,
preset the speed before processing begins.

e. Speed indicator.  The tachometer speed indicator records the number of
feet per minute (fpm) the film is traveling through the processor.

f. Speed control  knob.    Rotating the knob  clockwise  increases the speed

of film transport system.

Figure 2­9.  Drying cabinet control panel

30
 g. Accessory outlet.  The accessory outlet operates in conjunction with a
timer circuit.  The outlet can be used to plug in a recommended safelight, or a
statice   liminator   over   the   processor.     Also   located   on   the   front   of   the
processor are the flow meters, developer temperature thermometer, water inlet,
silver   recovery   connector,   drain   outlets,   replenisher   inlets   and   the   air
exhaust.

h. Dryer lamp switch.  The dryer lamp switch (fig 2­9) controls the flood
lamp, which provides illumination for the dryer cabinet.

i. Dryer   thermostat.     The   thermostat   controls   the   minimum   required

temperature   in   the   dryer   cabinet.     There   is   also   a   safety   device   (backup
thermostat)   that   rings   a   bell   and   turns   off   the   dryer   heaters   if   the
temperature  exceeds   160°F.     The   normal   range   of  temperature   selection  by   the
thermostat is up to 155°F.  When the heaters are ON, a pilot lamp illuminates. 

j. Dryer  thermometer.     The  thermometer   indicates  the   temperature   of   the

air in the dryer cabinet, in centigrade, fahrenheit, or both.

k. Damper controls.  The damper controls can be positioned from 0 through
8 to control the amount of air admitted to the air tubes.  Position 0 is fully
closed, and position 8 is fully open.

2. The   only   other   control   you   need   to   adjust   is   the   developer   temperature
control,  located  under  the plumbing  splash  guard.    The control knob sets  the
thermostat to the desired developer temperature.

Learning Event 4:
DESCRIBE THE PREOPERATIONAL INSPECTION, DAILY STARTUP, AND SHUTDOWN PROCEDURE

1. Operation.     Begin   the   operation   of   the   processor   by   checking   the

squareness of the feed tray.   You place a sheet of 8 by 10 inch film on the
tray and then push it forward until it is in contact and square with the feed
and detector rollers.  To square the tray, loosen two wing nuts under the tray
and move the tray as necessary.

a. The   Versamat   has   detector   rollers   that   sound   a   buzzer   if   two

thicknesses of film or a damaged film is fed into the processor.  If the buzzer
sounds   during   an   operation,   pull   the   film   from   the   rollers   to   prevent   a
possible failure later in the processing cycle.

b. The   bottom   detector   roller,   shown   in   Figure   2­10,   activates   micro­

switches to activate the double thickness alarm (one switch on each end of the
roller) and the replenisher system (center switch).  As the film passes between
the rollers, the center switch closes, turning on the replenisher pumps.  When
the film exits the rollers, a bell signals that the next film may be fed into
the processor.  If two thicknesses of film enter the feed rollers, a switch on
the   end   of   the   roller   closes,   turning   on  the   warning   buzzer.     During   MANUAL
operation   of   the   replenisher   system,   the   center   switch   is   removed   from   the
circuit and the pumps run continuously.

31
 Figure 2­10.  Detection rollers and micro­switches

c. Check for proper film movement by inserting several 8­ by 10­inch test
films into the processor and observing the film movement through the processing
section,  squeegee, and  dryer.    The test films  check the transport  system  for
tracking   of   the   film   through   the   racks   and   crossovers,   check   the   dryer   for
proper drying temperature, and remove any dirt that may be on the rollers.

d. The processor is now ready to operate in a definite series of steps.
Study these seven steps so that you can recall them without difficulty.

(1) Turn on the main power switch and outside water source.

(2) Turn on the dryer fan, main drive, and developer recirculating pump
switches.  Press the replenisher pump switch to the desired operating mode AUTO
or MANUAL.

(3) Consult   processing   data   sheets   to   determine   the   processor   speed,

water   temperature,   dryer   temperature,   developer   temperature   and   replenishing
rate for the particular film you are using.

(4) Set   the   developer   and   fixer   flow   meters   to   the   recommended   flow
rate by adjusting the replenishment control valves.

32
 (5) Allow   the   developer   and   dryer   to   rise   to   the   desired   temperature
before beginning to process.

(6) Make sure the film edges are square with the edges of the film feed
tray; then advance the film until it is drawn in by the detector rollers.

CAUTION: Do NOT feed film of less than 5 inches in length.   Figure 2­11
shows the proper film feeding procedure for cut sheet film.  Always
feed the film into the processor with the emulsion up.

Figure 2­11.  Film feeding procedures

(7) Whenever   possible,   feed   all   narrow   films   side   by   side   to   avoid
over­replenishment of the solutions.

CAUTION: To ensure proper transport of roll film, use a stiffening tab,
such as a sheet of clear acetate or a piece of heavy leader.   For
16mm   or   35mm   films   the   tab   should   be   7   inches   long   and   2   inches
wide.  With 70mm or 90mm films, the tab should be 7 inches long and
cut as wide as the film.   Use 1­inch wide pressure­sensitive tape
to fasten the tab to the film.  Use a butt splice and make sure the
adhesive side of the tape is not exposed.

33
 e. When   you   process   roll   film,   be   sure   to   place   it   on   the   roll   feed
adapter (or in the magazine) so it will feed through the processor emulsion up.
If you plan on multi­strand processing, allow a 5­minute interval between the
strands to keep them properly positioned in the in the processor so they won't
overlap.     Thread   the   film   strands   through  the   roll   film   takeup   so  that   they
wind onto the takeup spools evenly without damaging the edges of the film.

f. When the operation ends, turn off the  replenisher  switch, remove the

cover,   and   wipe   any   "splashed"   chemicals   from   the   crossover   assemblies   and
other exposed surfaces.

g. Always   feed   film   into   the   processor   emulsion   side   up.     The   center
microswitch also actuates replenisher pumps into the auto mode of operation as
the leading edge of the film enters the detector roller assembly.

2. Versamat SOP Checklist:

a. Preoperational Inspection.

(1) Check for obstructions in gears, chains, belts, etc.

(2) Check racks and crossovers for proper seating and clean them.

(3) Check all dry rollers.

(4) Check dryer compartment for cleanliness.

(5) Check   silver   recovery   cartridge   for   proper   operation   and   silver
content.

(6) Check solution levels in processor and replenisher tanks.

(7) Make   sure   all   switches   on   the   control   panel   are   in   the   "OFF"
position,   the   speed   control   is   at   "0"   (full   counterclockwise),   and   the   wash
tank drain valves are closed.

b. Daily Startup

(1) Ensure all switches on the control panel are in the "OFF" position,
the speed control is at "0" and the wash tank drain valves are closed.

(2) Turn   on   the   water   and   adjust   the   flow   rate   to   approximately   0.5
gallons  per  minute  at  a  temperature  5°  F  less  than   the  developer  temperature
being used.

(3) Turn on MAIN POWER.

NOTE: The MAIN DRIVE switch activates the water pump for the wash tanks.
As a precaution, to keep this pump from "running dry," never turn
the main power on unless the water

34
 is on and the on and the last wash tank is half full.

(4) Turn   on   DEVELOPER   RECIRCULATION   switch.     (If   the   developer

temperature is to be raised a considerable amount, the remaining steps may be
delayed until that temperature is reached.)  Check DEVELOPER THERMOSTAT control
for proper temperature setting, adjust only if necessary.

(5) Turn   REPLENISHER   PUMP   switch   to   "manual"   and   adjust   flow   rate   of
replenisher   to   required   setting.     (Flowmeters   are   set   at   eye   level   from   the
bottom of the float.)  Turn switch to "automatic."

(6) After   the   number   2  wash   tank   (last   tank)   is   half  filled,   turn   on
the MAIN DRIVE.

(7) Adjust SPEED CONTROL to 5 fpm, and make sure that all moving parts
are moving freely.

(8) Turn DRYER FAN on and adjust DRYER THERMOSTAT to desired setting.

CAUTION: Always turn dryer fan on before setting dryer thermostat.

(9) When   DEVELOPER   HEATER   GLOW   LAMP   goes   out,   check   developer
temperature  with  a thermometer  of  known  accuracy.     Make  minor  corrections  to
DEVELOPER THERMOSTAT as necessary.

CAUTION:  Use   a dial  thermometer  for  this  purpose.    NEVER  use  a  mercury
thermometer   to   check   temperature   in   a   processor.     If   the
thermometer should break, serious contamination will result and the
entire tank may have to be replaced.

c. Daily Shutdown.

(1) Ensure that speed is at 5 fpm.

(2) Turn   DRYER   THERMOSTAT   off   and   remove   top   and   side   covers   from
dryer.  To speed dryer cooling, remove dryer entrance air tube.

(3) Turn REPLENISHER PUMP switch off.

(4) Turn DEVELOPER RECIRCULATION switch off.

(5) While   dryer   is   cooling,   remove   all   crossovers   and   rinse   in   water
not over 120°F.  Wipe down top rollers on racks.

(6) When   dryer   temperature   has   reached   100°F   or   less,   turn   DRYER   FAN
off.

CAUTION: Turning dryer fan off while dryer temperature is over 100°F may
damage dryer transport rollers by warpage.

35
 (7) Reduce   speed   to   0   fpm   and   turn   off   MAIN   DRIVE.     NEVER   turn   the
water off before turning the main drive off.   Doing so will damage the water
pump.

(8) Turn off MAIN POWER.

(9) Turn water off.

(10) Open   wash   tank   drain   valves   if   processor   is   to   be   shut   down   for
overnight or longer.

(11) Wipe down all surfaces of machine and replace crossovers.

(12) Replace Versamat side covers and dryer top cover.  Always leave top
cover   slightly   ajar   to   allow   fumes   to   escape   and   prevent   condensation   and
crystallization of chemicals on those rollers above the solutions.

CAUTION: Observe all safety precautions.

PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. The   Versamat   11C­MW   is   designed   to   process   B&W   film   as   well   as   color

negative film and positive transparency film.

a. True b. False

2. The   Versamat   11C­MW   uses   a   leader   to   transport   the   film   through   the
processor.

a. True b. False

3. What are the major systems of the Versamat 11C­MW?  There are a total of
9.
_______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_

_________________________________________________________________________
_
36
Match the control or indicator with the proper function.

______ 4. Speed indicator light switch a. Applies   power   to  the   blower

motor and heater circuit

______ 5. Dryer lamp switch b. Applies   power   to   the   drive

motor

______ 6. Dryer thermometer c. Selects   the   mode   for

replenishing the solutions.

______ 7. Replenisher pump switch d. Controls   the   recirculation

of the developer solution

______ 8. Speed control knob e. Controls the illumination of

the speed indicator.

______ 9. Dryer thermostat f. Varies the speed transport

______ 10. Dryer fan switch g. Allows   the   use   of   a

safelight

______ 11. Developer recirculation switch h. Controls the illumination of

the dryer cabinet.

______ 12. Accessory outlet i. Indicates   the   dryer

temperature

______ 13. Developer temperature control j. Controls   the   dryer

temperature

______ 14. Damper control k. Controls   the   developer

temperature

______ 15. Main drive switch l. Controls air flow in dryer

The   following   statements   are   either   true   or   false.     If   the   statement   is

correct, mark it true; if the statement is incorrect, mark it false.

______16. The detector rollers on the Versamat sound a buzzer if damaged film
is fed into the processor.

______17. The center microswitch activates the replenishing pumps when in the
manual mode of operation as film feeds through the processor.

______18. Running   cut   film   through   the   processor   allows   you   to   check   the
system for proper tracking of film.

______19. You consult the processing data sheets to find the processor speed
recommended for a given film.

37
 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. False

2. False

3. Main   drive   system,   developer   recirculation   system,   water   circulation

system, developer and fixer replenishment system, air circulation system,
drainage system, roller transport system, dryer transport system and the
electrical system.

4. E

5. H

6. I

7. C

8. F

9. J

10. A

11. D

12. G

13. K

14. L

15. B

16. T

17. F

18. T

19. T

38