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SITI ARINAH BINTI SANAT JKA, PSIS

Brick can be made of several different materials, but the most common type of brick is made from ordinary clay soil. Clay brick is the oldest manufactured building material in the world, and it is still one of the most widely used. Sun-dried mud bricks are estimated to have been in use for about 10,000 years, and fired bricks since about 3,000 B.C. Sundried bricks are a traditional residential construction material in dry climates and are still used in many countries. Bricks are manufactured from baked clay, autoclaved sand/lime or concrete. Clay is ideally suited to hand making special shapes in hardwood moulds.

CLAY BRICK

CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS CONCRETE BLOCKS

CONCRETE BRICKS

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Clay brick is a small solid block, usually rectangular, of burned clay, block of concrete and sand-lime Most widely used size at present is the single standard metric brick 215x102.5x65 mm Made by pressing a prepared clay sample into a mould, extracting the formed unit immediately then heat it to sinter the clay Types of Clay brick Common bricks- Ordinary bricks, designed not to provide good finished appearance or high strength Facing bricks- Design to give attractive appearance, free from imperfections Engineering bricks- Designed primarily for strength and durability. High density and well fired

BS 187 This bricks are made by blending together finely ground sand or flint and lime, ratio 10:1 The semi-dry mixture is compacted into moulds and then autoclaved, using high pressure steam for several hours Surface reaction occurs between the sand and lime, producing calcium silicate hydrates which glue the sand particles into a solid mass Compressive strength 7-50 N/mm2 Good overall durability in clean atmosphere

BS 6073 Recently introduced, comprising well compacted, low workability concrete mixes appropriate aggregate size, products of high strength and durability Color and texture can be similar with clay bricks Free from efflorescence, tending to shrink slightly in dry situations

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BS 6073 Also cover concrete bricks, can be solid hollow or cellular i. Solid blocks largely void less but may have grooves or holes to reduce weight or facilitate handling. ii. Hollow blocks these voids passing right through. Strength can be increased by filling the cavities with concrete, especially if reinforcement is included iii. Cellular blocks a special type of hollow block, the cavities are closed at one end. Solid edge would be laid upwards.

The usual size of bricks in common use is length 215 mm, width 102.5 mm and height 65 mm and like blocks they must be laid in a definite pattern or bond if they are to form a structural wall Colors and textures vary depending on the clay and the methods used to form the brick. Reds, browns, tans, pinks, and buff colors are common. Brick manufacturers also sell color blends which combine light and dark shades, and more than one color of brick to create different effects. It is very important with brick blends to distribute the different colors and shades evenly throughout the wall to avoid odd patterns or blotches of color.

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Purposes of Brick Bonding: i. Obtain maximum strength whilst distributing the loads to be carried throughout the wall, column or pier. ii. Ensure lateral stability and resistance to side thrusts. iii. Create an acceptable appearance.

Lap Forms

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Simple Bonding Rules:

i. Bond is set out along length of wall working from each end to ensure that no vertical joints are above one another in consecutive courses.

Simple bonding

Simple Bonding Rules:

ii. Walls which are not in exact bond length can be set out thus

iii. Transverse or cross joints continue unbroken across the width of wall unless stopped by a face stretcher.

STRETCHER BOND

ENGLISH BOND

FLEMISH BOND

STACK BONDING

OTHERS

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Walls built using the traditional Stretcher bond are just a half brick wide. As with any wall built of brick, no two adjacent vertical joints should be in line. With a straight wall this is not a problem, just offset each course by half a brick. When turning a corner at the end of a straight run again causes no problems, just interlock the two runs of bricks on every other course. When joining into a wall part way along the wall, it's necessary to use two 3/4 bats (coloured red - one on either side) on the main face of the wall on every other course.

Formed by laying alternate courses of stretchers and headers it is one of the strongest bonds but it will require more facing bricks than other bonds (89 facing bricks per m2)

ELEVATION

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formed by laying headers and stretchers alternately in each course. Not as strong as English bond but is considered to be aesthetically superior uses less facing bricks. (79 facing bricks per m2)

ELEVATION

the quickest, easiest and most economical bond to lay, as there is no need to cut bricks or to provide special sizes. Visually the wall appears unbonded as continuity of vertical joints is structurally unsound, unless wire bed-joint reinforcement is placed in every horizontal course or alternate courses where loading is moderate. In cavity walls, wall ties should be closer than normal at 600 mm max. Spacing horizontally and 225 mm maximum spacing vertically and staggered

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AMERICAN BOND

The appearance of a building can be significantly influenced by the mortar finishing treatment to masonry. Finishing may be achieved by jointing or pointing. Jointing - the finish applied to mortar joints as the work proceeds. Pointing - the process of removing semi-set mortar to a depth of about 20mm and replacing it with fresh mortar. Pointing may contain a colouring pigment to further enhance the masonry. Finish profiles, typical examples shown pointed

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BS 5628: Part 3 Mortar is cement + lime + sand + water Lime Mortar = lime + sand + water Cement mortar = cement + lime + sand + water Prime function in masonry is to take up tolerances between building units such as bricks or blocks

Plaster is a fluid mixture of portland cement, lime and sand

used as finishing material for exterior or interior wall

The functions
To provide an aesthetically pleasing, easily maintained surface finish To resist rain or damp penetration