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Chapter Objectives
Discuss the impact of information technology on business strategy and success Define an information system and describe its components Use profiles and models to understand business functions and operations Explain how the Internet has affected business strategies and relationships Identify various types of information systems and explain who uses them
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Chapter Objectives
Explain systems development tools, including modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools Distinguish between structured analysis and object-oriented methodology Describe the systems development life cycle Discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems analysts who work there

Introduction
Companies use information as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make sound decisions. Information technology can mean the difference between success and failure

Figure 1-1 4

The Impact of Information Technology

Information Technology Combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information A vital asset that must be used effectively, updated constantly, and safeguarded carefully

The Impact of Information Technology

The Future of IT Responsible for half of all productivity growth and a third of all economic growth between 1995-1999 Online population worldwide is expected to increase 60 percent between 2001-2004

r more information about e Future of IT visit site.com/sad6e/more, ate Chapter 1 and then e Future of IT link.

Figure 1-3 6

The Impact of Information Technology

The Role of Systems Analysis and Design Systems Analysis and Design
Step-by-step process for developing high-quality information systems

Systems Analyst
Plan, develop, and maintain information systems

Figure 1-4 7

The Impact of Information Technology

Who develops Information Systems? In-house applications Software packages Internet-based application services Outsourcing Custom solutions Enterprise-wide software strategies How versus What
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Information System Components

A system is a set of related components that produces specific results A Mission-critical system is one that is vital to a companys operations Information systems have five key components: hardware, software, data, processes, and people
Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 9

Information System Components

Hardware Is the physical layer of the information system Moores Law

Figure 1-9

r more information about ores Law visit scsite.com d6e/more, locate Chapter and then the Moores w link.

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Information System Components

Software System software Network operating system Application software Enterprise applications Horizontal system Vertical system

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Information System Components

Data Is the raw material that an information system transforms into useful information Tables Linking

Figure 1-10 12

Information System Components

Processes Define the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to achieve specific results People Users, or end users, are the people who interact with an information system, both inside and outside the company

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Understanding The Business

Business Profile Business Models Business models Business processes BPR (business process reengineering)

Figure 1-11

Figure 1-12 14

Understanding The Business

New Kinds of Companies Companies are classified based on their main activities: Production-oriented Service-oriented Brick-and-mortar Dot-com (.com)
Figure 1-13 15

Impact of the Internet

E-Commerce (I-Commerce) B2C (Business-to-Consumer) B2B (Business-to-Business) EDI, XML, HTML Web-Based System Development WebSphere, Web services
Figure 1-14 Figure 1-15 16

For more information about r more information about XML vist commerce visit scsite.com/sad6e/more, site.com/sad6e/more, locate Chapter 1 and then the cate Chapter 1 and then Extensible Markup Language e E-commerce link. link.

How Business Uses Information Systems

In past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the system served Office systems Operational systems Decision support systems Executive information systems

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How Business Uses Information Systems

Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions, rather than by users Enterprise computing systems Transaction processing systems Business support systems Knowledge management systems User productivity systems

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How Business Uses Information Systems

Enterprise computing systems Support company-wide operations and data management requirements Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

more information about erprise Resource nning visit scsite.com/ 6e/more, locate Chapter 1 d then click the Enterprise ource Planning link.

Figure 1-16 19

How Business Uses Information Systems

Transaction processing systems Efficient because they process a set of transaction-related commands as a group rather than individually

Figure 1-17 20

How Business Uses Information Systems

Business support systems Provide job-related information to users at all levels of a company Management information systems (MIS) Radio frequency identification (RFID) What-if

Figure 1-18 21

How Business Uses Information Systems

Knowledge management systems Called expert systems Simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules Many use fuzzy logic

more information about owledge Management tems visit scsite.com/ 6e/more, locate Chapter 1 d then the Knowledge nagement systems link.

Figure 1-19 22

How Business Uses Information Systems

User productivity systems Technology that improves productivity Word processing is an example Information systems integration Most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features

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Information System Users and Their Needs

A systems analyst must understand the companys organizational model in order to recognize who is responsible for specific processes and decisions and to be aware of what information is required by whom.

Figure 1-20 24

Information System Users and Their Needs

Top managers Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers Supervisors and Team Leaders Operational Employees

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Systems analysts must know how to use a variety of techniques such as modeling, prototyping, and computer-aided systems engineering tools to plan, design, and implement information systems. Systems analysts work with these tools in a team environment

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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Modeling Used to describe and simplify an information system: Business model Requirements model Data model Object model Network model Process model
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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Prototyping Early working version of an information system Speeds up the development process significantly Important decisions might be made too early, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood Can be an extremely valuable tool
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Systems Development Tools and Techniques

Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tool Framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies CASE tools

more information on SE tools visit scsite.com/ 6e/more, locate Chapter 1 d then the CASE Tools k.

Figure 1-21 Figure 1-23

Figure 1-22

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Systems Development Methods

Structured analysis and object-oriented analysis are both popular methodologies for developing computer-based information systems. A systems analyst should understand the alternative methodologies and their individual strengths and weaknesses.

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Systems Development Methods

Structured Analysis Uses a set of process models to describe a system graphically Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

Figure 1-24 31

Systems Development Methods

Object-oriented (O-O) analysis O-O analysis combines data & processes into objects Object is a member of a class Class is a collection of similar objects Objects possess properties Methods change an objects properties Messages request specific behavior or information from another object
Figure 1-25 32

Systems Development Methods

Joint Application Development and Rapid Application Development JAD Team based fact finding RAD compressed version of the entire process

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Systems Development Methods

Other development methodologies Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF)

more information about rosoft Solutions Framework, it the scsite.com/sad6e/more, ate Chapter 1 and then the rosoft Solutions Framework k.

Figure 1-26 34

The Systems Development Life Cycle

SDLC used to plan and manage the systems development process It includes the following steps: Systems planning Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation Systems operation, security and support
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The Systems Development Life Cycle

Traditionally pictured as a waterfall model, but is also presented as an interactive model depicting real world practice and the constant dialog among users, managers, and systems developers

Figure 1-27

Figure 1-28 36

The Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems planning Purpose is to identify the nature and scope of the business opportunity or problem Systems request begins the process & describes problems or desired changes Systems planning includes preliminary investigation whose key part is a feasibility study

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The Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Analysis Purpose is to build a logical model of the new system First step is requirements modeling, where you investigate business processes and document what the new system must do End product is the System requirements document

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The Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Design Purpose is to create a blueprint that will satisfy all documented requirements Identify all outputs, inputs, and processes Avoid misunderstanding through manager and user involvement End product is system design specification

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The Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Implementation New system is constructed Write, test, & document programs File conversion occurs Users, managers, IT staff trained to operate and support the system System evaluation performed

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The Systems Development Life Cycle

Systems Operation and Support New system supports operations Maintenance changes correct errors or meet requirements Enhancements increase system capability After several years of operation, systems need extensive changes SDLC ends with system replacement
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Systems Development Guidelines

Planning Involve users throughout the development process Listening is Very Important Create a Time Table with Major Milestones Identify Interim Checkpoints Remain Flexible Develop Accurate Cost and Benefit Information
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Information Technology Department

The information technology (IT) department develops and maintains a companys information systems. The IT group provides technical support includes six main functions: application development, systems support, user support, database administration, network administration, and Web support
Figure 1-29 43

Information Technology Department

Application Development Team may include users, managers and IT Staff members Systems Support and Security Provides hardware and software support User Support Provides users with technical information, training, and productivity support
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Information Technology Department

Database Administration Database design, management, security, backup, and user access Network Administration Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, and security Web Support Design and construction of web pages and presence. Important for e-commerce
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The Systems Analyst Position

A systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a companys information systems On large projects, the analyst works as a member of an IT department team Smaller companies often use consultants to perform the work

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The Systems Analyst Position

Responsibilities Translate business requirements into practical IT projects to meet needs Required Skills and Background Solid communication skills and analytic ability

Figure 1-30 47

The Systems Analyst Position

Certification Professional credential Career Opportunities Job titles Company organization Company size Corporate culture Salary, location, and future growth
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Chapter Summary
IT is a combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications systems that support business The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, and people Companies are production oriented, service oriented, or a combination of the two

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Chapter Summary
Based on their function and features, information systems are identified as enterprise computing systems, transactional processing or operational systems, business support systems, knowledge management systems, or user productivity systems Organization structure usually includes levels. Each level has different responsibilities and information needs
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Chapter Summary
Systems analyst use modeling, prototyping, and CASE tools. Modeling produces a graphical representation of the process, prototyping involves creation of an early working model, and CASE tools assist in various systems development tasks Various development methodologies exist, including structured analysis and objectoriented analysis
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Chapter Summary
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) consists of five phases: systems planning, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation, and systems operation and support An IT department develops, maintains and operates a companys information systems

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Chapter Summary
Systems analysts need a combination of technical and business knowledge, analytical ability, and communication

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Systems Analysis & Design 6 Edition

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End Chapter 1