The Glossary reflects keys words found in the programs.

Program One: Contact

Enlightenment The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was the dominant intellectual movement of the 18th century. Enlightenment thinkers shared the faith in the supremacy of human reason, believing that people, through the use of their reason, could find answers to their questions and solutions to their problems. Insisting that human institutions should conform to logic and reason, they challenged traditional royal and Church authority and called for the end of the Old Regime. Leading Enlightentmnent thinkers include, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot. Modernity is the idea that the present is discontinuous with the past, that through a process of social and cultural change (either through progress or through decline) life in the present is fundamentally different from life in the past. Modernity contrasts on the one hand with the concept of tradition, which is simply the sense that the present repeats the forms, behavior, and events of the past. On the other it now contrasts with postmodernity, but that's another story. Polyphony is the writing of music in many parts or in more than one part. It literally means "music of many voices" in opposition to music consisting of one voice alone (monophony) or of one voice with accompaniment (homophony). In polyphony the voices may be as few as two or as many as several dozen, but each must have a certain individuality and independence of its own. As appropriated by the humanities and social sciences it reflects a concern with understanding the complexity of social practices - a complexity often masked by big institutions, processes and theories used to explain them. It is often to used to emancipate marginal or forgotten voices.

Modernity

Polyphonic

Program Two: Hi-Tech

Norbert Wiener (18941964) Mathematical logician, the founder of cybernetics, born in Columbia, MD. A child prodigy, he entered university at 11, studied

at Harvard, Cornell, Cambridge, and Gvttingen universities, and became professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1932-1960). During World War II he worked on guided missiles. Wiener's study of the handling of information by electronic devices, guided by the feedback principle, encouraged comparison between these and human mental processes in his book Cybernetics (1948) and other works. CYBERNETICS (according to Wiener) Norbert Wiener described cybernetics as the study of the interaction between man, machine and animals. The world is said to be a big enclosed system. This means that at some time any given action is going to cycle back around to the beginning. Cybernetics is closely related to the ideas of 'feedback' and'self-regulation' Cybernetic systems tell themselves how to react to changes in environmental and internal stimuli. Feedback is an important part of cybernetics. Output is not only effected by the current input but also the previous inputs and outputs. The basic principles of cybernetics can be applied to different systems - electronic, computing or even biological. Cyborgs are cybernetic organisms The term cyborg itself was coined in the 1960s by space scientist Manfred Clynes. Cyborgs are an amalgam of flesh and hardware. Although the cyborg might be considered a conceptual being, a figment of science fiction, the ability of humans to modify their bodies and minds has made the cyborg an everyday reality. During the Age of Industrialisation (19th century), machines, tools, and devices of all sorts were developed as extensions and prosthesis of the human body. This not only to fulfil certain functions but also to replace parts of the imperfect human body. The cyborg of the late twentieth century is moving towards prosthetic union with information technology.
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CYBORG

BIOLOGISM

The tendency to use biological concepts, metaphors, and explanations in the analysis of social situations. In communications research for instance the concept of the body - from cellular activity to neuro-systems has been used extensively to explain processes which might be more properly understood in ways other than the scientific.

Program Three: Emergence

The Frankfurt School The Frankfurt School has its genesis in the early part of this century. Comprising a loose group of intellectuals the "school" produced a significant body of philosophical work which concerned itself with the relation between theory and practice. Wealthy part-time scholar Felix Weil founded the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt in 1924. Its mission was to further the scientific study of Marxism. Weil saw the establishment of the Institute as a compromise between his class position and his leftist sympathies. The Institute-loosely associated with the University of Frankfurt at its inception-became a sort of mecca for German leftists, for whom the study of Marxist political economy and the history of the labor movement could be undertaken at the university level for the first time. Yet it did not begin to assume its mature approach until the appointment, in 1930, of Max Horkheimer as director. To just such an end, he gathered around him a diverse group of scholars to formulate this interdisciplinary approach: Erich Fromm, a Freudian analyst with strong leftist leanings; Friedrich Pollock, a rather orthodox Marxist economist; Theodore Adorno, whose doctorate was in philosophy but who at the time was employed as a music critic; Herbert Marcuse, a philosopher and former student of Martin Heidegger. Walter Benjamin, who was never a permanent member of the Institute, was perhaps the hardest to classify, for his work encompassed nearly all the humanistic disciplines and many of the social sciences. Core members of the School were forced into exile by the ascendancy of the Nazi Party to power in 1933. The Frankfurt School was doubly damned, being not only "left-wing radicals" but Jewish to boot. Initially scattered throughout Europe in exile, their next permanent base would be Columbia University in New York, with which they formed an association which would last from July 1934 until early 1943.
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Positivism

Logical positivism - also known as scientific EMPIRICISM - is a modern school of philosophy which in the 1920s attempted to introduce the

methodology and precision of mathematics to the study of philosophy. Led by the Vienna Circle, a group including the philosophers Rudolf CARNAP and Moritz Schlick, the logical positivists held that metaphysical speculation is nonsensical; that logical and mathematical propositions are tautological; and that moral and value statements are merely emotive. The function of philosophy, they maintained, is to clarify concepts in both everyday and scientific language. The Vienna Circle disintegrated in the late 1930s after the Nazis took Austria, but its influence spread throughout Europe and America, and its concept, particularly its emphasis on the analysis of language as the function of philosophy, has been carried on throughout the West. Jane Addams and Hull House Jane Addams was in Cedarville, Illinois on September 6, 1860 and graduated from Rockford College in 1882, Jane Addams founded the world famous social settlement Hull-House on Chicago's Near West Side in 1889. From Hull House, where she lived and worked until her death in 1935, Jane Addams built her reputation as the country's most prominent woman through her writing, her settlement work, and her international efforts for world peace. Around Hull-House, immigrants to Chicago crowded into a residential and industrial neighborhood. Italians, Russian and Polish Jews, Irish, Germans, Greeks and Bohemians predominated. Jane Addams and the other residents of the settlement provided services for the neighborhood, such as kindergarten and daycare facilities for children of working mothers, an employment bureau, an art gallery, libraries, and music and art classes. By 1900 Hull House activities had broadened to include the Jane Club (a cooperative residence for working women), the first Little Theater in America, a Labor Museum and a meeting place for trade union groups.
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Program Five: Signs

Structuralism Structuralism is a method of analysis practiced in 20th-century social sciences and humanities. It analyses large-scale systems by examining the relations and functions of the smallest constituent elements of such systems, which range from human languages and cultural practices to folk tales and literary texts.

In the field of linguistics the structuralist work of Ferdinand de SAUSSURE, undertaken just prior to World War I, long served as model and inspiration. In the domain of anthropology and myth studies, the work done in the immediate postWorld War II period by Claude LEVI-STRAUSS introduced structuralist principles to a wide audience. In humanistic and literary studies, structuralism is applied most effectively in the field of "narratology." This nascent discipline studies all narratives, whether or not they use language; myths and legends, novels and news accounts, histories, relief sculptures and stainedglass windows, pantomimes and psychological case studies. Using structuralist methods and principles, narratologists analyse the systematic features and functions of narratives, attempting to isolate a finite set of rules to account for the infinite set of real and possible narratives. Starting in the 1960s, the French critic Roland Barthes and several other French narratologists popularised the field, which has since become an important method of analysis in the United States as well.
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Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure was born in 1857 and died in 1913. He is known as the founder of structuralism. de Saussure was professor at Geneva (1901-13) where he developed an innovative course, overturning the orthodox views of German philology and laid the basis for a new approach not just to linguistics, but to anthropology and sociology as well. He wrote Mmoire sur le systme primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-europennes (1879) but his Cours de linguistique gnrale (1916), posthumously edited from his students' lecture notes, is one of the foremost works giving stimulus and direction to modern linguistics. de Saussure rejects the positivist conception of language as one of simple correspondence to the physical world. Words, he says exist primarily in relation to one another, before they exist in relation to an object. It is the relation of sign to the code of signification that accords it meaning, rather than a simple correspondence with an external object. de Saussure took language out of the realm of logic, to look at language and its

grammar as an object of study in its own right. Charles Sanders Peirce Peirce was born in 1839 and died in 1914. He is regarded, with de Saussure as the founder of modern semiotics. A natural scientist by training and the son of the eminent mathematician Benjamin Peirce, he developed the philosophical basis of semiotics in a series of articles in the late 1860s Questions Concerning Certain Capacities Claimed for Man and Some Consequences of Four Incapacities. There Peirce levelled a devastating critique of Cartesian philosophy arguing the nature of a sign is fallible, and thoroughly immersed in a continuing process of interpretation. He considered his semiotics as a general theory of logic. Interesting Link for Peirce - www.peirce.org
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Roland Barthes Mythologies

Roland Barthes, was born in 1915. He attended the University of Paris and taught at French Universities in Romania and Egypt. His book Mythologies is a collection of short essays which analyse the meaning of everything around him. Even in the most simple things Barthes found a deeper and hidden significance. The mythology essays were composed at a rate of one each month, for two years, beginning in 1954. When beginning to write, Barthes strived to focus on the myths of everyday French life. There is no real connection between the essays from month to month. Rather, they are more or less connected by Barthes' use of similar ideas. Barthes, like de Saussure was interested in alternatives to traditional liberal concepts of the subject. This led Barthes to use semiotics to 'overthrow the intentional fallacy of authorship'. Barthes reversed the commonsense view that authors wrote texts to argue - cryptically - that texts 'wrote' authors. What he meant was that specific genres of literature pre-existed the authors that contributed to them, so, for example, the detective story comes before Hammett. Fulfilling the code of the genre, the author is an effect of the discourse, not its originator. The slogan of semiotics became 'The death of the author'.

Program Six: Power

DISCOURSE
Taken from "A Dictionary of Communication and Media Studies

4th edition by James Watson and Anne Hill Arnold. London, 1997.

"A form, mode or genre of language-use. Each person has in his/her repertoire a whole range of possible discourses - the language of love, of authority, of sport, of the domestic scene. In a media sense, an example of a discourse would be the news, reflecting in its choice of language and style of presentation the social, economic, political and cultural context from which the discourse eminates."
Gunter Kress (in Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural Practice (Australia. Deakin University Press, 1985.), provides the following useful explanantion of discourse:

"Institutions and social groupings have specific meanings and values which are articulated in language in sytematic ways. Following the work particularly of Michel Foucault, I efer to these systematicallyorganised modes of talking as discourse.'
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Program Seven: Organisations

ORGANISATIONAL ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES Institutional ethnography grew out of cultural anthropology, but it is applied to organisations rather than peoples or nations. Originally, it concentrated on "total institutions", like asylums, prisons, and boarding schools, because these institutions attempted to replace the society outside. It has grown into a field which also works with "corporate cultures", and which examines how low-level assumptions about how the world works affect organisations and the people who interact with them. Most institutional ethnography continues to concentrate on interactions within institutions. It is common for everyday work sites to become the object of ethnographic studies - from office blocks to scientific laboratories. The challenge for ethnographers is to define and 'control' their presence on site as a mediating factor in the results produced. What role might they play in influencing on site behaviour? The subjective nature of institutional ethnographic studies is the subject of intense debate.
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Program Nine: News

Narrative Theory Narrative theory is linked to anthropology, economics, linguistics and psychoanalysis. The theory holds that certain patterns are expressed in a given culture's narrative structures. As a way of making sense of the

world, the theory tries to uncover these underlying patterns and what this might ultimately say about us. Rather than explaining or interpreting stories or their authors, narrative theory asks how the stories we tell, or exchange, produce us. The theory encompasses narratives broadly allowing engagement with everyday forms such as television news programs.

Program Eleven: Alternatives

POLITICAL ECONOMY A branch of the social sciences that looks at the relationship between political and economic institutions and processes. Specifically the focus of study is the way in which governments allocate scarce resources in society through their laws and policies. In turn political economy traces how allocation affects the behaviour of people acting on their economic interests, an how this in turn affects the form of government and the kinds of laws and policies that get made. The term appears to have originated around the turn of the 17th century, at a time of economic and societal change. Adam Smith is considered to be the first to present a unified study of political economy linking it to his treatises on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Other works of the period include David Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817) and John Stuart Mill's Principles of Political Economy (1848).

Program Twelve: Experts

Jurgen Habermas Jurgen Habermas, born in Germany in 1929, is considered as a second-generation member of the Frankfurt School of critical theory. Habermas took up a chair in philosophy and sociology at the University of Frankfurt in 1964 where he was assistant to Theodor Adorno. In 1971 he moved to the Max Planck Institute where he worked with Claus Offe, Niklas Luhmann and Klaus Eder, influencing a generation of German social scientists. He is considered a leading thinker on the topic of the social construction of reality, and is the originator of the Theory of Communication Ethics. His work stresses the humanist side of Marx's work as a critic, and has written on the Hegelian tensions between theory and practice in philosophy. He has been described as a standard bearer of the enlightenment,

understanding postmodernity to be as an antithetical proposal to modernity. As such Habermas interprets the postmodern movement as an expression of a new social conservatism. Habermas LINK:www.helsinki.fi/~amkauppi/hablinks.html Some books by Jurgen Habermas Knowledge and Human Interests, 1971 Toward a Rational Society, 1971 Communication and the Evolution of Society, 1979 On the Logic of the Social Sciences, 1988 The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, 1989 Between Facts and Norms, 1997