Bioqumica

VICTOR BRAGA Curso de Nutrio Complementar Integrada; Curso de Iridiologia Orgnica e Rayid; Especializado em Nutrio Esportiva; Especializado em Nutrio Clnica Funcional; Habilitado em Medicina Biomolecular; Cursando Medicina Aruyeda; Especializando em Agrofloresta;

CARBOIDRATOS

Aldoses Contm grupamento Aldedo

CARBOIDRATOS

Cetoses contm grupamento cetona

ALIMENTOS INTEGRAIS X REFINADOS

 METABOLISMO ENERGTICO:
Gliclise Ciclo de Krebs Gliconeognese Glicogenolise Via das pentoses Metabolismo dos Lipdeos Metabolismo dos aminocidos

Regulao 1 ponto

Regulao 2 ponto

Regulao 2 ponto

Regulao 2 ponto

Regulao 3 ponto

Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Consuming Fructose- and GlucoseSweetened Beverages with Meals in Obese Men and Women: Influence of Insulin Resistance on Plasma Triglyceride Responses

Context: Compared with glucose-sweetened beverages, consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with meals elevates postprandial plasma triglycerides and lowers 24-h insulin and leptin profiles in normal-weight women. The effects of fructose, compared with glucose, ingestion on metabolic profiles in obese subjects has not been studied. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the effects of fructose- and glucose-sweetened beverages consumed with meals on hormones and metabolic substrates in obese subjects. Design and Setting: The study had a within-subject design conducted in the clinical and translational research center. Participants: Participants included 17 obese men (n = 9) and women (n = 8), with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2. Interventions: Subjects were studied under two conditions involving ingestion of mixed nutrient meals with either glucose-sweetened beverages or fructose-sweetened beverages. The beverages provided 30% of total kilocalories. Blood samples were collected over 24 h. Main Outcome Measures: Area under the curve (24 h AUC) for glucose, lactate, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, uric acid, triglycerides (TGs), and free fatty acids was measured. Results: Compared with glucose-sweetened beverages, fructose consumption was associated with lower AUCs for insulin (1052.6 135.1 vs. 549.2 79.7 U/ml per 23 h, P < 0.001) and leptin (151.9 22.7 vs. 107.0 15.0 ng/ml per 24 h, P < 0.03) and increased AUC for TG (242.3 96.8 vs. 704.3 124.4 mg/dl per 24 h, P < 0.0001). Insulin-resistant subjects exhibited larger 24-h TG profiles (P < 0.03). Conclusions: In obese subjects, consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with meals was associated with less insulin secretion, blunted diurnal leptin profiles, and increased postprandial TG concentrations compared with glucose consumption. Increases of TGs were augmented in obese subjects with insulin resistance, suggesting that fructose consumption may exacerbate an already adverse metabolic profile present in many obese subjects.

Karen L, 2009.

17 pessoas obesas IMC 30 Kg/m2 30% das Kcal Ingesto de bebidas de Glicose x Frutose

http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/94/5/1562

Processamento dos Alimentos

High glucose Glucose (mg/dl per 23 h) Lactate (mmol/liter per 23 h) 430.6 32.0 112.3 64.2 High fructose 221.4 25.3 609.0 67.1 P 0.00011 0.00011

Insulin (uU/ml per 23 h) Leptin (ng/ml per 24 h) TG (mg/dl per 23 h) Free fatty acids (mmol/liter per 23 h) Ghrelin (pg/ml per 23 h) Uric acid (mg/dl per 23 h)

1052.6 135.1 151.9 22.7 242.2 96.8 411.3 73.1

549.2 79.7 107.0 15.0 704.3 124.4 383.5 64.9

0.00011 0.031 0.00011 0.21

10532.3 663.1 0.10 1.9

10405.4 597.2 1.1 1.3 0.55

0.53

TABLE 1. AUC calculated above baseline (08000900 h) for the 23 h after the three morning baseline samples (glucose, lactate, insulin, TG, uric acid) or including baseline (free fatty acids and ghrelin)

Piruvato Desidrogenase

Piruvato Desidrogenase

O cdmio e mercrio liga-se ao grupo sulfidrila (-SH)

Via das Pentoses

NADPH
Funes

Regenera Glutationa Citocromo P450monoxigenase

NADPH o poder redutor Sistema Mitocondrial
Hidroxilao de esterides Sntese de cidos biliares Sntese de vitamina D (rins)

Fagocitose por leuccitos Sntese de xido ntrico

Sistema Microssomal
Detoxificao

Estrutura da Glutationa

Regenerao pelo NADPH

NADPH na sntese de xido Ntrico

Mitocndria cadeia transportadora de eltrons

Exploso respiratria de fagcitos

Sntese do Glicognio

Ocorre no citosol Glicogenina: protena aceptora de glicose

Inicia a formao do glicognio Glicognio-sintase: s alonga glicognio prexistente

Ligao -1,4 : linear Ligao -1,6: ramificaes UTP (trifosfato de uridina): fornece energia

Glicognio

GLICONEOGNESE

Formao de uma nova molcula de glicose a partir de alguns aminocidos, lactato e glicerol
OBS: A gliconeognese ocorre no fgado e nos rins cidos graxos no formam glicose Aminocidos podem ser glicognicos, cetognicos ou ambos.

Durante jejum de 1 noite: 90% da gliconeognese ocorre no fgado 10 % nos rins Durante o jejum prolongado At 40% ocorre nos rins

Substratos para gliconeognese

Lactato
Proveniente de eritrcitos e msculos

Glicerol

Proveniente dos triglicerdeos

No so todos os aminocidos, mas quase todos No toda a estrutura do aminocido, mas sim os cetocidos -cetocido o aminocidos sem o grupamento amino (NH3)

Aminocidos glicognicos

Glicose

Para a prpria clula muscular ou para clulas musculares vizinhas

AMPK

AMPK
O aumento das concentraes do AMPK acarreta em uma maior
ao de enzimas responsivas oxidao de gordura como: (a) citrato sintase no ciclo de Krebs; (b) aumento na expresso da enzima Malonil

COA descarboxilase; (c) diminuio da enzima Acetil COA carboxilase

(responsvel pela formao da enzima malonil COA desidrogenase); (d) reduo da enzima malonil COA desidrogenase. Esse ltimo passo impede

a ao da Carnitina Palmitoil Transferase 1 (CPT1 - enzima responsvel

pela transferncia dos cidos graxos acilados (grupo acilcarnitina) de cadeia longa para matriz mitocondrial) e sua oxidao.

HOLLOWAY, 2009; NORRBON , 2004

AMPK

PGC-1
Responsvel pela biognese mitocondrial, o qual se associa com maior oxidao lipdica