MPLS Introduction Time to Certify

Nov 2011. Version 1.0

This MPLS Introduction Training is a courtesy of

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info@timetocertify.com

YOUR ONLINE RESOURCE FOR IT CERTIFICATION

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MPLS Introduction

What is MPLS and how does it work MPLS Labels and Label Switched Paths MPLS Forwarding MPLS Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) MPLS Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) MPLS Layer 2 VPNs MPLS Layer 3 VPNs

Page 3

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What is MPLS?
MPLS = Multi Protocol Label Switching MPLS is a technology that tags traffic with Labels being used for fast switching of packets through the network based on a simplified header Originally created to simplify traditional forwarding mechanisms such IP Routing
Slow mechanisms that required CPU consumption and lookups into the Routing Tables

Providing the benefit of additional functionality:

Virtual Private Networks Traffic Engineering

Hardware evolution has made the fast switching (original motivation for MPLS) not so relevant but additional services provided are still beneficial Runs on top of a variety of Layer 2 technologies such as ATM, FR, PPP, POS, Ethernet

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MPLS Operation (1)

MPLS adds a Label to the Layer 2 frame structure and uses it for switching packets in a fast fashion within the transport network Key elements in a MPLS network are as follows:
Provider Edge (PE) router: Adds the MPLS label to the Layer 2 frame Provider (P) router: Switches traffic according to the MPLS label Customer Equipment (CE): Injects traffic into the MPLS network
P CE PE P PE CE

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MPLS Operation (2)

At PE (Ingress Edge): Classify Traffic Add Label CE PE P P At PE (Egress Edge): Remove Labels Forward Packets PE CE

P At P (Core): Forward using MPLS labels (as opposed to IP addresses)

Label Indicates:

Destination (at IP layer): Each IP destination network has a different label which has local significance: label for a destination network changes in each hop. Service Class: QoS treatment over the network.
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MPLS Label
Label is added after the Layer 2 MAC header
MAC Header LABEL Layer 2 Frame /Layer 3 Packet

Label
20

EXP
3

T O S

TTL
8

Label = 20 bits. Used for fast switching TOS/EXP = Class of Service, 3 bits S = Bottom of Stack, 1 bit TTL = Time to Live, 8 bits

Label can be added to the following Layer 2 Technologies: Ethernet, ATM, Frame Relay or PPP
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MPLS. Label Switched Path LSP = Label Switched Path

Path through the different P routers from ingress PE router to egress PR router Traffic mapped into LSP based on (at the ingress of an MPLS network): IP Prefix/host address Layer 2 Circuits (ATM, FR, PPP, HDLC, Ethernet) Groups of addresses/sitesVPN x A Bridge/switch instanceVSI Tunnel interfaceTraffic Engineering Labels have local significance (among two routers) Labels are being distributed using a LDP (Label Distribution Protocol)
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MPLS. Traditional Routing operation (non-MPLS)

Interface E0 172.15.0.25 Interface E0 192.168.1.1 Router A Interface E1 10.125.1.1 Interface E1 10.125.1.2 192.168.1.15 Net Routing Table (Router A) Interface Next Hop Interface Connected Connected 10.125.1.2 Net 192.168.1.0 E0 10.0.0.0 E1 175.15.0.0 E1 Interface E0 172.15.0.1

Routing Table (Router B) Interface Next Hop Interface Connected Connected 10.125.1.1 172.15.0.0 E0 10.0.0.0 E1 192.168.1.0 E1

1
S:192.168.1.15 D:172.15.0.25
Assemble IP Packet Destination Address: 172.15.0.25

3 2
S:192.168.1.15 D:172.15.0.25

5 4
Routing Table Lookup 172.15.0.0 ?? Use E0 Host is directly connected

S:192.168.1.15 D:172.15.0.25

Routing Table Lookup 172.15.0.0 ?? Use E1 Next Hop Address: 10.125.1.2

Routing Performed based on Destination IP Requires Routing Table Look up

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MPLS. Label based switching

Interface E0 192.168.1.25 Interface E0 192.168.1.1 Router A Interface E1 10.125.1.1 Interface E1 10.125.1.2 Router B

Interface E0 172.15.0.25

Interface E0 172.15.0.1

PE

PE
In Label 22 1 Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 E0 172.15.0.0 E1 2 21 In Label 32 21 Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 172.15.0.0 E0 E0 22 31

2
LABEL 1 S:192.168.1.15 D:172.15.0.25

4
LABEL 21 S:192.168.1.15 D:172.15.0.25

6
LABEL 31 S:192.168.1.15 D:172.15.0.25

1 Ingress PE
Adds MPLS Label

3
Lookup In Label 1 Out Label 21, Interface E1

5
Lookup In Label 21 Out Label 31, Interface E0

7 Egress

PE
Removes MPLS Label

Fast Forwarding performed based on label Copyright Very efficiently implemented in hardware Time to Certify. All rights reserved.

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

Router A PE
E0 E1

Router B P
E1 E0 E1

Router C PE
E0 NET 128.89.x.x

Use label 4 for 128.89

Use label 9 for 128.89

In Label 9 Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 E0 --

In Label 4 In Label
11

Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 E0 9

Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 E0 4

--

Label assigned by upstream router and distributed using LDP Protocol LDP requires an routing protocol to get information about existing networks
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MPLS FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class)

FEC = Forwarding Equivalence Class
Subset of traffic that has specific forwarding requirements Forwarding path Forwarding treatment (priority, QoS, etc) Label Information Base (LIB) contains the FECs to Label Mapping. It is router specific

FEC usually corresponds to destination IP subnet

Obtained by means of static routing / routing protocol Routing Protocols (IGPs) are used to obtain the IP Subnets existing in the network that will constitute the FECs

FEC make use of LDP protocol

FECs and corresponding labels are communicated to adjacent routers by means of a Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)

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MPLS. Label Information Base (LIB) and IGP Control Plane

IP Static Routes IP Routing Protocol IP Routing Table

Routing Information Interchange IGP Label Binding Interchange LDP Outgoing IP Packets

MPLS Routing Control

Incoming IP Packets Incoming labeled Packets

13

IP Forwarding Table Label Forwarding Table

Data Plane

Outgoing labeled Packets

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MPLS all together (1)

1 OSPF Discovery of Network Topology 2 LDP Label Assignment and Discovery
Router A PE
E0 E1 E1

Router B P
E0 E1

Router C PE
E0 NET 128.89.x.x

In Label
14

Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 E0 4 In Label 4

In Label 9

Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 E0 --

--

Network Interface Out Label 192.168.1.0 E0 9

3 MPLS Packet Forwarding based on labels

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MPLS all together (2)

Router A PE
E0 E1 E1

Router B P
E0 E1

Router C PE
E0 NET 128.89.x.x

In Label
15

Network Interface Out Label 128.89 E0 4 In Label 4

In Label 9

Network Interface Out Label 128,89 E0 --

--

Network Interface Out Label 128.89 E0 9

1. OSPF runs in the Network 2. Router B learns about 128.89.x.x over OSPF 3. Router B forwards to Router A the label to be used when sending packets to 128.89.x.x (Label 4) using LDP 4. Router A sends packets to Router B for a destination host in 128.89 using the LDP label provided by Router B (Label 4) 5. Router B will forward the packets to Router C only based on incoming label and will switch the label to the one provided by Router C for this network (Label 9)
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MPLS. Virtual Private Networks

VPN = Virtual Private Network VPN is a set of sites which are allowed to communicate with each other VPN is defined by a set of administrative policies determining
Connectivity: Which site can connect to each site QoS characteristics of traffic among sites

Two types of VPNs

L2 VPNs. Provide end to end connectivity at Layer 2 among sites L3 VPNs. Provide end to end connectivity at Layer 3 among sites

16

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MPLS. VPNs and MPLS Labels

VPN Label
Frame Header L1 L2 IP or L2 Header

Payload

S=0 S=1 Next End Hop of Label Labels Membership to a VPN is indicated by adding an extra MPLS Label.
New Label is know as the VPN ID

The S bit is set to 0 in the first label and set to 1 in the second one to indicate no more labels have been added to the layer 2 frame
A number of labels can be added to carry VPNs on top of VPNs. Only the last one sets the S bit to 1
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MPLS. L2 VPN vs L3 VPN (1)

Layer 2 VPNs
Customer End points (CEs) appear as connected at layer 2 IP Routing among sites is responsibility of the CEs as the network acts as a layer 2 transparent carrier
Routing protocol must be configured among CE routers

Multiple logical connections are established from each end point of the VPN into each of the other end points where connectivity at layer 2 must be established
Mesh of connections

18

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MPLS. L2 VPN vs L3 VPN (2) Layer 3 VPNs

Customer End points (CEs) peer with provider edge (PE) routers Single peering relationship using a routing protocol Provider network is responsible for distributing IP routing information to VPN sites
Using MP-BGP

Separation of routing tables among VPNs Isolation of traffic in different VPNs Possibility of overlapping IPs Different Virtual Routing Functions in each PE for each VPN A routing function is a virtual router In Layer 3 VPNs, multiple networks with isolated routing can be established between different locations
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MPLS. Layer 2 VPNs

Layer 2 VPNs are used to transport any type of L2 traffic across a shared infrastructure Two main flavors of L2 VPNs:
VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service): Applications requiring multipoint or broadcast access. Emulation of Ethernet Network connecting multiple sites VPWS (Virtual Pseudo Wire Service): L2 point to point emulation

Two main VPWS technologies:

Any Transport over MPLS (AToM). Uses MPLS to provide L2 services L2TPv3 (L2 Transport Protocol): Emulation of VPNs over non-MPLS enabled networks (pure IP)

20

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MPLS. Layer 2 VPN Types

L2VPN
VPWS Point to Point VPLS Multipoint

AToM Any Transport over MPLS

L2TPv3

FrameATM PPP Ethernet relay AAL5 & CELL HDLC (ERS & EWS)

Ethernet

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MPLS. Layer 2 VPN. Any Transport over MPLS (AToM)

AToM provides L2 circuit emulation over MPLS Encapsulation format is defined in a standard known as Draft Martini Historical IETF Draft (2001). Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Layer 2 Frames Over MPLS Draft became RFC 4906 Transport of Layer 2 Frames Over MPLS Name comes from the lead author of the RFC: Luca Martini Cisco Systems, Inc. EMail: lmartini@cisco.com

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MPLS. Layer 2 VPN. Any Transport Over MPLS (AToM)

Attachment Virtual Circuit Attachment VC

Emulated Virtual Circuit (Emulated VC)

Attachment Virtual Circuit Attachment VC

Tunnel LSP Pseudo Wire

CE PE CE P

CE PE CE

MPLS Network

Virtual Circuit

Circuits at each side of the MPLS network are connected at Layer 2 by an LSP tunnel know as pseudo-wire Attachment circuits can be Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM, etc.
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MPLS. L2 VPN. Any Transport Over MPLS (AToM)

Transport of L2 frames over MPLS is build around two concepts:

Tunnel LSP: LSP between two PE routers acting as end points for the devices willing to communicate at Layer 2. Every tunnel has a tunnel label (external MPLS label) Virtual Circuit (VC): Communication circuit over a LSP tunnel: Every VC has its VC label (internal MPLS Label) Virtual Circuit
PE PE

FR Circuit ATM Circuit Ethernet 801.Q Ethernet

FR Circuit ATM Circuit Ethernet 801.Q Ethernet

Tunnel
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MPLS. Layer 2 VPN. Any Transport Over MPLS (AToM)

When AToM is used to transport Ethernet frames is known as EoMPLS (Ethernet over MPLS) EoMPLS is a mechanism for establishing Layer 2 VPNs

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MPLS. Layer 2 VPNs. Control/Data Plane Operation

Control Plane LDP

2a
10.10.10.101/32 Label: L1 10.10.10.101/32

2b
10.10.10.101/32 Label: L2

2c
10.10.10.101/32 Label: L3

IGP 10.10.10.101 172.16.10/24 .2 .1

10.10.10.101/32

10.10.10.101/32

1
P1
.1 .2 .5

1
P2
.6 .7

1
PE2
.8 .1 .2 172.16.20.0/24

PE1

CE1

172.16.1.0/24

10.10.10.0/30

10.10.10.4/30

10.10.10.8/30

172.16.2.0/24 CE2
Ethernet Frame

Customer A Site 1

Ethernet Frame

L1 VC1
Ethernet Frame

L2 VC1
Ethernet Frame

L3 VC1
Ethernet Frame

Customer A Site 2

Data Plane

Note: Frame Format corresponds to Draft Martini

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MPLS. Layer 2 VPN. Point to Point Services (VPWS)

CE

PE

PE

CE

Set of point to point circuits (Pseudo Wires PSW) established within the MPLS cloud Mapping into PSW:
EWS (Ethernet Wire Service): Mapping based on port ERS (Ethernet Relay Service): Mapping based on VLAN ID. Interface PE-CE is a trunk

27

Multipoint topologies emulated by multiple PWSs

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MPLS. Layer 2 VPN Multipoint Services (VPLS)

MAC 1

CE

PE

MPLS Network
201 102

MAC 2

PE

CE

Address Tx/Rx MAC1 Ethernet MAC2 201/102 MAC3 301/103

301 103

302 203

PE CE
Address Tx/Rx MAC1 103/301 MAC2 203/302 MAC3 Ethernet

Address Tx/Rx MAC1 102/201 MAC2 Ethernet MAC3 302/203

MAC 3

MPLS network behaves as a switch for CEs Mapping at PE into VPLS circuit based on physical port or VLAN ID Full Multipoint topologies (made of individual circuits) PE Routers are aware of all MAC addresses in the VPLS domain
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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Architecture

Customer A Site 1
CE PE P P PE CE

Customer A Site 2

Customer B Site 1

CE P

CE

Customer B Site 2

L3 VPN provides isolation for traffic coming from different customers crossing a shared infrastructure (MPLS net) Isolation provides further benefits
Security IP Address overlapping capabilities

Two planes:
Control Plane: Layer 3 reachability information interchange + Label Distribution Data Plane: Labeling of unlabeled traffic (PE) + Forwarding of labeled traffic (P)
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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. PE Isolation of Traffic

Routing and Traffic Isolation is achieved by means of different routing instances at the PE
Routing Instance = Routing Context = Virtual Routing & Forwarding Table (VRF) Each router instance is only aware of the subnets belonging to a specific VPN ISOLATION of VPNs Default Routing Instance Traffic not mapped into a VRF is processed by the default routing instance. Known as Global Routing Table (GRT)

Once traffic goes into a LSP, the P routers treat it according to the FEC specific policies In a Layer 3 VPN, routing among sites is transparently provided by the MPLS network to the customer
PEs are aware of all the networks belonging to a specific VPN/VRF Routing information is exchanged among PEs by means of MP-BGP (Multi Protocol BGP)

PE becomes aware of the routes existing on each customer site by means of a routing protocol running between CE and PE
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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Routing Instances

Customer A Site 1
Net 1

CE
Global Routing Table (GRT) Global Routing Table (GRT)

CE Customer A

Site 2
Net 2

CE to PE Interface Customer Routes Interchange - Static Routing - Routing Protocol (RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP)

Customer A VRF Net1 Net2 Customer B VRF Net 3 Net 4

MPLS Network
MP-BGP Route Interchange

Customer A VRF Net1 Net2 Customer B VRF Net 3 Net 4

Net 1, Net 3 Net 2, Net 4

CE to PE Interface Customer Routes Interchange - Static Routing - Routing Protocol (RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP)

CE

PE Router

PE Router

Customer B Site 1
Net 3

CE Customer B

Site 2
Net 4

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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Route Distinguisher

L3 VPNs allow for IP overlapping (two VPNs using the same IP Space) as VPNs are being handled by different Routing contexts Route Distinguisher = RD is a 64 bits identifier prepended to any IPv4 route used to identify the VPN the route belongs to
Unique RD is configured per VPN/VRF RD Format: Autonomous System (AS) Number : VPN Identifier. Example: 1:200

Route Target = RT is a 64 bit identifier used as part of the MP-BGP Attributes (Extended Community) to signify which routes should be exported/imported into a specific VRF
Export Route Target Routes Target attribute on exported routes (multiple possible) Import Route Target Routes to be imported from MP-BGP Updates Route targets are used to have a site belonging to multiple VPNs. Also known as route leaking
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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. MP-BGP Operation

1:100:172.2.16.0/24 RT:1:100 VPN LABEL: V1 NH: 10.10.10.101 1:101:192.168.10.0/24 RT:1:101 VPN LABEL: V2 NH: 10.10.10.101

Customer A Site 1
CE

4
MP-BGP

Customer A Site 2
MP-BGP

CE

3
Customer A VRF RD: 1:100 Export RT:1:100 Import RT:1:100

5
MPLS Network
MP-BGP Route Interchange Customer A VRF RD: 1:100

Routing Table VRF A 172.2.16.0 172.2.17.0 172.2.17.0 Routing Table VRF B Routing Table VRF B 192.168.10.0 192.168.11.0 192.168.11.0 172.2.16.0

2 Customer B VRF
RD: 1:101 Export RT:1:101 Import RT:1:101

Customer B VRF RD: 1:100 Import RT:1:100

PE Router Loopback IP: 10.10.10.101

PE Router

CE

CE

Customer B Site 1

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Customer B Site 2

MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. MP-BGP Updates

Routing Protocol CE-PE

1 routing protocol running on the CE to PE interface (RIP, OSPF, BGP, EIGRP)

PE Router

Routing information is propagated from the CE to the PE routers by means of the

2 Routes get injected into the specific VRF/Routing Context 3 Routes get forwarded to the MP-BGP process according to the export RT
MP-BGP

4 Routing update is being propagated through MP-BGP (iBGP) to update the

neighbor PEs. Routes contain the RT attribute (extended community)
PE Router

5 Routes get populated into the right VRFs/Routing Context according to the import
RT criteria 6 VRF Routing table gets updated

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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Control Plane Protocols

Customer A Site 1

CE

PE

PE

Customer A Site 2
CE

IGP/LDP IGP/ BGP Static MP-BGP

IGP/LDP IGP/ BGP Static

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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Control Plane Operation

1:100:172.16.10.0/24 RT 1:100 NH: 10.10.10.101 VPN Label: V1

MP-BGP CE to PE Static/ IGP/BGP

4 6
172.16.10.0/24

3
172.16.10.0/24

LDP

2a
10.10.10.101/32 Label: L1 10.10.10.101/32

2b
10.10.10.101/32 Label: L2

2c
10.10.10.101/32 Label: L3

IGP 172.16.10/24

10.10.10.101/32

10.10.10.101/32

5
PE
Routing Table VRF A Prefix Next Hop 172.16.10.0/24 10.10.10.101

10.10.10.101

PE

P1

P2

CE

Customer A Site 1

VRF A RD 1:100 Export RT 1:100 Import RT 1:100

CE
VRF A RD 1:100 Export RT 1:100 Import RT 1:100

Customer A Site 2

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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Control Plane Operation (1)

Intra MPLS Cloud IGP

1 propagated

Routing information about IP addresses reachable within the MPLS cloud gets
LDP

2a PE assigns to 10.10.10.101/32 an Implicit-Null Label and propagates it

using LDP (penultimate hop popping) 2b P1 assigns L1 to 10.10.10.101/32 and distributes this label using LDP

2c P2 assigns L2 to 10.10.10.101/32 and distributes this label using LDP

CE to PE Interface (static/IGP/BGP)

3 172.16.10.0/24 network is made known to PE router (static/IGP/BGP)

MP-BGP

4 MP-BGP propagates the route to 172.16.10.0 using the following attributes:

NEXT-HOP (NH): 10.10.10.101 (IP address of PE Router) Route Target (RT): 1:100 (as configured) VPN Label: Assigned by PE to the VPN

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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Control Plane Operation (2)

MP-BGP (continuation)

5 VRF A routing table gets updated

CE to PE Interface (static/IGP/BGP)

6 PE updates CE by means of the IGP protocol running in the CE to PE interface

Note 1: NH, RT and VPN Label are not attributes per se but fields on MP_REACH_NLRI MP-BGP attribute

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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Control Plane Operation. RTs/LIBs

Label Information Base PE1 In L Out L L1 L2 L2 L1

Label Information Base PE2 In L Out L L2 L3 L3 L2

Label Information Base PE2 Prefix Out L 10.10.10.101/32 L3

10.10.10.101 172.16.10/24 .2 .1

PE1
.1 .2

P1
.5 .6

P2
.7 .8

PE2

Routing Table CE2 Prefix Next Hop 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.2.1

172.16.20.0/24 .1 .2

CE1

172.16.1.0/24

10.10.10.0/30

10.10.10.4/30

10.10.10.8/30

172.16.2.0/24 CE2

Customer A Site 2

Routing Table VRF A Prefix Next Hop 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.2

Routing Table GRT + VRF A Prefix Next Hop 10.10.10.101/32 10.10.10.7 GRT 172.16.10.0/24 10.10.10.101 VRF A Routing Table P2 Prefix Next Hop 10.10.10.101/32 10.10.10.5

Customer A Site 2

Routing Table P1 Prefix Next Hop 10.10.10.101/32 10.10.10.1

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MPLS. Layer 3 VPN. Data Plane Operation

Label Information Base PE1 In L Out L L1 L2 L2 L1 Label Information Base PE2 In L Out L L2 L3 L3 L2 Label Information Base PE2 Prefix Out L 10.10.10.101/32 L3 Routing Table GRT + VRF A Prefix Next Hop 10.10.10.101/32 10.10.10.7 GRT 172.16.10.0/24 10.10.10.101 VRF A

Routing Table VRF A Prefix Next Hop 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.1.2

L1 V1
IP Packet IP Packet Destination IP: 172.16.10.5 Destination IP: 172.16.10.5

L2 V1
IP Packet Destination IP: 172.16.10.5

L3 V1
IP Packet Destination IP: 172.16.10.5 IP Packet Destination IP: 172.16.10.5

10.10.10.101

PE1

P1

P2

PE2

CE

Customer A Site 1

VRF A RD 1:100 Export RT 1:100 Import RT 1:100

VRF A RD 1:100 Export RT 1:100 Import RT 1:100

Customer A Site 2

CE

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MPLS. The real horse power of MPLS

FEC = Subset of Traffic characterized by: Forwarding Path Forwarding Treatment MPLS has powerful mechanisms for influencing the FECs and therefore the paths and treatment that traffic is exposed to.

MPLS Routing Control

Multicast Routing Control

MPLS VPNs

MPLS Traffic Engineering

MPLS Quality of Service

Label Information Base

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This MPLS Introduction Training is a courtesy of

TIME TO CERTIFY
info@timetocertify.com

YOUR ONLINE RESOURCE FOR IT CERTIFICATION

Copyright Time to Certify. All rights reserved.