PHY Practice-Final

E & M - Basic Physical Concepts
Electric force and electric eld

Electric force between 2 point charges:
|F| = k
|q1| |q2|
r
2
k = 8.987551787 10
9
Nm
2
/C
2
0
=
1
4 k
= 8.854187817 10
12
C
2
/Nm
2
q
p
= q
e
= 1.60217733 (49) 10
19
C
m
p
= 1.672623 (10) 10
27
kg
m
e
= 9.1093897 (54) 10
31
kg
Electric eld:

E =

F
q
Point charge: |E| = k
|Q|
r
2
,

E =

E
1
+

E
2
+
Field patterns: point charge, dipole, plates, rod,
spheres, cylinders,. . .
Charge distributions:
Linear charge density: =
Q
x
Area charge density:
A
=
Q
A
Surface charge density:
surf
=
Q
surf
A
Volume charge density: =
Q
V
Electric ux and Gauss law
Flux: = E A
=

E nA
Gauss law: Outgoing Flux from S,
S
=
Qenclosed
0
Steps: to obtain electric eld
Inspect

E pattern and construct S
Find
s
=

surface

E d
A =
Qencl
0
, solve for

E
Spherical:
s
= 4 r
2
E
Cylindrical:
s
= 2 r E
Pill box:
s
= E A, 1 side; = 2 E A, 2 sides
Conductor:

E
in
= 0, E
surf
= 0, E
surf
=

surf
0
Potential
Potential energy: U = q V 1 eV 1.6 10
19
J
Positive charge moves from high V to low V
Point charge: V =
k Q
r
V = V
1
+V
2
= . . .
Energy of a charge-pair: U =
k q1 q2
r12
Potential dierence: |V | = |E s
|,
V =
E s, V
B
V
A
=
B
A

E ds
E =
d V
dr
, E
x
=
V
x
fix y,z
=
V
x
, etc.
Capacitances Q = C V
Series: V =
Q
Ceq
=
Q
C1
+
Q
C2
+
Q
C3
+ , Q = Q
i
Parallel: Q = C
eq
V = C
1
V +C
2
V + , V = V
i
Parallel plate-capacitor: C =
Q
V
=
Q
E d
=

0
A
d
Energy: U =

Q
0
V dq =
1
2
Q
2
C
, u =
1
2

0
E
2
Dielectrics: C = C
0
, U
=
1
2
Q
2
C0
, u
=
1
2

0
E
2
Spherical capacitor: V =
Q
4
0
r1
Q
4
0
r2
Potential energy: U = p

E
Current and resistance
Current: I =
d Q
dt
= nq v
d
A
Ohms law: V = I R, E = J
E =
V
, J =
I
A
, R =

A
Power: P = I V =
V
2
R
= I
2
R
Thermal coecient of : =

0T
Motion of free electrons in an ideal conductor:
a = v
d

q E
m
=
J
nq
=
m
nq
2
Direct current circuits V = I R

Series: V = I R
eq
= I R
1
+I R
2
+I R
3
+ , I = I
i
Parallel: I =
V
Req
=
V
R1
+
V
R2
+
V
R3
+ , V = V
i
Steps: in application of Kirchhos Rules
Label currents: i
1
, i
2
, i
3
, . . .
Node equations:
i
in
=

i
out
Loop equations:
(E) +

(iR)=0
Natural: + for loop-arrow entering terminal
for loop-arrow-parallel to current ow
RC circuit: if
d y
dt
+
1
RC
y = 0, y = y
0
exp(
t
RC
)
Charging: E V
c
Ri = 0,
1
c
d q
dt
+R
d i
dt
=
i
c
+R
d i
dt
= 0
Discharge: 0 = V
c
Ri =
q
c
+R
d q
dt
,
i
c
+R
d i
dt
= 0
Magnetic eld and magnetic force
0
= 4 10
7
Tm/A
Wire: B =

0
i
2 r
Axis of loop: B =

0
a
2
i
2 (a
2
+x
2
)
3/2
Magnetic force:

F
M
= i

B q v

B
Loop-magnet ID: = i

A

B, = i A n
Circular motion: F =
mv
2
r
= q v B, T =
1
f
=
2 r
v
Lorentz force:

F = q

E +q v

B
Hall eect: V
H
=
FM d
q
, U =

B
Sources of

B and magnetism of matter
Biot-Savart Law:
B =

0
4
i
r
r
2
, B =

0
4
q vr
r
2
B =

0
4
i y
r
2
sin , sin =
a
r
, y =
r
2
a
Amperes law: M =

L
B ds =
0
I
encircled
Steps: to obtain magnetic eld
Inspect

B pattern and construct loop L
Find M and I
encl
, and solve for

B.
Displ. current: I
d
=
0
d E
dt
=
0
d (E A)
dt
=
d QA
dt
Magnetism in atom:
Orbital motion: = i A =
e
2 m
L
L = mv r = nh, h =
h
2
= 1.06 10
34
J s
orbit
= n
B
,
B
=
e h
2 m
= 9.27 10
24
J/T
Spin: S =
h
2
,
spin
=
B
Magnetism in matter:
B = B
0
+B
M
= (1 + ) B
0
= (1 + )
0
B0
0
=
m
H
Ferromagnetic: 1 Diamagnetic: 1 < 0
Paramagnetic: 0 < 1, M =
C
T
B
Faradays law
E = N
d B
dt
,
B
=
_

B d
A,
E =
_

E ds,

E =

FM
q
Lenz law: Induced

B opposes change of
B
d B
dt
=
d (B A
)
dt
=
d B
dt
A
+B
d A
dt
Moving rods:
d A
dt
= v,
d A
dt
=
d
dt
_
1
2
R R
_
Rotating loop:
d A
dt
=
d
dt
(A cos t)
Cutting B lines change
B
E
ind
E
ind
Maxwell equations:
_

E d
A =
Q
0
,
_

B d
A = 0 ,
_

E ds =
d B
dt
,
_

B ds =
0
[I +
0
d E
dt
]
Inductance
Mutual: E
2
= M
21
d i1
dt
, M
21
= M
12
=
N2 21
i1
Self: E = L
d i
dt
, L =
N
i
, V
L
= L
d i
dt
Long solenoid: L =
N B A
i
, B =
0
ni
Energies: U
L
=
1
2
Li
2
, u
B
=
1
2
0
B
2
U
C
=
1
2 C
q
2
, u
E
=
1
2

0
E
2
LC: V
L
+V
C
= 0 L
d i
dt
=
q
C
q = q
0
cos( t + ),
=
_
1
LC
, U
C
+U
L
= U
C max
= U
Lmax
= U
0
Decay Equations:
d y
dt
= a y, y = y
0
exp(a t)
LR: E = V
L
+Ri,
d VL
dt
+
RVL
L
= 0,
V
L
= E exp
_
Rt
L
_
, i =
E
R
_
1 exp
_
Rt
L
__
LRC:
Q Q
0
e
R
2 L
t
cos
d
t,
d
=
_
1
LC

_
R
2 L
_
2
Underdamped, critically damped & overdamped
AC Circuits
Impedance: [Ohm ] Z
_
R
2
+ (X
L
X
C
)
2
Inductive X
L
= L, Capactive X
C
=
1
C
Mean value:

f(t) =
1
T
_
T
0
f(t) dt
[sin t]
rms
= [sin
2
t]
1
2
= [
1
2
(1 cos 2 t)]
1
2
=
1
2
Electromagnetic waves
Properties of em waves:
E = E
m
cos(k z t), B =
E
c
v =
d z
dt
=

k
= f =

T
, n =
c
v
speed of light: c =
1
0

0
= 2.99792458 10
8
m/s
B

E, propagating along:

E

B
u = u
E
+u
B
, u
E
= u
B
Poynting vector:

S =

E
0
,

S =

I =
ErmsBrms
0
Intensity: I =
P
A
=
U
Az
d z
dt
= uc
Energy conservation:
_

S d
A =
d U
dt
+P
R
Complete absorption: Momentum p =
U
c
Pressure: P =
F
A
=
p
t
1
A
=
U
c t
1
A
= u =
S
c
Complete reection: P =
2 U
c
, P =
2 S
c
Reection and Refraction
Index of refraction:
n1
n2
=
v2
v1
=
2
1
Snells law: n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
Critical angle: n
2
> n
1
, n
2
sin
c
= n
1
sin 90
Total reection: >

c
Mirrors and lenses
1
p
+
1
q
=
1
f
Ray tracing rules:
Mirror: At symm pt S, reected symmetrically through
center of sphere, undeected. Parallel to axis, converges
toward F (or diverges away from F), f =
R
2
.
Lens: Through center of lens, undeected. Parallel to
axis, converges toward F (or diverges away from F)
Image: q > 0 (real), q < 0 (virtual)
Focal point F: at p = , q = f
f = |f|, + convergent, divergent
Magnication: M =
h
h
=
q
p
Refraction at spherical surface:
n1
p
+
n2
q
=
n2n1
R
R is coordinate of center with origin at S, with
S the symmetry point of surface on the axis
Lens maker:
1
f
=
_
n2
n1
1
__
1
R1
1
R2
_
Two media: M =
h
h
=
q
p
n1
n2
Huygens principles:
Points in wave front are sources of next wavelets
Forward tangent surface is next wave front
Interference
Maxima = 0, 2 , 4 , ; Minima = , 3 , 5 ,
Double slits: I
average
= I
0
cos
2
_
2
_
, = k .
sin =

d
, tan =
y
L
, for small , sin tan
Phasor diagram:

A =

A
1
+

A
2
+

A
3
+
A
x
= A
1x
+A
2x
+A
3x
+ , A
y
= A
1y
+A
2y
+
a
sin
=
b
sin
=
c
sin
First minimum for N slits: =
2
N
Thin lm: = k +|
1
reflected
2
reflected
|, = 2 t
reflected
= (denser medium); =0 (lighter medium)
Diraction
Single slit: I = I
0
_
sin

2
2
_
2
, = k, = a sin
Resolution criterion:
criterion
= 1.22

D
Grating: Principle maxima = m
Polarization
Brewster (n
1
< n
2
): n
1
sin
br
= n
2
sin(
2

br
)
Polarizer: E
transmit
= E
0
cos , I = I
0
cos
2
Unpolarized light:
I
=
I0
2
Transmitted Intensity: I
= I cos
2
=
I0
2
_
2
0
cos
2
d =
I0
2
Version 001 Final 1 Chih Kang Shih (56615) 3
This print-out should have 36 questions.
Multiple-choice questions may continue on
the next column or page nd all choices
before answering. V1:1, V2:1, V3:1, V4:1,
V5:2.
Four Charges in Square JMS
23:03, trigonometry, multiple choice, < 1 min,
xed.
001 (part 1 of 1) 10 points
Consider charges in a square again, but this
time with a dierent assignment of charges
(shown in the gure below).
Q
D
= q
Q
A
= q
Q
C
= q
Q
B
= q
O
a
Find E
O
at O.
1. E
O
= 4
k q
a
2
correct
2. E
O
=
2
k q
a
2
3. E
O
= 2
2
k q
a
2
4. E
O
=
k q
a
2
5. E
O
=
1
2
k q
a
2
6. E
O
=
1
5
2
k q
a
2
7. E
O
=
1
4
2
k q
a
2
8. E
O
= 3
k q
a
2
9. E
O
= 3
2
k q
a
2
10. E
O
=
1
3
2
k q
a
2
Explanation:
The magnitudes of all four E-components at
O are equal to E
A
= 2 k
q
a
2
. Draw a diagram,
similar to the one in the explanation to part
1, to show the directions of the eld vectors
at O.
You should nd that the contributions from
B and D cancel, whereas the contributions
from A and C add. This means the magnitude
of the total eld is
E = (2) (2) k
q
a
2
= 4 k
q
a
2
.
Charged Arc JMS
, , , < 1 min, .
A uniformly charged circular arc AB of radius
R is shown in the gure. It covers a quarter
of a circle and it is located in the second
quadrant. The total charge on the arc is
Q > 0.
x
y
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
R
x
y
I II
III IV
B
A
O
s R
The direction of the electric eld vector

E
at the origin, due to the charge distribution,
is
1. in quadrant IV. correct
2. along the positive x-axis.
3. along the positive y-axis.
4. along the negative y-axis.
5. along the negative x-axis.
6. in quadrant I.
7. in quadrant III.
8. in quadrant II.
Explanation:
The electric eld for a positive charge is
directed away from it. In this case, the electric
eld generated by each q will be directed
into quadrant IV, so the total electric eld
will be in the same quadrant.
Charge Inside a Box 02
24:02, calculus, multiple choice, < 1 min,
xed.
A cubic box of side a, oriented as shown, con-
tains an unknown charge. The vertically di-
rected electric eld has a uniform magnitude
E at the top surface and 2 E at the bottom
surface.
a
E
2 E
How much charge Q is inside the box?
1. Q
encl
= 0
2. Q
encl
= 2
0
E a
2
3. Q
encl
=
0
E a
2
correct
4. Q
encl
=
1
2

0
E a
2
5. Q
encl
= 3
0
E a
2
6. Q
encl
= 2
E
0
a
2
7. Q
encl
=
E
0
a
2
8. Q
encl
= 3
E
0
a
2
9. Q
encl
= 6
0
E a
2
10. insucient information
Explanation:
Electric ux through a surface S is, by con-
vention, positive for electric eld lines going
out of the surface S and negative for lines
going in.
Here the surface is a cube and no ux goes
through the vertical sides. The top receives
top
= E a
2
(inward is negative) and the bottom
bottom
= 2 E a
2
.
The total electric ux is
E
= E a
2
+ 2 E a
2
= E a
2
.
Using Gausss Law, the charge inside the box
is
Q
encl
=
0
E
=
0
E a
2
.
Concentric Conductors JMS
24:04, calculus, multiple choice, > 1 min,
xed.
Consider a solid conducting sphere with a
radius a and charge Q
1
on it. There is a
conducting spherical shell concentric to the
sphere. The shell has an inner radius b (with
b > a) and outer radius c and a net charge
Q
2
on the shell. Denote the charge on the in-
ner surface of the shell by Q
2
and that on the
outer surface of the shell by Q
2
.
Q
1
, a b , Q
2
Q
2
, c Q
1
Q
2
P
Find the charge Q
2
.
1. Q
2
= Q
1
+Q
2
correct
2. Q
2
= Q
1
Q
2
3. Q
2
= Q
2
Q
1
4. Q
2
= 2 (Q
1
+Q
2
)
5. Q
2
= 2 (Q
1
Q
2
)
6. Q
2
= 2 (Q
2
Q
1
)
7. Q
2
=
Q
1
+Q
2
2
8. Q
2
=
Q
2
Q
1
2
9. Q
2
=
Q
1
Q
2
2
10. Q
2
=
(Q
1
+Q
2
)
2
Q
1
Q
2
Explanation:
Basic Concepts: Gauss Law
Sketch a concentric Gaussian surface S
(dashed line) within the shell.
r
Since the electrostatic eld in a conducting
medium is zero, according to Gausss Law,
S
=
Q
1
+Q
0
= 0
Q
2
= Q
1
But the net charge on the shell is
Q
2
= Q
2
+Q
2
,
so the charge on the outer surface of the shell
is
Q
2
= Q
2
Q
2
= Q
2
+Q
1
.
Find the magnitude of the electric eld at
point P
_
E
P
E
P
_
, where the distance
from P to the center is r =
a +b
2
.
1. E
P
=
4 k
e
Q
1
(a +b)
2
correct
2. E
P
= 0
3. E
P
=
4 k
e
Q
2
(a +b)
2
4. E
P
=
4 k
e
(Q
1
Q
2
)
(a +b)
2
5. E
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
(a +b)
2
6. E
P
=
2 k
e
Q
2
(a +b)
2
7. E
P
=
2 k
e
(Q
1
Q
2
)
(a +b)
2
8. E
P
=
4 k
e
(Q
1
+Q
2
)
(a +b)
2
9. E
P
=
2 k
e
(Q
1
+Q
2
)
(a +b)
2
10. E
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a
(a +b)
3
Explanation:
Choose the spherical surface S centered at
O, which passes through P. Here,
4 r
2
E
P
=
Q
1
0
E
P
=
Q
1
4
0
r
2
=
k
e
Q
1
r
2
=
4 k
e
Q
1
(a +b)
2
.
Assume: The potential at r = is zero.
Find the potential V
P
at point P.
1. V
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a +b

k
e
Q
1
b
+
k
e
(Q
1
+Q
2
)
c
cor-
rect
2. V
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a +b
3. V
P
=
2 k
e
(Q
1
Q
2
)
a +b
4. V
P
= 0
5. V
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a +b
+
k
e
Q
2
c
6. V
P
=
k
e
Q
1
a +b

k
e
Q
2
b
7. V
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a +b

2 k
e
Q
2
b
8. V
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a +b

k
e
Q
2
c
9. V
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a +b
+
k
e
Q
1
b

k
e
(Q
1
Q
2
)
c
10. V
P
=
2 k
e
Q
1
a
Explanation:
Using the superposition principle, adding
the 3 concentric charge distributions; i.e., Q
1
at a, Q at b and Q
1
+Q
2
at c, gives
V =
2 k
e
Q
1
a +b

k
e
Q
1
b
+
k
e
(Q
1
+Q
2
)
c
.
Add a Charge to Four JMS
25:01, highSchool, multiple choice, < 1 min,
xed.
Four charges are placed at the corners of a
square of side a, with q
1
= q
2
= q, q
3
= q
4
=
+q, where q is positive. Initially there is no
charge at the center of the square.
q
1
= q
q
2
= q
q
4
= +q
q
3
= +q
q
Find the work required to bring the charge
q from innity and place it at the center of
the square.
1. W = 0 correct
2. W =
4 k q
2
a
2
3. W =
2 k q
2
a
2
4. W =
2 k q
2
a
2
5. W =
4 k q
2
a
2
6. W =
4 k q
2
a
7. W =
2 k q
2
a
8. W =
2 k q
2
a
9. W =
4 k q
2
a
10. W =
8 k q
2
a
2
Explanation:
Based on the superposition principle, the
potential at the center due to the charges at
the corners is
V = V
1
+V
2
+V
3
+V
4
=
k q
r
(1 1 + 1 + 1) = 0 .
Here r is the common distance from the center
to the corners. The work required to bring
the charge q from innity to the center is then
W = q V = 0.
Electric Potential or FieldJMS
25:03, trigonometry, multiple choice, > 1 min,
wording-variable.
Two charges are located in the (x, y) plane
as shown in the gure below. The elds pro-
duced by these charges are observed at the
origin, p = (0, 0).
x
y
Q Q
p
b
a a
Use Coulombs law to nd the x-component
of the electric eld at p.
1. E
x
= 0 correct
2. E
x
=
4 k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
3. E
x
=
4 k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
4. E
x
=
2 k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
5. E
x
=
2 k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
6. E
x
=
k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
7. E
x
=
k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
8. E
x
=
2 k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
9. E
x
=
2 k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
Explanation:
Let: k
e
= 8.98755 10
9
Nm
2
/C
2
.
Q
1
Q
2
p
b
a a
r
1
=
_
x
2
1
+y
2
1
=
_
a
2
+b
2
.
r
2
=
_
x
2
2
+y
2
2
=
_
(a)
2
+b
2
=
_
a
2
+b
2
, so
r
2
= r
1
= r .

E
1
E
2
Q
1
Q
2
where
| sin | =
b
r
=
b
a
2
+b
2
| cos | =
a
r
=
a
a
2
+b
2
.
In the x-direction, the contributions from
the two charges are
E
x1
= k
e
(Q)
r
2
1
| cos()| (1)
= k
e
(Q)
(a
2
+b
2
)
a
a
2
+b
2
= +k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
E
x2
= k
e
(+Q)
r
2
2
| cos()| (2)
= k
e
(+Q)
(a
2
+b
2
)
a
a
2
+b
2
= k
e
Qa
(a
2
+b
2
)
3/2
E
x
= E
x1
+E
x2
= 0 .
Let: V = 0 at innity.
Find the electric potential at p .
1. V
y
=
2 k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
correct
2. V
y
= +
2 k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
3. V
y
=
4 k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
4. V
y
=
4 k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
5. V
y
=
2 k
e
Qa
a
2
+b
2
6. V
y
=
2 k
e
Qa
a
2
+b
2
7. V
y
=
4 k
e
Qa
a
2
+b
2
8. V
y
=
4 k
e
Qa
a
2
+b
2
9. V
y
= 0
Explanation:
The potential for a point charge Q is
V = k
e
Q
r
.
For the two charges in this problem, we
have
V
1
= k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
.
V
2
= k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
.
V
p
= V
1
+V
2
=
k
e
a
2
+b
2
[Q+ (Q)]
=
2 k
e
Q
a
2
+b
2
.
Spherical Capacitor JMS
xed.
Given a spherical capacitor with radius of the
inner conducting sphere a and the outer shell
b. The outer shell is grounded. The charges
are +Q and Q. A point C is located at
r =
R
2
, where R = a +b.
a
A B
C
+Q
Q
b
The capacitance of this spherical capacitor
is
1. C =
k
e
b
.
2. C =
a
k
e
.
3. C =
b
k
e
.
4. C =
a +b
k
e
.
5. C =
1
k
e
(a +b)
.
6. C =
1
k
e
(a b)
.
7. C =
k
e
a
.
8. C =
1
k
e
_
1
a

1
b
_ . correct
9. C =
b a
2 k
e
ln
_
b
a
_, .
10. C =
b
2
4 k
e
( b a)
, .
Explanation:
V = V
a
V
b
= k
e
Q
_
1
a

1
b
_
0
since V
b
is grounded. The charge on the
inside of the shell doesnt aect the grounded
potential.
The capacitance of this spherical capacitor
is
C =
Q
V
=
Q
k
e
Q
_
1
a

1
b
_
=
1
k
e
_
1
a

1
b
_ .
Introduce a Dielectric JMS
xed.
Consider an air-lled parallel plate capaci-
tor with plate area A and gap width d. The
plate charge is Q.
Subsequent to full charging of the capaci-
tor, the battery is disconnected.
Now, the gap is lled with of dielectric of
dielectric constant .
d
+Q Q
A A
The voltage within the gap in the presence
of the dielectric is given by
1. V
=
Q
2
0
A
d .
2. V
=
Q
0
A
d .
3. V
=
QA
0
d .
4. V
=
Q
0
d
A.
5. V
=
Q
2
0
A.
6. V
=
Q
2
0
A
d .
7. V
=
Q
0
A
d . correct
8. V
=
Q
2
0
d
A.
Explanation:
V
=
V
=
E d
=
Q
0
A
d
The energy within the gap in the presence of
the dielectric is given by
1. U
=
Q
2
2
0
d
A.
2. U
=
Q
2
2
0
A
d .
3. U
=
Q
2
2
0
A
d . correct
4. U
=
Q
2
2
0
A
d .
5. U
=
Q
0
A
d .
6. U
=
Q
0
A
d .
7. U
=
Q
0
d
A.
8. U
=
Q
0
A
d .
Explanation:
U
=
Q
2
2 C
=
Q
2
2
_
0 A
d
_ =
Q
2
2
0
A
d .
Light Bulb in a Circuit JMS
, , , < 1 min, .
A 75 W bulb is connected to a 120 V source.
V R
What is the current through the bulb?
1. 0.466667 A
2. 0.506306 A
3. 0.561789 A
4. 0.608182 A
5. 0.625 A correct
6. 0.645669 A
7. 0.653043 A
8. 0.670588 A
9. 0.696581 A
10. 0.705385 A
Explanation:
Given : P = 75 W, and
V = 120 V.
The current is
I =
P
V
=
75 W
120 V
= 0.625 A .
Dimensional analysis for I:
W
V
=
J/s
J/C
=
J
s

C
J
=
C
s
= A
A lamp dimmer puts a resistance in series
with the bulb.
What resistance would be needed to reduce
the current to 0.3 A?
1. 32.7125
2. 45.0553
3. 57.0368
4. 58.2651
5. 92.1429
6. 120.044
7. 122.723
8. 132.777
9. 208 correct
10. 212.982
Explanation:
R
total
= R +R
1
, and
V = I
1
R
total
= I
1
R +I
1
R
1
so that
R
1
=
V I
1
R
I
1
=
V
I
1
R
=
120 V
0.3 A
192
= 208 .
Four Resistors JMS
28:02, highSchool, multiple choice, > 1 min,
normal.
Four resistors are connected as shown in the
gure.
1
0
5
0
7
0
90 V
3
0
S
1
a
b
c
d
Find the resistance between points a and b.
1. 31.5686 correct
2. 33.3855
3. 34.4127
4. 36.0099
5. 37.6052
6. 38.1779
7. 38.9958
8. 39.4313
9. 40.046
10. 42.0635
Explanation:
Given : R
1
= 10 ,
R
2
= 30 ,
R
3
= 50 ,
R
4
= 70 , and
E
B
= 90 V.
R
1
R
3
R
4
E
B
R
2
S
1
a
b
c
d
Ohms law is V = I R.
A good rule of thumb is to eliminate junc-
tions connected by zero resistance.
R
2
R
3
R
1
R
4
a
b
c
d
The parallel connection of R
1
and R
2
gives
the equivalent resistance
1
R
12
=
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
=
R
2
+R
1
R
1
R
2
R
12
=
R
1
R
2
R
1
+R
2
=
(10 ) (30 )
10 + 30
= 7.5 .
R
12
R
3
R
4
a
b
The series connection of R
12
and R
3
gives
the equivalent resistance
R
123
= R
12
+R
3
= 7.5 + 50
= 57.5 .
R
123
R
4
a
b
The parallel connection of R
123
and R
4
gives the equivalent resistance
1
R
ab
=
1
R
123
+
1
R
4
=
R
4
+R
123
R
123
R
4
R
ab
=
R
123
R
4
R
123
+R
4
=
(57.5 ) (70 )
57.5 + 70
= 31.5686 .
or combining the above steps, the equivalent
resistance is
R
ab
=
_
R
1
R
2
R
1
+R
2
+R
3
_
R
4
R
1
R
2
R
1
+R
2
+R
3
+R
4
=
_
(10 ) (30 )
10 + 30
+ 50
_
(70 )
(10 ) (30 )
10 + 30
+ 50 + 70
= 31.5686 .
E
B
R
ab
a
b
RC Circuit 02
xed.
Consider the circut below, which consists of
two conducting loops.
C
R
1
R
2
E
S
After the switch S is closed, the current
through resistor R
2
is,
1. oscillating with constant amplitude.
2. from right to left through R
2
.
3. zero at all times.
4. oscillating with decreasing amplitude.
5. from left to right through R
2
. correct
6. Exponentially increasing
7. Exponentially damping
8. not well dened
9. impossible to calculate
10. Increasing linearly
Explanation:
Since the potential drop across resistor R
2
is xed to be E after the switch is closed, the
current is also a xed value and the direction
is from left to right on R
2
.
After the switch S has been closed for a very
long time, the currents in the two circuits are
1. zero through both resistors
2. i
1
=
E
R
1
through R
1
and zero through
R
2
.
3. i
1
=
E
R
1
through R
1
and i
2
=
E
R
2
in
circuit 2.
4. oscillating with constant amplitude in
both circuits.
5. zero through R
1
and i
2
=
E
R
2
through R
2
.
correct
6. impossible to calculate
7. not well dened
8. i
1
= i
2
=
E (R
1
+R
2
)
R
1
R
2
9. i
1
= i
2
=
E
R
1
+ R
2
10. innite
Explanation:
As mentioned above, the current in R
2
re-
mains unchanged to be
E
R2
, while for R
1
, after
a long time, the current in the circuit tends
to an equilibrium state, namely the capaci-
tor doesnt get charged or release charge any
more. There is no current through the capac-
itor as well as resistor R
1
after a long time.
Charged Particle in a FieldJMS
xed.
A particle of mass m and charge q starts from
rest at the origin (point Ain the gure below).
E
B
A
C
G
X
Y
B
There is a uniform electric eld

E in the
positive y-direction and a uniform magnetic
eld

B directed towards the reader. It can
be shown that the path is a cycloid whose
radius of curvature at the top point is twice
the y-coordinate at that level.
What is the relation between kinetic energy
of the charge at points A and B?
1. The kinetic energy of the particle at point
B is the same as it was at point A. correct
B is larger than the energy at point A.
B is smaller than the energy at point A.
4. The relationship between the kinetic en-
ergy of the particle at point A and at point
B cannot be determined by the information
given.
5. This setup is inherently unphysical, and
hence, any discussion regarding energy is
meaningless.
Explanation:
When the particle has reached point B, its
displacement in the direction of

E is zero.
Therefore the net work done by the conserva-
tive electric force is zero. The magnetic force
never does any work. Therefore the work-
energy theorem, (W = K) says that the
kinetic energy of the particle at point B must
be the same as it was at point A. Thus at B
the particle is again at rest.
How much is the work done by the external
forces as the particle moves from A to C,
where point C is any point on the path, with
coordinates (x, y).
1. W = q E x
2. W = q E
_
x
2
+y
2
3. W = q Bx
4. W = q By
5. W = q B
_
x
2
+y
2
6. W = q E y correct
7. W = q E y +q Bx
8. W = q By +q E x
9. W = q (E +B)
_
x
2
+y
2
10. W = 0
Explanation:
Because the magnetic force does not do any
work on the particle, the net work is done by
the conservative electric force; i.e.,
W = F
e
y = q E y ,
where y is the displacement of the particle in
the direction of

E as the particle reaches the
point C.
Current on a Cube JMS
, , , < 1 min, .
Note: The conventional Cartesian notation of
(a unit vector along the positive x axis),
(a unit vector along the positive y axis), and
k (a unit vector along the positive z axis), is

used.
Given a current segment which ows along
the edges of a cube as shown in the gure.
The cube has sides of length a. The current
ows along the path A C D E G.
There is a uniform magnetic eld

B = B.
x
y
z
B
B
B
A
C
D
E
G
a
a
Find the direction

F
F
of the resul-
tant magnetic force on the current segment
ACDEG.
1.

F = correct
2.

F =
k
3.

F =
4.

F =
5.

F =
6.

F =

k
7. Undetermined, since the magnitude of the
force is zero.
8.

F =
1
2
_

k
_
9.

F =
1
2
_
k
_
10.

F =
1
2
_
+

k
_
Explanation:
Note: The current in wire segment CD
ows in the direction and the current in wire
segment DE ows in the
k.
Refer to the following sketch when reading
the explanation
x
z
A
G
a
a
Top View
B
B
B
k
B
B
B
The magnetic force on a wire is given by
F
mag
= I
B.
The vector

is given by the sum of the
current segments
AC +
CD +
DE +
EG,
and this is the vector
AG, (see gure above).

The magnitude is given by
B
(
k) ()
= ( ) (
k )
= 0
F = .
Magnetic Field from an Arc JMS
wording-variable.
Consider two radial legs (extending to in-
nity) and a connecting
20
23
circular arc car-
rying a current I as shown below.
x
y
I
I
20
23

I
O
r
What is the magnitude of the magnetic
eld B
O
(at the origin O) due to the current
through this path?
1. B
O
=
5
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
2 r
correct
2. B
O
=
5
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
4 r
3. B
O
=
5
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
2 r
4. B
O
=
5
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
4 r
5. B
O
=
5
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
2 r
6. B
O
=
2
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
2 r
7. B
O
=
2
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
4 r
8. B
O
=
2
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
2 r
9. B
O
=
2
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
4 r
10. B
O
=
2
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
2 r
Explanation:
Note: The magnetic eld at B
O
for the
entire path points in the same direction.
The two straight wire segments produce
the same magnetic eld at B
O
as a single long
straight wire. Using Amperes law, for the
magnetic eld a distance r from a straight
wire, we have
_

B ds =
0
I
_
B ds =
0
I
B
_
ds =
0
I
B2 r =
0
I , so
B
O
=

0
I
2 r
. (1)
However, around the arc we will use the
Biot-Savart law, where |ds r| = ds = r d .
The magnetic eld at at the center of an
arc with a current I is
B
O
=

0
I
4
_
ds r
r
2
=

0
I
4 r
2
_
ds
=

0
I
4 r
2
_
r d
=

0
I
4 r
_ 20
23

0
d
=

0
I
4 r

20
23

0
=

0
I
4 r
_
20
23
0
_
=
5
23
0
I
r
. (2)
The magnetic eld at B
O
for the entire path
is the sum of Eqs. 2 and 1.
B
O
=
5
23
0
I
r
+

0
I
2 r
into the page or out of the page
O Centered Hole
30:03, calculus, numeric, > 1 min, wording-
variable.
A total current of 50 mA ows through an
innitely long cylinder of radius r = 4 cm
which has an innitely long cylindrical hole
through it of diameter r centered at
r
2
along
the x-axis (as in gure 1).
x
y
r
What is the magnitude of the magnetic
eld at a distance of 12 cm along the posi-
tive x-axis? Assume that the magnitude of
the current density is the same in the cylin-
der and in the hole and that the currents in
the cylinder and the hole ow in opposite di-
rections with respect to each other.
1. 1.40851 10
8
T
2. 2.33987 10
8
T
3. 4.25256 10
8
T
4. 5.32468 10
8
T
5. 5.88477 10
8
T
6. 7.08751 10
8
T
7. 7.77778 10
8
T correct
8. 8.64532 10
8
T
9. 1.14872 10
7
T
10. 1.19632 10
7
T
Explanation:
Basic Concepts: Magnetic Field due to a
Long Cylinder
B =

0
I
2 r
.
Principle of Superposition.
Solution: Our goal is to model the given sit-
uation, which is complex and lacks symmetry,
by adding together the elds from combina-
tions of simpler current congurations which
together match the given current distribution.
The combination of the currents in Fig. 2 will
do so if we choose I
cyl
and I
hole
correctly.
y
y
x x
+
I
I
cyl
hole
r
r
Since the current is uniform, the current
density J =
I
A
is constant. Then
J = I
cyl
A
cyl
= I
hole
A
hole
.
Clearly, A
cyl
= r
2
, and A
hole
=
r
2
4
. Thus
I
hole
=
I
cyl
4
.
Note: The minus sign means I
hole
is owing
in the direction opposite I
cyl
and I, as it must
if it is going to cancel with I
cyl
to model the
hole.
We also require I = I
cyl
+ I
hole
. We then
have I
cyl
=
4
3
I, and I
hole
=
1
3
I. With these
currents, the combination of the two cylinders
in gure 2 gives the same net current and
current distribution as the conductor in our
problem.
The magnetic elds are
B
cyl
=
0
_
4
3
I
_
2 x
B
hole
=
0
_
1
3
I
_
2 (x r/2)
.
Thus the total magnetic eld is
B
total
= B
cyl
+B
hole
=

0
I
6
_
_
4
x

1
x
r
2
_
_
=

0
I
6
_
_
3 x 2 r
x
_
x
r
2
_
_
_
=
(4 10
7
Tm/A) (50 mA)
6
_
3 (12 cm) 2 (4 cm)
(12 cm)
_
(12 cm)
(4 cm)
2
_
_
_
= 7.77778 10
8
T.
Rotating Metal Bar 02
31:02, calculus, numeric, > 1 min, normal.
A metal bar spins at a constant rate in the
magnetic eld of the Earth as in Figure. The
rotation occurs in a region where the compo-
nent of the Earths magnetic eld perpendic-
ular to the plane of rotation is 3.3 10
5
T.
The bar is 1 m in length and its angular speed
is 5 .
r
l
dr
v
Bin
O
What potential dierence is developed be-
tween its ends?
1. 2.86804 10
5
V
2. 7.05979 10
5
V
3. 8.13233 10
5
V
4. 0.000141863 V
5. 0.000162982 V
6. 0.00022808 V
7. 0.000252191 V
8. 0.000259181 V correct
9. 0.000461814 V
10. 0.000600358 V
Explanation:
Basic Concept:
Motional emf
E = Blv
For a point on the bar, the velocity with
which the point moves changes linearly with
the distance from the point to the rotation
center. So, the eective velocity for the whole
bar equals:
v
eff
=
l
2
=
2f l
2
= 7.85398 m/s ,
and the induced emf in the bar is
E = B l v
eff
= 0.000259181 V.
Therefore, the potential dierence between
the ends of the bar is:
V = E
= 0.000259181 V.
Bar Pulled Through Field JMS
xed.
A bar of negligible resistance and mass m in
the gure below is pulled horizontally across
frictionless parallel rails, also of negligible re-
sistance, by a massless string that passes over
an ideal pulley and is attached to a suspended
mass M. The uniform magnetic eld has a
magnitude B, and the distance between the
rails is . The rails are connected at one end
by a load resistor R. Use g.
B
M
m
R
What is the magnitude of the terminal ve-
locity (i.e., the eventual steady-state speed
v
) reached by the bar?

1. v
=
M g R
B
2. v
=
M g R
2
B
2
correct
3. v
=
M g R
B
2
4. v
=
M g R
2
B
5. v
=
M g R
2
2
B
2
6. v
=
M g R
2
B
2
7. v
=
M g R
2
2
B
8. v
=
M g R
2
B
9. v
=
M
2
g
2
R
2
2
B
2
10. v
=
M
2
g
2
R
B
Explanation:
Basic Concepts:
F
g
= Mg
F
m
= I
F
net
= (M +m)a =

F
g
F
m
E = I R =
d
B
dt
B
=

B

A
E = B v
Solution: It follows from Lenzs law that the
magnetic force opposes the motion of the bar.
When the wire acquires steady-state speed,
the gravitational force F
g
is counter-balanced
by the magnetic force F
m
(see gure below):
B
M
m
R
a
a
T
T
F
F
m
g
F
g
= M g = F
m
= I B (1)
I =
M g
B
(2)
To nd the induced current, we use Ohms law
and substitute in the induced emf, E =
d
dt
I =
|E|
R
=
1
R
d
dt
(3)
Note, we have ignored the minus sign from
the induced emf E because we will eventu-
ally evaluate the magnitude of the terminal
velocity. The ux is = BA. So
d
dt
= B
dA
dt
= B v (4)
I =
B v
R
(5)
Using (2) and (5) and noting that v is the
terminal velocity v
M g
B
=
B v
R
. (6)
Solving for the magnitude of the terminal
velocity v
=
M g R
2
B
2
. (7)
Energy in an LC Circuit JMS
xed.
Consider the LC circuit shown below. Switch
S is initially open, and the capacitor has a
charge Q
m
on its plates. At t=0 the switch is
closed.
L
Q
m
C
S
What will be the energy U
C
stored in the
capacitor as a function of time?
1. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
cos
2
_
t
LC
_
correct
2. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
C
_
sin
2
_
t
LC
_
3. U
C
=
Q
2
m
2 C
4. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
exp
_
LC
_
5. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
2 C
__
1 exp
_
LC
__
6. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
cos
_
t
LC
_
7. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
sin
2
_
t
LC
_
8. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
C
_
cos
2
_
t
LC
_
9. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
sin
2
_
t
_
L
C
_
10. U
C
=
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
cos
_
t
LC
_
Explanation:
Solution: The charge on the capacitor in
the LC circuit satises
d
2
Q
dt
2
=
1
LC
Q
The solution is
Q = Q
m
cos
_
t
LC
_
where Q
m
is the initial charge on the capaci-
tor. Thus the energy is given by
U
c
=
Q
2
2 C
=
Q
2
m
2 C
cos
2
_
t
LC
_
What will be the total energy U as a function
of time?
1. U =
Q
2
m
2 C
correct
2. U =
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
cos
_
t
LC
_
3. U =
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
cos
2
_
t
LC
_
4. U =
_
Q
2
m
2 C
_
exp
_
LC
_
5. U =
_
Q
2
m
2 C
__
1 exp
_
LC
__
6. U =
Q
2
m
C
7. U =
1
LC
8. U =
Q
2
m
4 C
9. U =
2 Q
2
m
C
10. U =
LC
Explanation:
This is just the sum of Part 1 and Part 2:
U = U
L
+U
c
=
Q
2
m
2 C
_
cos
2
_
t
LC
_
+ sin
2
_
t
LC
__
=
Q
2
m
2 C
.
Point Light Source JMS
xed.
A point light source delivers a time-averaged
power P. It radiates light isotropically. A
piece of small at surface is placed at D, which
is a distance r away. This piece has a cross
section A
surf
. The surface reects
1
4
of the
light and absorbs
3
4
of the light. Assume the
light hitting the various parts of the surface is
perpendicular to them.
r
D
Point
source
The time-averaged energy density hitting
the surface is given by:
1. u = 4 r
2
P
c
2. u = r
2
P
c
3. u = A
surf
P
c
4. u =
P
4 c r
2
correct
5. u =
P
c A
surf
6. u = 4 r
2
P
7. u = r
2
P
8. u = A
surf
P
9. u =
P
A
surf
10. u =
P
4 r
2
Explanation:
Basic Concepts EM Wave
The time-averaged energy density at D is
given by
u =
I
c
=
P
4 r
2
c
.
Find the total time-averaged force on the sur-
face in terms of the intensity I of the light at
D.
1. F =
A
surf
I
c
2. F =
7
4
4 I
c
3. F =
3 A
surf
I
2 c
4. F =
7 A
surf
I
4 c
5. F =
2 A
surf
I
c
6. F =
4 I
c
7. F =
5
4
4 I
c
8. F =
3
2
4 I
c
9. F =
5 A
surf
I
4 c
correct
10. F = 2
4 I
c
Explanation:
The time-average force is
F = Pressure A
surf
= F
abs
+F
re
=
_
3
4
u +
1
4
2 u
_
A
surf
= 5 A
surf
I
4 c
Diamond Critical Angle
35:07, calculus, numeric, > 1 min, normal.
Assume: Refraction index for diamond
n
diamond
= 2.419 .
The smallness of the critical angle
c
for di-
amond means that light is easily trapped
within a diamond and eventually emerges
from the many cut faces. This makes a dia-
mond more brilliant than stones with smaller
n and larger
c
. Traveling inside a diamond, a
light ray is incident on the interface between
diamond and air.
What is the critical angle for total internal
reection?
1. 20.9248

2. 21.1623

3. 21.9091

4. 22.9934

5. 23.4786

6. 24.4182

correct
7. 24.7343

8. 25.7715

9. 26.5148

10. 28.1446

Explanation:
Basic Concept: Critical angle
c
for total
internal reection
sin
c
=
n
2
n
1
.
Solution: For diamond, the critical angle
sin
c
=
1
2.419
.
c
= 24.4182
.
Image of a Cat JMS
normal.
A cat is a distance d = 15 cm from a thin
converging lens with focal length f = 10 cm.
d
lens
How far from the lens is the image of the
cat due only to this lens?
1.
_
1
f
+
1
d
_
1
2.
1
f d
3.
f
_
(
1
f
)
2
+ (
1
d
)
2
4.
_
1
f

1
d
_
1
correct
5.
_
1
d

1
f
_
1
6.
d
_
(
1
f
)
2
+ (
1
d
)
2
7.
1
d f
8.
_
2
f

2
d
_
1
9. d + f
10.
_
2
d
+
2
f
_
1
Explanation:
Basic Concepts:
1
p
+
1
q
=
1
f
m =
h
h
=
q
p
Converging Lens f > 0
>p > f f <q < 0 >m>
f >p > 0 <q < 0 >m> 1
Diverging Lens 0 > f
>p > 0 f <q < 0 0 <m< 1
Solution: Using the thin lens formula
1
s
+
1
s
=
1
f
,
we can compute the position of the image
which would be:
x =
_
1
f

1
d
_
1
=
_
1
10 cm

1
15 cm
_
1
= 30 cm
MultiSlits JMS
wording-variable.
Given: The setup of a six slit diraction
experiment shown in the gure.
6
5
4
3
2
1
y
L
Figure: Not drawn to scale.

Find the path dierence dierence between
two rays from adjacent slits which gives rise
to the rst minimum.
1. =
1
6
correct
2. =
1
4

3. =
1
5

4. =
2
5

5. =
3
4

6. =
3
5

7. =
2
3

8. =
1
2

9. = 2
10. =
Explanation:
Basic Concept: Light Interference
E
1
E
2
E
3
E
4
E
5
E
6

The rst minimum occurs when the six pha-
sor vectors of the six rays in the phasor dia-
gram form a closed hexagon. Thus, the rela-
tive phas angle between the adjacent phasor
vectors is given by
=
360
6
= 60
=
1
3
,
and the path dierence is
=

2
=

2
1
3
=
1
6
.
Thin Wedge of Air 03
xed.
Let us do the air wedge problem without mak-
ing the approximation that the index of re-
fraction of air is unity. Let the wavelength
of the incident light waves in the vacuum be
vac
. As shown in the gure, denote the in-
dex of refraction of the glass as n
1
and that of
air as n
2
. The height of the thin wedge at the
point of interest is h.
n
1
n
2
h
paper
1 2
The phase angle dierence between re-
ected rays # 1 and # 2 due to their path
dierence is given by
1.
path
=
4
n
1

vac
h.
2.
path
=
4 n
1
vac
h.
3.
path
=
4 n
1
n
2

vac
h.
4.
path
=
4 n
2
vac
h. correct
5.
path
=
4
n
2

vac
h.
6.
path
=
2 n
2
vac
h.
7.
path
=
2 n
1
vac
h.
8.
path
=
2 n
1
n
2

vac
h.
9.
path
=
2
n
1

vac
h.
10.
path
=
2
n
2

vac
h.
Explanation:
The wavelength in air is related to the wave-
length in the vacuum by
air
=

vac
n
2
.
The
path
is related to the path dierence
= 2 h by
path
= 2

air
= 2
2 hn
2
vac
=
4 n
2
vac
h.
If the maximum phase dierence due to the
path dierence is 40 radians, what is the total
number of dark fringes, including the dark
fringe at zero separation along the point of
contact?
1. N
total
= 13
2. N
total
= 5
3. N
total
= 6
4. N
total
= 8
5. N
total
= 9
6. N
total
= 10
7. N
total
= 11
8. N
total
= 12
9. N
total
= 7 correct
10. N
total
= 14
Explanation:
Since theres a phase change at the air
glass interface, the total phase dierence is
=
path
+ .
Generally, destructive interference occurs
when
(2n 1) =
path
+ , n = 1, 2, 3 .
Note: When
path
= 0, the equation is
satised by n = 1.
So the above expression includes the mini-
mum at zero separation. Now, the maximum
number of dark fringes, N, for
path
= 40 rad
can be found by considering
(2N 1)
max
= 40 + .
Solving for N yields
N
40
2
+ 1 .
Since N must be an integer, we arrive at
N = int
_
40
2
+ 1
_
= 7 .
Dark Fringe Position
wording-variable.
Hint: Use a small angle approximation; e.g.,
sin = tan .
Consider the setup of a single slit experi-
ment.
y
5
L
a
S1
S2
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
s
c
r
e
e
n
15
Determine the height y
5
, where the fth
minimum occurs.
1. y
5
= 5
L
a
correct
2. y
5
=
11
2
L
a
3. y
5
= 6
L
a
4. y
5
=
13
2
L
a
5. y
5
= 7
L
a
6. y
5
=
15
2
L
a
7. y
5
=
9
2
L
a
8. y
5
= 4
L
a
9. y
5
=
7
2
L
a
10. y
5
= 3
L
a
Explanation:
Basic Concepts: Light Diraction
I
I
0
=
_
_
_
sin

2
2
_
_
_
2
,
where the minima are at
2
= , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , , or
= 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , ,
= 2 m ,
where m is the rst, second, third, fourth, ,
minimum in the diraction pattern.
Solution: The rst minimum is at = 2 ,
where = 2 = 2 , where = is the
phase dierence of the two rays for destructive
interference.
The fth minimum occurs at = 10 ,
which corresponds to a path dierence be-
tween two end rays
=

k
=
10
_
2
_
= 5
=

a
=
y
5
L
y
5
=

a
L
= 5
L
a
,
where k
2
.
Beam Intensity
xed.
An unpolarized light beam with intensity of
I
0
passes through 2 polarizers shown in the
picture.
Transmission
axis
Polarized
lihgt
Polarizer
Analyzer
Unpolarized
light
E0
E0cos
If = 30
,what is the beam intensity after

the second polarizer?
1.
1
16
I
0
2.
3
8
I
0
correct
3.
1
8
I
0
4.
3
16
I
0
5.
1
4
I
0
6.
5
16
I
0
7.
7
16
I
0
8.
1
2
I
0
9.
9
16
I
0
10.
5
8
I
0
Explanation:
The beam intensity after the rst polarizer
is
I
1
=
I
0
2
We use the formula for the intensity of the
transmitted (polarized) light. Thus the beam
intensity after the second polarizer is
I = I
1
cos
2
=
I
0
2
cos
2
(30
)
=
3 I
0
8
Coherence and Slits
xed.
For this problem, consider a screen illumi-
nated by various combinations of slits and
light sources, as described by the following
diagram:
Knowing that laser light, in contrast to
ordinary light sources, is generated with very
well-dened phase (the laser light is coherent),
which of the above setups will produce an
interference pattern on the screen?
Note: the light bulb emits monochromatic
(one-colored) light.
1. (a) (b) and (c) correct
2. (a) and (b)
3. (c) and (d)
4. (b) and (d)
5. (a) and (c)
6. (a) (b) and (d)
7. (a) (c) and (d)
8. (b) (c) and (d)
9. all of them
10. none of them
Explanation:
Laser light is coherent. Consequently, ap-
plying simple double and single slits to it
will not destroy its coherence. Consequently,
both (a) and (b) will produce intereference
patterns.
Similarly, by ltering the light through a
single slit apparatus, one constrains the path
of the light from the light bulb to the screen.
This makes the light leaving the single slit
coherent. Consequently, when this newly co-
herent light passes through the double slit, an
intereference pattern will result. If one only
looks at light of a given wavelength, the pat-
tern will be very similar to that generated by
passing laser light through a double slit.
When the single slit is not availible to lter
the light, however, the phases of the light bulb
light hitting the double slit are essentially
random. Consequently, any eect due to path
dierences is washed out by this randomness,
and no pattern is observed.
Therefore, the correct answer is (a) (b) and
(c).

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E & M - Basic Physical Concepts

Electric force and electric eld

Direct current circuits V = I R

Total reection: >

k (a unit vector along the positive z axis), is

AG, (see gure above).

) reached by the bar?

Figure: Not drawn to scale.

,what is the beam intensity after

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