Vsevolod Vladimirov - Compacton-Like Solutions in Some Nonlocal Hydrodynamic-Type Models

Compacton-like solutions in some
nonlocal hydrodynamic-type models

Vsevolod Vladimirov
AGH University of Science and technology, Faculty of Applied
Mathematics
Protaras, October 26, 2008
WMS AGH Compactons in Relaxing hydrodynamic-type model 1 / 37
Plan of the talk:
Historical background
Solitons and compactons from the geometric point of view
Non-local hydrodynamic-type models
Compacton-like solutions in relaxing hydrodynamics
Attractive features of compactons-like solutions
Discussion, comments.
Plan of the talk:
Plan of the talk:
Plan of the talk:
Plan of the talk:
Plan of the talk:
Rosenau-Hyman generaization of KdV hierarchy
K(m, n) hierarchy(Rosenau, Hyman, 1993):
K(m, n) = u
t
+ (u
m
)
x
+ (u
n
)
xxx
= 0, m 2, n 2.
(1)
Solitary wave solution, corresponding to = = 1 and m = n = 2:
u =
_
4 V
3
cos
2

4
when || 2 ,
0 when || > 2 ,
= x V t. (2)
Rosenau-Hyman generaization of KdV hierarchy
K(m, n) hierarchy(Rosenau, Hyman, 1993):
K(m, n) = u
t
+ (u
m
)
x
+ (u
n
)
xxx
= 0, m 2, n 2.
(1)
Solitary wave solution, corresponding to = = 1 and m = n = 2:
u =
_
4 V
3
cos
2

4
when || 2 ,
0 when || > 2 ,
= x V t. (2)
Main properties of KdV and K(m, n) equations
solutions
Solitons (compactons) forms a one-parameter family w.r.t.
parameter V , see below;
u =
12 V
2
sech
2
_
V (x 4 V
2
t)
KdV soliton
u =
_
4 V
3
cos
2 xV t
4
when |x V t| 2 ,
0 when || > 2 ,
K(2, 2) compacton.
Maximal amplitude of the solitary wave is proportional to
its velocity V .
Main properties of KdV and K(m, n) equations
solutions
Solitons (compactons) forms a one-parameter family w.r.t.
parameter V , see below;
u =
12 V
2
sech
2
_
V (x 4 V
2
t)
KdV soliton
u =
_
4 V
3
cos
2 xV t
4
when |x V t| 2 ,
0 when || > 2 ,
K(2, 2) compacton.
Maximal amplitude of the solitary wave is proportional to
its velocity V .
Smooth compact initial data create a nite number of
solitons (compactons)
Evolution of an initial localized disturbance
An initial pulse with a compact support, evolves in a series of sharply
localized pulses compactons (length 5 mesh points)
20
40
60
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120
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PSfrag replacements
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/5
uu
9
Solitons (compactons) restore their shapes after the
mutual collisions
Collision of compactons is accompanied by the
creation of the low-amplitude
compacton-anticompacton pair
Collisions
Collision of compactons (here with velocities 0.2 and 0.9) is nearly elastic
10
20
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0.5
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1.5
PSfrag replacements
site n
time
eld u
n
(t) eld u
n
(t)
27
Solitons and compactons from geometric point of view.
Reduction of KdV equation
In order to describe solitons, we use the TW reduction
u(t, x) = U(), with = x V t.
Inserting U() into the KdV equation
u
t
+ uu
x
+u
xxx
= 0
we get, after one integration, Hamiltonian system:
U() = W() = H
W
, (3)
W() =

2
U()
_
U()
2 v
_
= H
U
.
H =
1
2
_
W
2
+

3
U
3
v U
2
_
. (4)
Every solutions of (3) can be identied with some level curve H = K.
u(t, x) = U(), with = x V t.
u
t
+ uu
x
+u
xxx
= 0
U() = W() = H
W
, (3)
W() =

2
U()
_
U()
2 v
_
= H
U
.
H =
1
2
_
W
2
+

3
U
3
v U
2
_
. (4)
u(t, x) = U(), with = x V t.
u
t
+ uu
x
+u
xxx
= 0
U() = W() = H
W
, (3)
W() =

2
U()
_
U()
2 v
_
= H
U
.
H =
1
2
_
W
2
+

3
U
3
v U
2
_
. (4)
u(t, x) = U(), with = x V t.
u
t
+ uu
x
+u
xxx
= 0
U() = W() = H
W
, (3)
W() =

2
U()
_
U()
2 v
_
= H
U
.
H =
1
2
_
W
2
+

3
U
3
v U
2
_
. (4)
u(t, x) = U(), with = x V t.
u
t
+ uu
x
+u
xxx
= 0
U() = W() = H
W
, (3)
W() =

2
U()
_
U()
2 v
_
= H
U
.
H =
1
2
_
W
2
+

3
U
3
v U
2
_
. (4)
Level curves of the Hamiltonian
H =
1
2
_
W
2
+

3
U
3
v U
2
_
= K = const
Solution to KdV, corresponding to the homoclinic
trajectory
Reduction of K(m, n) equation
Inserting ansatz u(t, x) = U() U(x v t) into
K(m, n) u
t
+ (u
m
)
x
+ (u
n
)
xxx
= 0,
we obtain, after one integration and employing the integrating
multiplier [U] = U
n1
, the Hamiltonian system:
_
n U
2(n1) d U
d
= n U
2(n1)
W = H
W
,
n U
2(n1) d W
d
= U
n1
_
v U +U
m
+n(n 1) U
n2
W
2
= H
U
.
Every trajectory of the above system can be identied with
some level curve H = const of the Hamiltonian
H =

m+n
U
m+n
v
n + 1
U
n+1
+
n
2
U
2(n1)
W
2
.
K(m, n) u
t
+ (u
m
)
x
+ (u
n
)
xxx
= 0,
multiplier [U] = U
n1
_
n U
2(n1) d U
d
= n U
2(n1)
W = H
W
,
n U
2(n1) d W
d
= U
n1
_
v U +U
m
+n(n 1) U
n2
W
2
= H
U
.
H =

m+n
U
m+n
v
n + 1
U
n+1
+
n
2
U
2(n1)
W
2
.
K(m, n) u
t
+ (u
m
)
x
+ (u
n
)
xxx
= 0,
multiplier [U] = U
n1
_
n U
2(n1) d U
d
= n U
2(n1)
W = H
W
,
n U
2(n1) d W
d
= U
n1
_
v U +U
m
+n(n 1) U
n2
W
2
= H
U
.
H =

m+n
U
m+n
v
n + 1
U
n+1
+
n
2
U
2(n1)
W
2
.
K(m, n) u
t
+ (u
m
)
x
+ (u
n
)
xxx
= 0,
multiplier [U] = U
n1
_
n U
2(n1) d U
d
= n U
2(n1)
W = H
W
,
n U
2(n1) d W
d
= U
n1
_
v U +U
m
+n(n 1) U
n2
W
2
= H
U
.
H =

m+n
U
m+n
v
n + 1
U
n+1
+
n
2
U
2(n1)
W
2
.
Level curves of the Hamiltonian
H =

m+2
U
m+2
v
3
U
3
+ U
2
W
2
= L = const,
corresponding to the reduced K(m, 2) equation
Generalized solution to K(m, 2) equation (nonzero part
corresponds to the homoclinic trajectory):
Conclusion:
Compacton-like TW solution is represented in the phase
space of the factorized system by the trajectory
bi-asymptotic to a (topological) saddle.lying on a
singular manifold of dynamical system
Modeling system
Lets consider balance equations for mass and momentum in
lagrangean coordinates:
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(5)
Using the closing equation
p =

m+ 1

m+1
characteristic for local processes,we get the Euler-type system
_
u
t
+
m
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(6)
No solitary waves, no compactons for physically
justied case p/ > 0
Modeling system
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(5)
p =

m+ 1

m+1
_
u
t
+
m
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(6)
justied case p/ > 0
Modeling system
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(5)
p =

m+ 1

m+1
_
u
t
+
m
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(6)
justied case p/ > 0
Modeling system
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(5)
p =

m+ 1

m+1
_
u
t
+
m
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(6)
justied case p/ > 0
Closing equation taking into account non-local eects:
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
. (7)
Using the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (x x
) e
tt
describing the eects of temporal non-localities and the

polynomial functions
f() =

n
, g() =
n
we can get the relaxing hydrodynamics system
1
_
_
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
_
p
t

(
n
)
t
=
n
p
(8)
1
Cf. Lyakhov, 1983; Danylenko et al., 1995
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
. (7)
Using the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (x x
) e
tt

f() =

n
, g() =
n
1
_
_
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
_
p
t

(
n
)
t
=
n
p
(8)
1
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
. (7)
Using the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (x x
) e
tt

f() =

n
, g() =
n
1
_
_
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
_
p
t

(
n
)
t
=
n
p
(8)
1
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
. (7)
Using the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (x x
) e
tt

f() =

n
, g() =
n
1
_
_
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
_
p
t

(
n
)
t
=
n
p
(8)
1
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
. (7)
Using the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (x x
) e
tt

f() =

n
, g() =
n
1
_
_
_
u
t
+p
x
= F,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
_
p
t

(
n
)
t
=
n
p
(8)
1
Let us consider closing equation
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
with the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
describing eects of spatial non-locality. When
f() = B
n+1
, and g() =
n+1
then we get the system describing e.g. solids with microcracks
2
:
_
u
t
+
n
x
+ (
n
x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(9)
System (9) possesses a one-parameter family of
soliton-like TW solutions (Vladimirov, 2003), and does
not possess compacton-like solutions (Vladimirov,
2008).
2
cf. Peerlings, de Borst, Geers et al., 2001
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
with the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
f() = B
n+1
, and g() =
n+1
2
:
_
u
t
+
n
x
+ (
n
x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(9)
2008).
2
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
with the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
f() = B
n+1
, and g() =
n+1
2
:
_
u
t
+
n
x
+ (
n
x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(9)
2008).
2
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
with the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
f() = B
n+1
, and g() =
n+1
2
:
_
u
t
+
n
x
+ (
n
x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(9)
2008).
2
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
with the kernel
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
f() = B
n+1
, and g() =
n+1
2
:
_
u
t
+
n
x
+ (
n
x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
(9)
2008).
2
Compactons appears in case when we slightly modify the state
equation
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
Now we use the same function
g() =
n+1
and the same kernel of non-locality
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
and some unspecied function f( ) f(
0
). This way we
obtain system
_
u
t
+

f( )
x
+ (
n

x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0.
(10)
Under certain conditions system (10) possesses
compacton-like TW solutions (Vladimirov, 2008).
equation
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
g() =
n+1
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
0
). This way we
obtain system
_
u
t
+

f( )
x
+ (
n

x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0.
(10)
equation
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
g() =
n+1
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
0
). This way we
obtain system
_
u
t
+

f( )
x
+ (
n

x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0.
(10)
equation
p = f() +
_
t
__
+
K
_
t, t
; x, x
g() d x
_
d t
.
g() =
n+1
K
_
t, t
; x, x
= (t t
) e
(xx
)
2
L
.
0
). This way we
obtain system
_
u
t
+

f( )
x
+ (
n

x
)
xx
= 0,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0.
(10)
Compactons in relaxing hydrodynamic-type model
We consider relaxing hydrodynamic-type system
_
_
_
u
t
+p
x
= F = = const,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
_
p
t

(
n
)
t
=
n
p
(11)
In the following we assume that n = 1. Introducing the
variable V =
1
(describing the specic volume) we get

u
t
+p
x
= , V
t
u
x
= 0 (12)
_
p
t
+

V
2
u
x
_
=

V
p.
We are going to state that the set of self-similar solutions
of system (12) contains a compacton
Compactons in relaxing hydrodynamic-type model
We consider relaxing hydrodynamic-type system
_
_
_
u
t
+p
x
= F = = const,
t
+
2
u
x
= 0,
_
p
t

(
n
)
t
=
n
p
(11)
In the following we assume that n = 1. Introducing the
variable V =
1
(describing the specic volume) we get

u
t
+p
x
= , V
t
u
x
= 0 (12)
_
p
t
+

V
2
u
x
_
=

V
p.
We are going to state that the set of self-similar solutions
of system (12) contains a compacton
Lemma.System (12) admits the local group, generated by the
following operators:
X
1
=

t
,

X
2
=

x
,

X
3
= x

x
+p

p
V

V
.
Based on these symmetry generators one can build up the
following ansatz
u = U(), V =
R()
x
0
x
, p = (x
0
x) P(), (13)
= t + ln
x
0
x
0
x
,
leading to the reduction of the system of PDEs.
Note that the parameter plays the role of velocity!
X
1
=

t
,

X
2
=

x
,

X
3
= x

x
+p

p
V

V
.
following ansatz
u = U(), V =
R()
x
0
x
, p = (x
0
x) P(), (13)
= t + ln
x
0
x
0
x
,
X
1
=

t
,

X
2
=

x
,

X
3
= x

x
+p

p
V

V
.
following ansatz
u = U(), V =
R()
x
0
x
, p = (x
0
x) P(), (13)
= t + ln
x
0
x
0
x
,
X
1
=

t
,

X
2
=

x
,

X
3
= x

x
+p

p
V

V
.
following ansatz
u = U(), V =
R()
x
0
x
, p = (x
0
x) P(), (13)
= t + ln
x
0
x
0
x
,
Inserting ansatz (13) into the system (12), we get the rst
integral U = R +const and the dynamical system DS:
(R)R
= R [RP +R] , (14)

(R) P
= {R(RP ) +( P +)} ,
where ()
= d () /d, (R) = (R)

2
, = 1 +.
Figure: Stationary points of system (14):
A(R
1
, P
1
), R
1
= /, P
1
= ; B(R
2
, P
2
) ,
R
2
=
_

2
, P
2
=
R
2
(1+ ) R
2
; C(0, )
(R)R
= R [RP +R] , (14)

(R) P
= {R(RP ) +( P +)} ,
where ()
= d () /d, (R) = (R)

2
, = 1 +.
A(R
1
, P
1
), R
1
= /, P
1
= ; B(R
2
, P
2
) ,
R
2
=
_

2
, P
2
=
R
2
(1+ ) R
2
; C(0, )
(R)R
= R [RP +R] , (14)

(R) P
= {R(RP ) +( P +)} ,
where ()
= d () /d, (R) = (R)

2
, = 1 +.
A(R
1
, P
1
), R
1
= /, P
1
= ; B(R
2
, P
2
) ,
R
2
=
_

2
, P
2
=
R
2
(1+ ) R
2
; C(0, )
Our further steps are the following:
We are looking for the conditions assuring that the point
A(R
1
, P
1
) is a center while simultaneously the point
B(R
2
, P
2
) is a saddle.
Next we apply the Andronov-Hopf-Floquet theory in order
to state the conditions assuring the appearance of limit
cycle in proximity of the critical point A;
Figure: Birth of the limit cycle in proximity of the critical point A
Finally we investigate (numerically) the interaction of the
limit cycle with the saddle point B, hoping that the growth
of the limit cycle will nally lead to the homoclinic
trajectory appearance.
Figure: Interaction of limit cycle with unmovable saddle B would lead
to the homoclinic loop creation
Lemma If R
1
< R
2
then in vicinity of the critical value
cr
=
+
_
2
+ 4R
2
1
2R
2
1
. (15)
a stable limit cycle appears in system (14).
Lemma Stationary point B(R
2
, P
2
) is a saddle lying in the
rst quadrant for any >
cr
if the following inequalities hold:

cr
R
2
< R
1
< R
2
. (16)
Figure: Changes of phase portrait of system (14): (a) A(R
1
, P
1
) is the
stable focus; (b) A(R
1
, P
1
) is surrounded by the stable limit cycle; (c)
A(R
1
, P
1
) is surrounded by the homoclinic loop; (d) A(R
1
, P
1
) is the
unstable focus;
Main features of the compacton solution of system (12)
1. The family of TW solutions to relaxing hydrodynamic
system (12) includes a compacton in case when an
external force is present (more precisely, when
< 0 ).
2. To our best knowledge, no one of the classical (local)
hydrodynamic-type models does not possesses this type of
solution.
3. In contrast to the equations belonging to the K(m, n)
hierarchy , compacton solution to system (12) occurs
merely at selected values of the parameters: for xed
, and : there is the unique compacton-like
solution, corresponding to the value =
cr
2
.
< 0 ).
solution.
cr
2
.
< 0 ).
solution.
cr
2
.
Stability and attracting features of the compacton-like
solution to system (12)
RESULTS OF NUMERICAL
SIMULATION
Figure: Temporal evolution of the compacton-like solution: t = 0
corresponds to initial TW solution; graphs t = 20, 40, 60 are obtained
by means of the numerical simulation
Non-invariant initial (Cauchy) data
Following family of the initial perturbations have been
considered in the numerical experiments
p =
_
_
_
p
0
(x
0
x) when x (0, a) (a +l, x
0
)
(p
0
+p
1
)(x
0
x) +w(x a) +h when x (a, a +l),
u = 0, V = /p.
(17)
Hyperbolicity of system (12) causes that any compact
initial perturbation splits into two pulses moving into
opposite directions.
Numerical experiments show that under certain conditions one
of the wave packs created by the perturbation (namely that one
which runs downwards towards the direction of diminishing
pressure) in the long run approaches compacton solution.
It does occur when the total energy of initial perturbation E
tot
is close to some number E(, , ...) depending on the
parameters of the system.
tot
tot
For = 10, = 1.5, = 0.04, = 0.07 and x
0
= 120
E(, , ...) is close to 45.
Figure: Left: initial perturbation on the background of the
compacton-like solution (dashed). Right: evolution of the wave pack
caused by the initial perturbation on the background of the
compacton-like solution (dashed).
Figure: Evolution of the wave pack caused by the initial perturbation
which does not satisfy the energy criterion.
Figure: Evolution of the wave pack caused by the initial perturbation
which does not satisfy the energy criterion.
Colclusions and discussion
Numerical investigations of relaxing hydrodynamics system (12)
reveal that:
1. Compacton encountering in this particular model evolves in
a stable self-similar mode.
2. A wide class of initial perturbations creates wave packs
tending to the compacton.
3. Convergency only weakly depend on the shape of initial
perturbation and is mainly caused by fulllment of the
energy criterion.
reveal that:
energy criterion.
reveal that:
energy criterion.
reveal that:
energy criterion.
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Vsevolod Vladimirov - Compacton-Like Solutions in Some Nonlocal Hydrodynamic-Type Models

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Vsevolod Vladimirov - Compacton-Like Solutions in Some Nonlocal Hydrodynamic-Type Models

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Compacton-like solutions in some

nonlocal hydrodynamic-type models

Solitons and compactons from the geometric point of view

Non-local hydrodynamic-type models

Compacton-like solutions in relaxing hydrodynamics

Attractive features of compactons-like solutions

Solitons and compactons from the geometric point of view

Non-local hydrodynamic-type models

Compacton-like solutions in relaxing hydrodynamics

Attractive features of compactons-like solutions

Solitons and compactons from the geometric point of view

Non-local hydrodynamic-type models

Compacton-like solutions in relaxing hydrodynamics

Attractive features of compactons-like solutions

Solitons and compactons from the geometric point of view

Non-local hydrodynamic-type models

Compacton-like solutions in relaxing hydrodynamics

Attractive features of compactons-like solutions

Solitons and compactons from the geometric point of view

Non-local hydrodynamic-type models

Compacton-like solutions in relaxing hydrodynamics

Attractive features of compactons-like solutions

Solitons and compactons from the geometric point of view

Non-local hydrodynamic-type models

Compacton-like solutions in relaxing hydrodynamics

Attractive features of compactons-like solutions

describing the eects of temporal non-localities and the

describing the eects of temporal non-localities and the

describing the eects of temporal non-localities and the

describing the eects of temporal non-localities and the

describing the eects of temporal non-localities and the

(describing the specic volume) we get

(describing the specic volume) we get

= R [RP +R] , (14)

= d () /d, (R) = (R)

= R [RP +R] , (14)

= d () /d, (R) = (R)

= R [RP +R] , (14)

= d () /d, (R) = (R)

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