ID s - Age of the Nation States Charlie Exum AP EU HX 2A William I - New Prussian king after Fredrick William IV, his

s brother, was deemed insane. Turned for help to the person who more that any other single individual, shaped the next thirty years of European history, Otto Van Bismarck. Napoleon III - (1008-1873) (r. 1852-1871) Napoleon's nephew (Louis and Hortense's son), ruled France, didn't take II in honor of Napoleon II, takes Napoleon's body to Paris, buried in Dome of the Invalides; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism. An Italian named Orsini attempted to assassinate him Dreyfus Affair - a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and early 1900s. Alfred Dreyfus was a French army officer of Jewish descent whose false imprisonment for treason in 1894 raised issues of anti-semitism that dominated French politics until his release in 1906 (1859-1935). His arrest was started on a rumor that he passed secret information to the Germans. The man was later sent to Devil's Island. Emile Zola - (1840-1902) a French novelist considered the father of realism as a movement. Developed the realist novel in which he observed his characters as a scientist would observe an experiment. His naturalist writings show the generational continuity of alcoholism and abuse in French society. He attacked the French govt on their anti-semitism during the Dreyfus affair with his tract "j'accuse!" and accused the arm of framing Dreyfus Francis Joseph - Emperor of Austria-Hungary until 1916; tried to unify the country; Depleted military strength Alexander II - (1818-1881) (r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia following the death of Nicholas I; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; knew that reforms must be made in Russia in response to Europe, he was assassinated by a bomb thrown by a member of The People s Will Alexander III - (r. 1881-1894) Czar after Alexander II s assignation, sought to roll back the reforms of Alexander II. He had no desire to further liberalize Russia and wanted to rule with an Iron fist. Increased use of secret police, censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russian unification to suppress non-Russians, pogroms against Jews. Nicholas I - (1796-1855)(r. 1825-1855) Russian czar that succeeded Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy, crushed the Decembrists revolt and created the Third Section, supported Russian absolutism; orthodoxy, autocracy and nationalism Blood and Iron - Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismark; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".

ID s - Age of the Nation States Charlie Exum AP EU HX 2A Reichstag (Diet of the Realm) - the diets or parliaments of the Holy Roman Empire, of the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy, and of Germany from 1871 to 1945 Ems Telegram - also know as the Ems Dispatch -A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war. Zollverein - Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1818 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs. Young Italy (Society) - For a time, these people had looked to the papacy to sponsor unification. That solution became impossible after the experience of Pius IX with the Roman Republic in 1849. Consequently, at midcentury, "Italy" remained a geographical expression rather than a political entity. Transformismo - This is when Political opponents were transformed into government supporters through bribery, favors, or a seat in the cabinet. Paris Commune - radical government that took control of Paris rejected the peace with Germany and refused to recognize the National Assembly, crushed by the National Assembly, Paris burned Communards - members and supporters of the short-lived 1871 Paris Commune formed after the Franco-Prussian War and France's defeat. Dual Monarchy - was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in Central Europe in 1867 (lasted until 1918). Pan Slavism - 19th-century movement that recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe; sought to unite those peoples for the achievement of common cultural and political goals. Plebiscite a vote by the people (popular vote); 1802 -- it approved of napoleon appointing himself consul for life. Crimean War - (1853-1856) conflict supposedly waged to protect orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality it was to gain a foothold in the black sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia s right to maintain a war fleet in the black sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF CRIMEAN WAR WERE EMERGENCE OF WAR CORRESPONDENTS (JOURNALISTS),

ID s - Age of the Nation States Charlie Exum AP EU HX 2A FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE & START OF NURSING AS A PROFESSION, AND THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE BY ALFRED LORD TENNYSON

Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel) (1819-1861) - Albert was the husband and consort of Queen Victoria and a significant influence on his wife. Great Expulsion - The Expulsion (1755 1763) occurred during the French and Indian War. The Expulsion started by the British deporting Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies and then, after 1758, the British sent them to France. The Expulsion of the Acadians (the Great Upheaval, the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, Le Grand Drangement) was the forced removal by the British of the Acadian people from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island (Acadie). ~ 11,500 Acadians were deported. Sultan Mahmud II Florence Nightingale (1820 1910) British Nurse who helped to professionalize nursing during the Crimean War The Peace of Paris Mir - Peasant village assembly - which took over administration of peasant land as collective property. Village as a whole was to make redemption payments and mir could deal with defaults. Could prevent peasants moving away. Government prevented selling of mortgage of land to outsiders and hence helped preserve peasant society. Aleksandr Herzen - Socialist who after 1848 came to believe that the true and natural future of socialism lay in Russia because of the weakness of capitalism in Russia and the existence of a kind of collectivism (communal spirit) in the mir. Emancipation of Serfs - By imperial ukase (edict) in 1861, this abolished serfdom done by Alexander II (who subsequently known as "liberator czar"). Peasants were to be legally free. Land divided in half. Half went to gentry, half went to peasants. Peasants were to make redemption payments to gentry through the mirs. Actually, the gentry benefitted. Much of their land had been mortgaged. Now payments would be made to them and there were no obligations to the peasants. But, the peasants were still effectively tied to the mirs. Zemstvos - created by Alexander II in 1864 - a system of provincial and district councils which were elected by various groups including peasants. It was to deal with education, medical relief, public welfare, food supply, and roads in their areas.

ID s - Age of the Nation States Charlie Exum AP EU HX 2A DID help develop civic sentiment and gave some administrative experience. Many liberals urged a similar body for all of Russia - a ZEMSKY SOBOR/DUMA, but Alexander II refused. First International Credit Mobilier - was a French banking company, and one of the most important financial institutions of the world during the 19th century Suez Canal - ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. Cobden-Chevalier Treaty a Free Trade Treaty signed between Britain and France on January 23rd 1860. It is named after the main British and French originators of the treaty - Richard Cobden, the anti Corn Law and Free Trade campaigner, and Michel Chevalier. However, after the initial signing it was then discovered that the treaty referred to English coke and coal rather than British, and harbour when it was meant shipping. The treaty was re-written and signed and sealed on January 29 Franco-Prussian War - Prussia vs. France; July 1870; Bismarck wanted war but France declared it; mostly b/c of nationalist views; telegraph of Ems started it; Queen Isabella of Spain had to abdicate, Prince of Hohenzollern was elected but France pressured him out of it then sent the telegraph of Ems to William I demanding assurance that the prince wouldn't take control; William doesn't respond positively and sends the telegraph to Bismarck, who reconstructs it to sound bad and it upsets the French people who call for war; Germans take the lead, and Paris is surrounded by troops, Paris eventually falls; a German national state is formed; Second Empire falls, Third Republic is formed; France pays $$ to Germany and cedes Alsace and Lorraine Risorgimento - Italian resurgence of nineteenth century - recalling the glories of ancient times and the Renaissance. Embodied in the idea of an Italian national and liberal state. Been stimulated by the French Revolution and Napoleon and promoted by the Carbonari and Mazzini's Young Italy movement. Victor Emmanuel II - King and Head of the House of Savoy (NW Italy). Heir to Charles Albert who had led 2 attacks on Austrian occupation of Lombardy-Venetia in 1848 and 1849, after granting liberal constitutions willingly. Victor Emmanuel ruled from 1849 onwards and appointed very capable Prime Minister in 1852, Camillo di Cavour - one of the shrewdest politicians of that and any age. Victor Emmanuel supported Cavour's policies and in 1861 became the King of Italy.

ID s - Age of the Nation States Charlie Exum AP EU HX 2A Camillo di Cavour became prime minister of Piedmont in 1852; supported economic and scientific progress; believed nationalism was a means for modernization; wanted a representative gov. with limited suffrage; religious toleration; thought free trade, good finances, and railroads could remake Piedmont; used newspapers and parliamentary debate to mold public opinion; dominated a centrist parliamentary coalition and king from 1852-1861; sought to make Piedmont a center for Italy's resurgence Guiseppe Garbaldi - (1807-1882) a dedicated Italian patriot who raised an army of one thousand volunteers who were dubbed the red shirts. His forces swept through Sicily and traveled throughout Italy. He later turned over his conquests to Cavour s forces; as a result, king Victor Emmanuel II became king of a centralized government. National Union Otto von Bismark - appointed head of Prussian cabinet. He had great contempt for idealists regarding them as people of no action. Figuring unification would come one way or another he believed Prussian policy should be carried out by blood. When parliament didn t give them money he simply collected taxes against their authorization led the German army -policy of blood and iron -realpolitik Schleswig & Holstein - was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1868 to 1946. It was created from the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which had been conquered by Prussia and the Austrian Empire from Denmark in the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. Following the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, which ended in Austrian defeat, Schleswig and Holstein were annexed by Prussia. The province was created in 1868 and also included the Duchy of Lauenburg since 1876. Battle of Sadowa July 3, 1866 fought between the Prussian arms and Benedek s Austrian army near Bohemian town of Sadowa. Decided the Seven Weeks War (Austro-Prussion War) and marked the end of Austrian influence in Germany. North German Confederation - 1867 71, alliance of 22 German states N of the Main River. Dominated by Prussia, it replaced the German Confederation and included the states that had supported Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War (1866). Ringstrasse - Broad Boulevard built by Viennese liberals to celebrate their domination of Austria political and cultural life during the 1850s and 60s. - bet on traces of city's fortifications with military motives - reflected taste of aristocracy and catholic church - public buildings that bordered it reflected secular cultural tastes of the Viennese upper classes

ID s - Age of the Nation States Charlie Exum AP EU HX 2A Alexander von Bach (1813-1893) Austrian politician noted for instituting a system of centralized control at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867 - established the dual monarchy of AustriaHungary. The Compromise re-established the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. Nationality Law of 1868 part of the Dual Monarchy, defined Hungary as a single nation comprising different nationalities whose members enjoyed equal rights in all areas.

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