Bio Psy: links b/w bio and behave. 1st 2-3 yrs, now or never.

Glial Cells: support, nourish, insulation. helps form new synapses. speed up impulses. Neuron: building block of NS. receive and transmit info. Resting: ions in the cell give a negative charge, outside positive Action: causes an electrical signal to race along the axon. when tiny pores open on the membrane, rapid influx of positive ions. synaptic transmission: electrical message morphs into chemical message at it flows across the gap. Excitatory: fire (if theres more excite than inhibit, then it fires) Inhibitory: don't fire Agonist: excite neurons by mimicking NT or blocking their reuptake and going to receptor cites Antagonist: inhibit neural impulses by blocking cites. CNS: NS of brain and spinal cord "command center" superhighway for neurons. links CNS with body via peripheral NS. afferent: incoming (sensory) efferent: outgoing (motor) PNS: has many branches. somatic NS: voluntary movement of skeletal muscles. sensory and motor. Autonomic NS: no thought. glands and organs. heartbeat, breathing, etc. sympathetic NS: deals with stressful situations, raise heartbeat, blood sugar, fight or flight parasympathetic: calms body to homeostasis. decrease heartrate and blood sugar reflexes: example of how cord works. brain not incoced in simple reflexes Clinical observation: oldest method. observe effects of dieases and injury (gage) CT: examines the brain by taking X-rays that reveal brain structures PET: depicts brain activity by showing each parts glucose

consumption Pons: nerve structures regulate sleep and dreaming. connects stem to ceebellum Frontal: speaking and muscle movements in making plans and judgements. primary motor cortex parietal: visual input and monitoring the body's position in space. somasensory cortex (hand-eye).sensations of touch, temp, pain, and pleasure. map of body to help locate sensations occipital: visual cortex, shows moving picture. recognize faces. works with temporal temporal: auditory cortex. receives auditory info from the opposite ear. damage can impugr comprehension of speech and language. left side dedicated to speech. other parts store long term memories of sound Language: mastly in the left hemisphere. damage to any on left, may cause Aphasia: an impaired use of language, loss of speech Broca's: left frontal. damage cause struggle to form words. speech muscles affected Wornicke's: left temporal, language comprehension and expression Angular gyrus: receives visual info from visual area and recodes into auditory form. plasticity: brains ability to reorganize neurons and repair. Left hem: damage generally impairs reading, writing, speaking, arithmetic reasoning, and understanding right hem: spatial orientation and musical ability.

Hypothalamus: blood analysis. 4 f's. links nervous to endocrine. control throug pituitary gland. autonomic NS. Medulla: body functions, operates on autopiler lesion: natural or experimental destruction of the brain.

FMRI: distinguish more active brain cells EEG: an amplified recording of brain waves/electrical energy. not precise MRI: magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images that show soft tissue and different structure of the brain Thalamus: sensory switchboard. all but smell cerebellum: actions that are done without thought. walking, dancing, etc. corpus callosum: helps the left and right side communicate. 200mil+ fibers. reticular formation: connects spinal cord to thalamus. Relays important info amygdala: mimicks dopamine. pleasure sensory. emotion, foul tempored to docile. brain stem: oldest and innermost part. where spinal cord swells. automatic survival function vesicle: pod carrying transmitters through terminal axon terminal: end of terminal branches; send messages to next neuron neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gap between neurons receptor cites: reveiving ends on dendrites for the next neuron reuptake: when excess neurotransmitters appear, they are obsorbed back from the sending neuron dendrites: receives messages from direct stimulation axon: carries message away from the cell body soma: contains the nucleus and chemical machinery common to most cells