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Diffusion of added
Added atoms atoms from 1 to 2
across a dividing
barrier
Diffusion from fluid
surrounding cells to
flowing blood:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Water (H2O)
Diffusion from blood
to the fluid surrounding
cells:
Oxygen (O2)
Sugar (C6H12O6)
Diffusion in human lungs from
air to blood
Oxygen (O2)
Diffusion in human lungs from
blood to air
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
In The Name of Allah (God) The Most Compassionate The
Most Merciful
Whatever you may be doing, and whatever portion
you may be reciting from the Qur'ân, - and whatever
deed you may be doing, Allah (God) is a Witness
thereof, when you are doing it. And nothing is
hidden from your Lord the weight of an atom on
the earth or in the heaven. Not what is less than that
or what is greater than that but is in a Clear Record
The Noble Qur’an (10: 61)
Diffusion
flow
Medium 1 Medium 2
Diffusion phenomenon explained fully
from the Noble Qur’an
The weight of the atom ((مثقال ذرة
Atomic gravity weaved ropes
Causes foreign atoms to link with the atoms comprising the
medium
Pull of gravity weaved ropes of the atoms comprising the
barrier
Brings the atoms of foreign material closer to the barrier and
within the spaces of the pores of the barrier
The combined pull of the gravity field on the atom of the
medium linked with foreign atom causes them to drop to a
lower level
Causing another atom to be displaced from its location (i.e.
causing turbulence in the medium) (diffusion fluid current)
Added atoms
Diffusion fluid
current
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
The difference in the concentration of the suspended
material in the two media
The rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient
2. The thickness of the barrier
Case 1: The thickness of the barrier does not allow the atoms in
medium 2 to see (i.e. attract) the atoms in medium 1. In this case
diffusion won’t occur
Case 2: The thickness is such that atoms comprising medium 2 see
the atoms of the suspended material in medium 1 which results in
the flow of matter across the barrier. As the thickness of the barrier
increases the rate of diffusion will decrease
Thus the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the
thickness of the dividing barrier between the two media
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
The area of the barrier perpendicular to the
direction of atom movement
The weight of the atoms in medium 1 and 2
Case 1: The weight of the atoms in medium 1 and 2 is
the same. For this case 2 sub cases would result, which
are:
The two media have heavy atoms: In this case diffusion rate
would be high while taking into account the level of saturation
of the medium into which the external material is added.
The two media have light atoms: The rate of diffusion would be
generally low. Also taking into account the level of saturation of
the two media.
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
4. The weight of the atoms in medium 1 and 2
Case 2: The weight of the atoms comprising the two
media is different. Two cases can occur in this case:
The weight of the atoms in medium 2 is larger: In this case the
attraction of the atoms in medium 2 to the suspended material in
medium 1 will be high and thus this will increase the rate of
diffusion .
The weight of the atoms in medium 1 is larger: The attraction of
the atoms comprising medium 1 would be high and in the same
time the attraction of the atoms of medium 2 would be small.
This will result in a reduced rate of diffusion.
5. Density of the barrier
The rate of diffusion of matter between medium
1 and 2 will depend on the following parameters
Density of the two media
Case 1: The density of medium 1 is larger than 2
which results in the binding of more atoms of the
external material with medium 1 and thus the
rate of diffusion decreases
Case 2: The density of medium 2 is larger than 1
which results in an increased rate of diffusion
2. The state of the fluid in media 1 and 2
Turbulent or laminar
Derivation of the law that
governs diffusion phenomenon
from the Noble Qur’an
Diffusion rate (atoms/s) = weights × concentration gradient of input matter
A ρ ρ
Diffusion rate = × 2 × mat × D × (∇C )
t ρ1 ρ b
Where :
A Area of barrier perpendicular to mass transfer
t Thickness of barrier
ρ1 , ρ 2 Density of medium 1 and 2, respectively.
ρ b , ρ mat Density of the atoms comprising the barrier and external material, respectively.
∂C ∂C ∂C
∇C Concentration gradient in x, y, and z direction = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
D Experimental parameter describing the speed of the travel of added atoms
Diffusion Mass Transfer
Mass transfer is mass in transit as the result of a species
concentration difference in a mixture. (Incropera)
How to derive diffusion law?
1
Diffusion = f( ρ , D12 , ∆C , )
∆tbarrier
∆C Fick’s law of diffusion
J1 = ρ D12 A
∆xbarrier
Where :
kg
ρ = ρ1 + ρ 2 (Mixture mass density 3 )
m
m2
D12 (Mass diffusivity )
s
kmol
∆C (Concentration difference 3 )
m
∆xbarrier (Thickness of barrier m)
Diffusion depends on the membrane
between the two media
Types of membranes:
1. Not-permeable: Does not contain pores of
adequate size for any atoms to diffuse.
2. Semi-permeable: The size of the pores allow
some atoms to diffuse through.
3. Permeable: The size of the pores allows all atoms
to diffuse through.
Diffusion in the human
body
Capillary network
شبكة الوعية الدموية الشعيرية
Blood capillary
http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/abpi/skin/skin4.html
Typical characteristics of a blood capillary
Inside Diameter = 10 µm
Length = 0.1 cm
Wall thickness = 0.5 µm
Average blood velocity = 0.05 cm/sec
Pore fraction = 0.001
Wall pore diameter = 6-7 nm
Inlet pressure = 30 mmHg
Outlet pressure = 10 mmHg
Mean pressure = 17.3 mmHg
Colloid osmotic pressure = 28 mmHg
Interstitial fluid pressure = -3 mmHg
Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure = 8 mmHg
Model for a
blood capillary
Model for a blood
capillary
)وفي أنفسكم أفل تبصرون( صدق ال العظيم, ()لقد خلقنا النسان في أحسن تقويم
The optimal piping network for maximum diffusion can be found
from the optimal design of blood capillary
Collagen
Pre-Tension
Phenomena
Elastin
Blood flow
Collagen
Hardening Spring Behavior in Membrane
F
x
Non-linear spring F
Slope = k
Hardening spring (Stiffness) =
increasing
x
Sample Calculation for Membrane Section
(100 mmol) of Oxygen needs to be added to
the blood in 1 hour, calculate the area to
thickness ratio of a single membrane to be
used in the membrane section?
Design Calculations
∆C
N = DA
t
2 Can use multiple tubes
−9 m
D = 2.11× 10
sec to achieve the required
N=
100 × 10 −3 mol
= 2.8 × 10 −5 mol / sec
mass transfer rate
60 × 60 sec
100 × 10 −3 mol
CO = = 20 × 10 −3 mol / L
2
5L
2.8 × 10 −5 −9 A
= 2 . 11 × 10 ×
20 × 10 −3 t
A
= 0.2 × 107 = 2 × 10 6
t
πDL π × 300 × 10 −6 × 30 × 10 −2
= 2 × 10 =6
t t
1
t= × 10 −11 m = 0.1× 10 −11 m
14.14
Design of blood oxygenator as derived
from the Noble Qur’an
6. Capillaries are not straight they are folded
(packing maximum material in a given space
– maximizes surface area)
The tubes of the oxgenator need to be folded,
however, this is not possible due to damage to red
blood cells
Blood in
Blood out
Design of blood oxygenator as derived
from the Noble Qur’an
Air in the human lungs is in a turbulent state
(no formation of diffusion boundary layer)
Need to cause diffusion to the gas flowing on the
tubes (fan, pressure gradients, etc.)
In the lungs gas flows in a pulsating fashion
(like the flow of water waves)
Need to have a pulsating pump in the blood
oxygenator
Operational characteristics of lung and
blood pump oxygenator
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E-mail:
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