PHYSICS OF PLASMAS

VOLUME 11, NUMBER 11

NOVEMBER 2004

Nonlinear saturation of laser driven plasma beat wave by oscillating two-stream instability
D. N. Guptaa) and K. P. Singh
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India

A. K. Sharma
Center for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India

N. K. Jaiman
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India

(Received 24 February 2004; accepted 3 August 2004; published online 22 October 2004) Two copropagating lasers, having frequency difference p, drive a plasma wave. The plasma beat wave amplitude increases with time initially due to the laser beams. As time grows, the plasma beat wave acquires large amplitude and it becomes susceptible to oscillating two-stream instability producing shorter wavelength Langmuir wave sidebands and a low frequency electrostatic mode. The decayed sidebands divert the energy of plasma beat wave by oscillating two-stream instability and saturate it. 2004 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1798431]
I. INTRODUCTION

The coherent wave-wave interactions are an important aspect of nonlinear plasma theory.13 Large amplitude, long wavelength plasma waves are encountered in many situations, including laser-based charge particle accelerators.4,5 In the latter, the plasma waves are driven by the ponderomotive force due to the high power lasers, either by beating two lasers differing in frequencies by plasma frequency or by a single short pulse laser of duration equal to plasma period.5,6 In the beat wave scheme two copropagating or counterpropagating electromagnetic waves exert a ponderomotive force on the electrons that drives electron plasma wave with a high electric eld.7,8 The plasma wave grows signicantly when the resonance condition between the plasma frequency and the laser frequencies is fullled. It is one of the proposed mechanisms for laser particle acceleration. Various experimental programs810 have been developed in order to study this mechanism and the possible resulting electron acceleration. Shvets and Fisch11 have proposed a novel scheme of a parametric excitation of a fast plasma by two counterpropagating laser beams with frequency difference 2 p. Liu and Tripathi12 have extended the theory proposed by Shvets and Fisch to the hot plasma. The efciency of the proposed schemes is strongly dependent on the saturation amplitude level reached by the excited plasma wave. The saturation amplitude level and the growth rates of these waves have been studied in a number of theoretical papers.1315 The saturation of plasma wave by the detuning of three-wave resonance by relativistic effects has been studied by Rosenbluth and Liu (RL),16 who calculated a growth rate of the plasma beat wave RL = pA01A02 / 2 01 02 (for nonrelativistic case, copropagating lasers), and in relativistic case the growth rate is stopped when A0 = 16A01A02c2 / 3 P 01 02 1/3. Lee et al.17 extended this work to include the effect of collision damping.
a)

Electronic mail: dngupta2001@hotmail.com 5250

Oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI) of an electrostatic wave is an important issue in nonlinear plasma physics.1821 In this process a long wavelength pump wave near the critical layer excited a short wavelength standing Langmuir wave and a purely growing density perturbation. In the region where the electric eld of the pump and Langmuir waves are parallel the plasma is pushed away to the region where the elds are antiparallel. The depressed density region attracts electric eld energy from the neighborhood leading to deeper density depression and enhancement of the short wavelength Langmuir mode.22,23 The plasma beat wave can be saturated via parametric instabilities. Thomson, Faehl, and Kruer13 have predicted the saturation level and turbulent spectrum for the OTSI of plasma wave. Moulin et al.24 have given an experimental explanation of nonlinear coupling of plasma beat wave by modulational instability. In this paper, we study the OTSI of laser beat wave driven plasma wave in a plasma. A long wavelength, large amplitude plasma beat wave 0 , k0 couples to a short , k , k k0 wavelength, low-frequency electrostatic mode and Langmuir wave sidebands 1,2 , k1,2 . The dynamics of the process can be understood as follows: A pump (plasma beat wave, 0 p) produces an oscillatory electron velocity v0. When this oscillatory velocity combines with the lowfrequency density perturbation n , k existing at electrostatic wave frequency k k0 , a nonlinear current density is produced that drives the electrostatic sidebands wave 1 , 2 at the resonant frequency 1,2 = 0. The pump and Langmuir sidebands beat to produce a nonlinear ponderomotive force F p at low frequency , k , on the electron, pushing plasma away from the region where the electric eld of pump wave and sidebands are parallel, causing local density depression n , k . This density perturbation in conjunction with the oscillating electron velocity v0 at 0 , k0 proNL duces a nonlinear density perturbation n1,2 at 1,2 , k1,2 ,
2004 American Institute of Physics

1070-664X/2004/11(11)/5250/6/$22.00

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Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2004

Nonlinear saturation of laser driven plasma beat wave

5251

which drives the sidebands. The density perturbation at , k in conjunction with the oscillating electron velocity at the sideband 1,2 , k1,2 produces nonlinear density perturbation nNL at 0 , k0 . Hence, sidebands wave divert the energy 0 of plasma beat wave when it couple nonlinearly with the beat wave and saturate it. The proposed scheme is of great importance to understand nonlinear phenomena such as saturation of the linear growth and weakly nonlinear growth, since the achievement of ignition or high gain in inertial fusion energy required the growth of instability. The phenomena of saturation of instability are applicable in high power laser devices and also in the development of plasma turbulence and plasma heating. In Sec. II we discuss the OTSI coupling of the beat wave driven plasma wave. In Sec. III we study the temporal evolution of the plasma beat wave by OTSI. The conclusion is presented in last section.

e 2k 2 0 4m
2

k2
2 0 k1 1

1+

k1
1

1 0

k2
2

* 0

* 0,

6 = e 2k 2 0 4m
2

k2
2 0 k2 2

1+

k1
1

1 0

k2
2

* 0

0,

7 where = 1 + e + tron susceptibility susceptibility ( i the electron and ion thermal speeds, respectively, and pi is the ion plasma frequency. Dening = 0 2 + 3k2v2 / 2 1/2, a00 = e 0k2 / m 2, th 0 0 p 2 = 0 / 8 e 1 + i / = 0 / 8 2 / k2cs Te / Te + Ti , and pi 2 cs = Te / mi (where mi is the ion mass), Eqs. (6) and (7) can be written as + a00 2 i a00 2 i
1 1 2 2 2 2 i, j = 1 p + 3k vth / 2 / j , e is the elec2 2 2 kvth), i is the ion ( e = 2 p / k vth, for 2 2 2 pi / k2vthi, for kvthi), vth and vthi are

= =

*2 a00

2, 1,

II. OSCILLATING TWO-STREAM INSTABILITY (OTSI)

+ n0 0

*2 a00

Consider a uniform unmagnetized plasma of density and electron temperature Te. Two colinear laser beams of large amplitude propagate through it, E01 = xA01exp i E02 = xA02exp i
01t

k01z , k02z ,

1 2

where 1 , 2 are the linear damping rates of the sideband waves in the parametric process, due to the collisional or Landau damping. Equation (8) gives (for 1 = 2) a growth rate of instability = i , =
max 2

02t

a00 4 a00 2

+
1.

a00 2

2 1/2

1,

where 01 02 p, 01 p, 02 p, 01 and 02 are the laser frequencies, k01 and k02 are the wave vectors of the laser, and p is the plasma frequency. They produce oscillatory velocities v0j = eE0j / mi 0j j = 1 , 2 and exert a pondero* * motive force F p = e / 2c v01 B02 + v02 B01 = ziek0 p0 on them, where
p0

m * v01 v02 = 2e
01 02,

The threshold for the instability is a00 2 1 / . In colli/ 2, where ei is the electron-ion collisional plasma 1 ei sion frequency (one can see Refs. 3 and 25 for more detail of OTSI). In nonresonant growing low frequency mode, 1, 2 0. Hence, one can express 1 and 2 as
1 2

p0exp

i
02,

0t

k 0z ,

= =

+i +i

1 1

, + , 10

k0 = k01 k02, B j = ck j E j / j, and e and m are the electronic charge and mass, respectively. The ponderomotive force drives a Langmuir wave whose electrostatic potential can be taken as
0

p0 = eA01A02 / 2m

0=

01

where

is the frequency mismatch dened above.

III. TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE PLASMA BEAT WAVE

exp i

0t

k 0z .

This plasma beat wave 0 , k0 is responsible for electrostatic oscillating two-stream instability in plasma, producing shorter wavelength Langmuir wave sidebands 1,2 , k1,2 and a low frequency k0 k electrostatic mode , k , where k0. The electrostatic potentials of 1,2 = 0 and k1,2 = k the decayed waves are =
1,2

The density perturbation in conjunction with the oscillating electron velocity at the sidebands produces nonlinear density perturbation at 0 , k0 , nNL = 0 k0 nv* + n * v2 1 . 2 0 11

Using this equation in the Poissons equation we obtain

0 0

exp i =
1,2

t kz ,
1,2t

4 e NL n k2 0

e0

p0 ,

12

exp i

k1,2z .
3

Following the Liu and Tripathi approach, the dispersion relation for the sidebands can be written as

where 0 = 1 + e0 and e0 = 2 + 3k2v2 / 2 / 2 at 0 freth 0 p quency. The second term in Eq. (12) occurs due to the effect of the laser ponderomotive potential p0 , which drives the

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5252

Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2004

Singh, Yadav, and Tripathi

plasma wave. Using Eq. (11), Eq. (12) can be rewritten as follows:
0

a0 /2
2 2

k 2v 2 / th

2 p

0, 2 p 1.

e 2k 2 0= 4m2 2 0 + 2k1k2

1+

k2 1
2 1 1

* 1

k2 2
2 2 2

* 2

1 0

2 k2vth/

2 1 2

* 1

* 0

e0

p0 .

13

, A1 = a1 exp i 1 , A2 Expressing A0 = a0 exp i 0 = a2 exp i 2 , and A p0 = a p0 exp i 00 and separating the real and imaginary parts, one obtains from Eqs. (17)(20) a0 =2 a1
0 a 1a 2a 0

Replacing 0 by 0 + i / t and using the Taylor expansion of around t = 0, one can express 0 0 , k0 0 0 , k0 where = i 0 0 , k0 / 0 / t , 0 0 , k0 t=0 0 0 , k0 / 0, and Eq. (13) can be written as
0

sin

a p0 sin

00

21

=i

e 2k 2 4m2 2 0 k2 2
2 2 2

1+

1 / 0 2k1k2

k2 1
0 * 1 2 1 * 0 1

* 1

2 1 a 2a 0

sin

22

* 2

2 1 2

p0 .

a2 14

2 1 a 1a 0

sin

23

Similarly Eqs. (6) and (7) can be written as

1

e 2k 2 2 k 2 0 1 i 2 2 4m 0 k1 0 k1
1 1 0

2 0a1

2 0a2

+2

0 a 1a 2

cos ,

1+

i 1/

1
1 0a p0

k2
2

2
2 1a0

1/a0 cos

00

24

* 0

* 0

15
1

and
2

2 1a0

a2/a1 cos

25

=i

e 2k 2 0 4m
2

2 2 2 k 2 0 k2 0 1 0 1

1+

i 2/

1
2 2

2 0a0

2 1a0

a1/a2 cos
2

26

k1

k2
2

* 0

0,

16
0

2 00 0

k0vth/ +
00

a0

4 2

where = i is the growth rate of OTSI, dened by Eq. (9). Introducing dimensionless quantities e 0 / Te = A0, e 1 / Te = A1, e 2 / Te = A2, e p0 / Te = A p0, 0 / pi = 0, pit = , / pi = 0, / pi = 0, ei / 2 pi = 10, and / pi = 00 in above equations, we get A0 =i
* 0 A 1A 1

k0vth/

a0

2 2 1/2

10 .

27

* 0 A 2A 2

A0 + 2

* 0 A 2A 1

A* i 0

A p0 , 17

A1

= 1
0

1
0

1 A 1A 0

* 1 A 2A 0

A* , 0

18

A2 and
0

2 A 1A 0

* 2 A 2A 0

A0 ,

19

2 00 0

k0vth/ +
00

A0 4
p 2

k0vth/

A0 2

2 1/2

10 ,

20

where
0

1/8 1 + Ti/Te
2

p/

pi

k0vth/

k0/k

0,

We solve above coupled equations by Runga-Kutta technique, using normalized parameters for deuterium plasma as follows: = 0.2, 0 = 8, kvth / p = 0.3, k0vth / p = 0.1, k0 / k = 0.3, 00 = 0, 0a p0 / 2 = 10, 0 = 0.24, 00 = 0.2, 10 = 2.5 and initial conditions are a0 = 0.5, a1 = a2 = 0.01, 0 = 1 = 0, and 2 = / 2 at initial time = 0. The solutions of above coupled equations obtained here describe the temporal behavior of the wave amplitudes and phases. Figure 1 shows the temporal evolution of the normalized amplitude a0 = e 0 / Te of the plasma beat wave for 0 p (continuous line) and 0 0.9 p (dotted line). Initially, the amplitude of the plasma beat wave increases with normalized time , due to the ponderomotive force by the laser beams. As time passes the OTSI effect overshoots the ponderomotive driver, and amplitude of the plasma beat wave decreases with time after attaining a peak. It executes oscillatory behavior with time. For 0 0.9 p, plasma beat wave amplitude is reduced due to the frequency mismatch. Hence, the beat wave frequency is detuned such that p. Figure 2 shows the variation of normalized amplitude of Langmuir wave sidebands with normalized time for 0 p and 0 0.9 p. The normalized amplitude of the sidebands increases rst with time and decreases later because of the transfer of energy to the pump. The amplitudes

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Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2004

Nonlinear saturation of laser driven plasma beat wave

5253

FIG. 1. Temporal evolution of the normalized pump amplitude a0 = e 0 / Te for 0 0.9 p (dotted line). The normalized p (continuous line) and 0 parameters (for deuterium plasma) are 0 = 8, kvth / p = 0.3, k0vth / p = 0.1, k0 / k = 0.3, 00 = 0, 0a p0 / 2 = 10, 0 = 0.24, and 10 = 2.

show the oscillatory behavior with time. One may note that the peaks in sideband amplitude occur when the plasma beat wave amplitude is a minimum and vice versa. The sideband waves exchange energy with the pump wave, via OTSI, and saturate the growth of the pump. Figure 3(a) shows the variation of normalized pump amplitude with time in the absence of OTSI. Since 0 is positive for / 2 / 2, the 0 3 / 2 and negative for / 2 0 Langmuir wave rapidly phase-locks with the beat wave with stationary phase 0 = / 2 and a0 0. The plasma beat wave amplitude grows with time because of the effect of laser = p , Eqs. (21) and (24) predict beams. At resonance the growth rate of plasma beat wave i = e 0A01A02 / 4m 01 02 in the absence of sidebands. This growth rate is more than the growth rate predicted by RL for the copropagating lasers in nonrelativistic regime: i / RL e / 2m. One may see that, in the presence of OTSI, this growth will be increased due to the increasing amplitude of sideband at resonance and that will be higher than that predicted by RL for the copropagating lasers. As the amplitude increases, the relativistic mass correction becomes important, introducing frequency mismatch

FIG. 3. (a) Temporal evolution of the normalized pump amplitude a0 in the absence of OTSI. (b) Temporal evolution of the normalized amplitude a0 in the absence of OTSI with relativistic correction for = 0.2. The other normalized parameters are the same as those in Fig. 1.

= p ( is the frequency mismatch) and leading to phase unlocking and saturation of the amplitude. With relativistic correction, Eq. (24) becomes (following Refs. 3 and 16)
0

2 0a1

2 0a2

+2

0 a 1a 2

cos

0a p0

1/a0 cos

00

+ a2 , 0

28

where = 3e2k2 / 16m2 0c2. Hence, one may see that the 0 growth rate decreases due to the relativistic correction. In the absence of OTSI, we can solve above equations to obtain the growth rate of beat wave. Wave growth stops when a3 = 0
0a p0

2 2,

FIG. 2. Temporal evolution of the normalized sidebands sidebands amplitude a1 = e 1 / Te, a2 = e 2 / Te for 0 0.9 p p (continuous line) and 0 (dotted line). The normalized parameters are same as those in Fig. 1.

* i.e., when v0z = 32 2v01v02 / c2 1/3. The oscillatory electron velocity due to the Langmuir wave is larger than v01, v02 which justies our neglect of relativistic mass correction due to v01, v02. Further, since k0 0 / c, k0 v0z / 0 1 wave breaking is unimportant. Figure 3(b) shows the variation of normalized amplitude of the beat wave with time in the absence of OTSI with relativistic effect. The amplitude grows with time initially

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5254

Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2004

Singh, Yadav, and Tripathi

FIG. 4. Temporal evolution of the phase of pump wave 0 for 0 p (continuous line) and 0 0.9 p (dotted line). The normalized parameters are the same as those in Fig. 1.

FIG. 6. Temporal evolution of the phase of sideband wave 2 for 0 p (continuous line) and 0 0.9 p (dotted line). The normalized parameters are the same as those in Fig. 1.

due to the laser beams and later in time, of course, amplitude saturates via frequency mismatch introduced due to the relativistic variation of electron mass. If we compare Figs. 1 and 3(b), one may nd that OTSI plays a more crucial role in the saturation of plasma beat wave than the relativistic detuning. Initially, the saturation level of plasma beat wave reaches at a0 = 5 in the presence of OTSI but as time grows the OTSI becomes signicant and the plasma beat wave retains saturation level a0 = 3 (Fig. 1). On other hand, the saturation level of plasma beat wave reaches at a0 = 6 due to relativistic mass correction for all time. Hence, one may say that the OTSI is more signicant than relativistic mass detuning to saturate the plasma beat wave. Figures 46 show the temporal variation of the phase of pump and sidebands, respectively, for 0 p and 0 0.9 p. The phase of the pump as well as sidebands increase with time in an oscillatory manner.
IV. DISCUSSION

Oscillating two-stream instability appears to be an important mechanism of saturation of plasma waves driven by beating two laser beams, differing in frequency approximately by a plasma frequency. The plasma wave grows sig-

FIG. 5. Temporal evolution of the phase of sideband wave 1 for 0 p (continuous line) and 0 0.9 p (dotted line). The normalized parameters are the same as those in Fig. 1.

nicantly when 1 2 p. As the amplitude of the beat plasma wave attains large values, the plasma wave couples with shorter wavelength plasma wave sidebands. The energy exchange between these waves arrests the growth of the plasma beat wave. The growth rate of the plasma beat wave stops when the phase of beat wave locks. The saturation of beat wave amplitude is due to the diversion of energy to decay waves, i.e., via OTSI and not through relativistic mass increase. This justies the initial value of normalized pump amplitude a0 = e 0 / Te 0.5. We can choose other initial values of sideband amplitude such as a1 = e 1 / Te, a2 = e 2 / Te 0.1, 0.05. The change of these values does not inuence the saturation amplitude of the beat wave. The above results are valid in the limit of weak pump amplitude A01A02 1 for which the plasma wave is driven to saturation over a large number of beat period. In the relativistic case, the growth rate is affected by the frequency mismatch introduced due to the relativistic variation of electron mass. This theory is not applicable for counterpropagating laser beams because the counterpropagating two lasers, having a plasma frequency difference, will not derive the relativistic phase velocity plasma beat wave. But it is applicable when counterpropagating two laser beams detuned by approximately two plasma frequencies may excite large amplitude fast plasma wave very efciently. In this arrangement, a slow plasma wave is incidentally excited, which is very effective in coupling the laser energy to the very useful particle acceleration fast plasma wave. This decay is of high order, thus, for pump wave of subrelativistic intensity, i.e., A01A02 1, this decay instability is too slow to be of great practical interest also.11 In summary, we develop a theoretical model for nonlinear saturation of plasma beat wave, excited by two laser beams, having frequency difference by a plasma frequency approximately via OTSI. As the beat wave acquired large amplitude, it becomes susceptible to the OTSI. The decayed Langmuir sidebands couple with beat wave to arrest its energy by OTSI and saturate it. In the absence of OTSI, the pump amplitude increases with time because of laser beams. In the relativistic case, the plasma wave amplitude increases early in time and saturates later in time because of frequency

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Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2004

Nonlinear saturation of laser driven plasma beat wave

5255

mismatch introduced due to relativistic variation of electron mass. The efciency of saturation of the plasma beat wave via OTSI is much favorable than relativistic mass detuning. When OTSI overshoots the ponderomotive driver, it may play an important role in saturating the plasma beat wave. This scheme of plasma wave saturation may be signicant when the driver for the plasma wave is an electron beam. Charge particles which are injected into the beat wave region with a velocity comparable to phase velocity of the beat wave can gain more energy from the longitudinal electric eld of the saturated plasma beat wave. This property is utilized in beat-wave accelerators. The efciency of the proposed scheme is dependent on the saturation amplitude level reached by the excited plasma beat wave.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

D.N.G. would like to express his sincere thanks to Professor V. K. Tripathi (IIT Delhi) for valuable and stimulated discussion. The authors thank the referee for his constructive comments. This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Government of India.
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