Rhombus

In Euclidean geometry, a rhombus or rhomb is a convex quadrilateral whose four sides all have the same length. The rhombus is often called a diamond, after the diamonds suit in playing cards, or a lozenge, though the latter sometimes refers specifically to a rhombus with a 45 angle. Every rhombus is a parallelogram, and a rhombus with right angles is a square. (Euclid's original definition and some English dictionaries' definition of rhombus excludes squares, but modern mathematicians prefer the inclusive definition.) The English word "rhombus" derives from the Ancient Greek (rhombos), meaning "spinning top". The plural of rhombus can be either rhombi or rhombuses. Characterizations A convexquadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if it is any one of the following a parallelogram in which at least two consecutive sides are equal in length a quadrilateral with four sides equal in length a parallelogram in which a diagonal bisects an interior angle a quadrilateral in which each diagonal bisects two interior angles a parallelogram in which the diagonals are perpendicular a quadrilateral in which the diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each other

Properties Every rhombus has two diagonals connecting pairs of opposite vertices, and two pairs of parallel sides. Using congruenttriangles, one can prove that the rhombus is symmetric across each of these diagonals. It follows that any rhombus has the following properties:
1. Opposite angles of a rhombus have equal measure. 2. The two diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular; that is, a rhombus is an

orthodiagonal quadrilateral. 3. Its diagonals bisect opposite angles. The first property implies that every rhombus is a parallelogram. A rhombus therefore has all of the properties of a parallelogram: for example, opposite sides are parallel; adjacent angles are supplementary; the two diagonals bisect one another; any line through the midpoint bisects the area; and the sum of the squares of the sides equals the sum of the squares of the diagonals (the parallelogram law). Thus denoting the common side as a and the diagonals as p and q, every rhombus has

Not every parallelogram is a rhombus, though any parallelogram with perpendicular diagonals (the second property) is a rhombus. In general, any quadrilateral with perpendicular diagonals, one of which is a line of symmetry, is a kite. Every rhombus is a kite, and any quadrilateral that is both a kite and parallelogram is a rhombus. A rhombus is a tangential quadrilateral. That is, it has an inscribed circle that is tangent to all four of its sides. Origin The word "rhombus" is from the Greek word for something that spins. Euclid used (rhombos), from the verb (rhembo), meaning "to turn round and round"Archimedes used the term "solid rhombus" for two right circular cones sharing a common base. In mathematics

The dual polygon of a rhombus is a rectangle. One of the five 2D lattice types is the rhombic lattice, also called centered rectangular lattice. Identical rhombi can tile the 2D plane in three different ways, including, for the 60 rhombus, the Rhombille tiling.

Three-dimensional analogues of a rhombus include Rhombusformula Circumference

Area

Circle
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane that are a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any of the points and the centre is called the radius. Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions: an interior and an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure, or to the whole figure including its interior; in strict technical usage, the circle is the former and the latter is called a disk.

A circle can be defined as the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a given point is constant. A circle may also be defined as a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident and the eccentricity is 0. Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. Terminology A circle's diameter is the length of a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle and which passes through the centre. This is the largest distance between any two points on the circle. The diameter of a circle is twice the radius, or distance from the centre to the circle's boundary. The terms "diameter" and "radius" also refer to the line segments which fit these descriptions. The circumference is the distance around the outside of a circle. A chord is a line segment whose endpoints lie on the circle. A diameter is the longest chord in a circle. A tangent to a circle is a straight line that touches the circle at a single point, while a secant is an extended chord: a straight line cutting the circle at two points. An arc of a circle is any connected part of the circle's circumference. A sector is a region bounded by two radii and an arc lying between the radii, and a segment is a region bounded by a chord and an arc lying between the chord's endpoints.

Chord, secant, tangent, and diameter.

Arc, sector, and segment

Analytic results The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter is (pi), an irrationalconstant approximately equal to 3.141592654. Thus the length of the circumference C is related to the radius r and diameter d by:

Area enclosed

Area of the circle = area of the shaded square Main article: Area of a disk As proved by Archimedes, the area enclosed by a circle is equal to that of a triangle whose base has the length of the circle's circumference and whose height equals the circle's radius,[3] which comes to multiplied by the radius squared:

Equivalently, denoting diameter by d,

Trapezoid
In Euclidean geometry, a convexquadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American English and as a trapezium in English outside North America. A trapezoid with vertices ABCD is denoted ABCD or ABCD. The parallel sides are called the bases of the trapezoid. This article uses the term trapezoid in the sense that is current in the United States (and sometimes in some other English-speaking countries). Readers in the United Kingdom and

Australia should read trapezium for each use of trapezoid in the following paragraphs. In all other languages using a word derived from the Greek for this figure, the form closest to trapezium (e.g. French trapze, Italian trapezio, German Trapez, Russian ) is used. The term trapezium has been in use in English since 1570, from Late Latin trapezium, from Greek (trapzion), literally "a little table", a diminutive of (trpeza), "a table", itself from (tetrs), "four" + (pza), "a foot, an edge". The first recorded use of the Greek word translated trapezoid (, trapzoeide, "table-like") was by MarinusProclus (412 to 485 AD) in his Commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements. Definition There is also some disagreement on the allowed number of parallel sides in a trapezoid. At issue is whether parallelograms, which have two pairs of parallel sides, should be counted as trapezoids. Some authors define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral having exactly one pair of parallel sides, thereby excluding parallelograms. Other authors define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides, making the parallelogram a special type of trapezoid (along with the rhombus, the rectangle and the square). The latter definition is consistent with its uses in higher mathematics such as calculus. The former definition would make such concepts as the trapezoidal approximation to a definite integral ill-defined. Special cases In an isosceles trapezoid, the base angles have the same measure, and the other pair of opposite sides AD and BC also have the same length. In a right trapezoid, two adjacent angles are right angles. Characterizations A convex quadrilateral is a trapezoid if and only if it has two adjacent angles that are supplementary, that is, they add up 180 degrees. Another necessary and sufficient condition is that the diagonals cut each other in mutually the same ratio (this ratio is the same as that between the lengths of the parallel sides). A convex quadrilateral is also a trapezoid if and only if the diagonals form one pair of similar opposite triangles Area Trapezoid

Perimeter = area + b1 + b2 + c P = a + b1 + b2 + c

Kite
Definition of Kite A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of adjacent sides that are congruent. In
geometry, a kite, or deltoid is a quadrilateral with two disjoint pairs of congruentadjacent sides, in contrast to a parallelogram, where the congruent sides are opposite. The geometric object is named for the windblown, flying kite (itself named for a bird), which in its simple form often has this shape. Equivalently, a kite is a quadrilateral with an axis of symmetry along one of its diagonals. A quadrilateral that has an axis of symmetry must be either a kite or an isosceles trapezoid. Kites and isosceles trapezoids are dual: the polar figure of a kite is an isosceles trapezoid, and vice versa.A kite may be either convex or concave; a concave kite is sometimes called a "dart", and is a type of pseudotriangle.

Properties

The two diagonals of a kite are perpendicular.

Two interior angles at opposite vertices of a kite are equal. The area of a kite is half the product of the lengths of its diagonals:

Alternatively, if a and b are the lengths of two unequal sides, and is the angle between unequal sides, then the area is ab sin .

One diagonal divides a (convex) kite into two isosceles triangles; the other (the axis of symmetry) divides the kite into two congruent triangles. Every convex kite has an inscribed circle; that is, there exists a circle that is tangent to all four sides. Therefore, every convex kite is a tangential quadrilateral. Additionally, if a convex kite is not a rhombus, there is another circle, outside the kite, tangent to all four sides, suitably extended. For every concave kite there exist two circles tangent to all four (possibly extended) sides: one is interior to the kite and touches the two sides opposite from the concave angle, while the other circle is exterior to the kite and touches the kite on the two edges incident to the concave angle.

Special cases

A kite is a cyclic quadrilateral, that is, can be inscribed in a circle, if and only if it is formed from two congruent right triangles.[3] If all four sides of a kite are the same length (that is, if the kite is equilateral), it is a rhombus. If a kite is equiangular, it must also be equilateral and thus a square. The deltoidal icositetrahedron, deltoidal hexecontahedron, and trapezohedra are polyhedra with congruent kite-shaped facets.

Examples of Kite The figure below shows a kite.

More about Kite A kite has exactly one pair of equal angles.

A kite has one line of symmetry.

The diagonals of a kite intersect at right angles.

Area of a Kite The area of a kite is half the product of the diagonals. Note: This formula works for the area of a rhombus as well, since a rhombus is a special kind of kite. Note that the diagonals of a kite are perpendicular.

Kite d1 = long diagonal of kite d2 = short diagonal of kite Area = () d1d2

Circumference of kite To find the circumference of a kite, just add up all the lengths of the sides: C = a+a+b+b = 2a+2b

Daftar pustaka

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_%28geometry%29 http://www.mathopenref.com/kite.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid