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6. Analysis of multi-shell structures for bending and membrane stresses

MULTIPLE SHELL ROOFS


Multiple shells are used in the construction of roofs for many large buildings efficiently and aesthetically such as bus, railway and airport terminals, sport stadia, exhibition halls and factories many of which are cylindrical.

MULTIPLE SHELL ROOFS

(a) A set of parallel shells, connected along their edges, (b) As (a), but with edge-beams, (c) and (d) Isolated shell, without and with edge-beams, respectively.

(a) Shells with feather edge-beams, (b) Detailing of feather edge-beams, (c) Multiple shells with small edge-beams, (d) and (e) Multiple shells with regular edge-beams, (f) Beam analysis of multiple shells

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MULTIPLE SHELL (Barrel) ROOFS


Multiple barrel shells can be any one of the following: 1. Multiple shells with feather edges. In this type, the inner shells have rounded edges called feather edges but not real edge-beams. At the outer sides, there are edgebeams. 2. Multiple shells with inner shells having small edgebeams which act as a tie between the shells and are incapable of bending resistance. This case is similar to case (1), but the weight of the small edge-beam has to be considered in the design. 3. Multiple shells with all shells having conventional edgebeams. In general, we may say that short span multiple shells can be built with no or small internal edge-beams. For long spans, it is more convenient to have regular edge-beams for internal shells as well.

CYLINDRICAL SHELL ROOFS


As has been mentioned in introduction part of this course, a cylindrical shell is named after the shape of the profile, i.e., a circular, elliptical, or parabolic cylinder. Of these shells, only the circular cylinder is a shell of revolution, whereas the others represent shells of translation since they can be generated by the translation of a straight line. Let us consider a cylindrical shell of a general shape, as shown below:

where x is the distance measured from some reference profile to the point of interest and is the angle between the normal to the shell at a point and a reference normal at a chosen origin.

CYLINDRICAL SHELL ROOFS


Let us consider a circular-cylindrical shell roof which is specified by its leading dimensions L, B, t and R=a for length, breadth, thickness and radius, respectively, as shown below.

CYLINDRICAL SHELL ROOFS


Most of this chapter will be devoted to a single section of the shell, Figures c and d shown above, which is structurally separate from its neighbors. This isolated shell is conventionally taken to be an adequate representation of the end-shells of an array; and it is easy in fact to adapt the analysis to the case of a shell in the interior of such an array, which is connected to neighboring shells at its edges.

(a) (b)

Single cylindrical shell, showing dimensions and coordinate system. Cross-section of a shallow circular cylindrical shell, here drawn as a parabolic arc.

Shells both with and without edge-beams will be studied and in this way we will be able to grasp the advantages associated with the provision of these auxiliary members, and to discuss ways of deciding on their dimensions.

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The effect of edge-beams


There are two aspects in the general analysis of the behaviour of a shell with edge-beams: The first is connected with the details of load resistance over the shell itself. The second concerns the gross distribution of load between the shell and the beams.

Beam-arch method of roof analysis


The beam-arch method makes use of combined beam and arch actions of cylindrical shells. In this method, beam analysis and arch analysis of the shell are carried out almost independently by the well-known simple theories of structural analysis. The results of these analyses are, then, combined appropriately to yield the spatial behavior of the cylindrical shells.

Beam Analysis:
The shell is conceived as a beam resting on the end supports and behaving according to the classical beam theory. The beam has the profile of the cylindrical shell as its cross-section and the length of the shell as its longitudinal span.

Arch Analysis: A unit width of the shell will considered as an arch subjected to loading.

CYLINDRICAL SHELL ROOFS


Now one of our objectives is to find how the total shearing force on any vertical cross-section is shared between the shell and the beams. The easiest way of discovering this is to consider the equilibrium of one half of the structure, separated into shell and beam components, as shown below:

Figure: Resultant forces acting on half of the shell and the associated edge-beams

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CYLINDRICAL SHELL ROOFS

Other multiple shells

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Assignment problems
Using linear elastic shell analysis, compute and draw a) deformation (radial deformation w*, meridional rotation x) and b) section force (meridional section force nx, circumferential section force n, transverse shear force Qx, meridional section moment mx and circumferential section force m) results of the following cases along the axial direction of the corresponding shells.
Note: The normal section forces and bending moments should be plotted normalized with respect to the corresponding un-axial yield section force, Npl = t.fy, and section moment, Mpl = t2.fy/4, respectively

CHAPTER END!

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