Treaty of Versailles:  Limits Germany s military, no tank nor submarine.

 Germany responsible for the payment of reparation and a huge  Land taken away Japan s Imperialism: To secure its economic interests Desire to become a Western-style imperialist power Believed in its leadership in Asia Concern for security and safety Experience frequent provocations by Western power 1) Unequal Treaties with USA, France, Holland, Russia in 1858 that restrict Japan s national sovereignty 2) During the Washington Conference in 1921, a limited millitary ratio was set (USA:Britain: Japan = 5 : 5 : 3 ) 3) 1919, Paris Pease Conference reject Japan s request for its racial equality 4) 1924, USA shut off Japanese immigration. Segregated schools for Asian were started. Dictators: Italy  1919, Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party (Fascism is an authoritarian form of government that places the good of the nation above all else, including individual needs and rights. Fascists envision an aggressive state ruled by a dictator.)  1922, led the so-called March on Rome. Overthrow the king, and become governer.  Outlawed all opposition and stand as dictator.  Totalitarianism: attempt by a government to control all aspects of life (propaganda, holidays, to evoke nationalism.)  Plan to make Italy a strong military power. 1935, invade Ethiopia. Soviet  1924, Stalin became Soviet leader. (communist)  totalitarian state, intent on controlling every aspect of Soviet life  The Five-Year Plans : modernization of the Soviet economy. 1928, the first plan. (Central planning) lead to increases in Soviet industrial output  Collectivization: combining of small farms to form large, mechanized farms  Labor camps called the Gulag with Stalin s opponent.  1930s, absolute power. (propaganda) (outlaw opponent)  Totalitarian Rule Stalin s regime dominated Soviet life. Germany  Face ToV and economic problem. (currency) (Great Depression)  Hitler joined Nazi party:  Nazi gain more strength. 1933 Hitler was appointed to the position of chancellor

 Anti Semitism: 1930, passed many laws aimed at excluding Jews from mainstream German life. (1935, Nuremberg Law, eliminating their citizenship and many civil and property rights)

Germany Expands:  After the Treaty of Versailles, Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 with a promise to restore German greatness. He wanted the nation to have lebensraum (LAY-buhnzrowm), or living space,  1933, Hitler secretly began to rebuild the German military, it went virtually unchallenged. (eg. 1935, Britain allow Germany to build submarines and warships)  Hitler claimed that to resist the spread of communism.  1936 he sent a small armed force into the Rhineland (border of French, against TOV)  1938, 1938 Hitler demand Austrian to accept annexation by Germany. (formal joining of one nation to another) Understand that German have force, and the citizen s wish, March 1938, Austria was annexed.  1938, Hitler threaten the Czech, which had a large German-speaking population live in Sudetenland.  Appeasement: To avoid war , British prime minister Neville Chamberlain and French leader Edouard Daladier agreed not to block Hitler s way. Czech gave in being alone. Alliances:  1936, Germany and Japan agreed to the Anti-Comintern Pact (prevent spread of communism and against Soviet)  1939, Italy and Germany signed a military alliance, to aid the other in war.  Germany and Italy the Communist Soviet Union. Stalin felt threatened by Germany. So in 1939, signed nonaggression pact is an agreement in which each side promises not to attack the other, ensured Hitlers force in Europe. War:  Blitzkrieg: means lightning war based on speed and close coordination between air and ground force.  Poland: 1 Sep, 1939, Germany invade Poland. Sep 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany and gave support to Poland. In weeks, Germany conquered Poland.  Battle of France: 1940, German defended Denmark and Norway.  Attack Netherlands and Belgium, between France and Germany.  Attack from forest region in Ardennes. French leader thought thick forest was impossible for an army to pass. Germany advance with little resistance.  From Ardennes, German tanks rush till the French coast, with 300,000 soldiers brought to Great Britain.  On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to Germany.  Battle of Britain: 1940, Germany sent of aircraft to attack British  Failed to destroy the British Royal Air Force, due to British use of radar.

 Fall of 1940, London Blitz, , German planes began to bomb British ports and cities, including London. But British refused to give in.  Continued in 1941, but losses increased. Hitler call off the plans of invasion.  Soviet Union: In June 1941 Hitler broke nonaggression pact with Stalin and sent some 3 million German troops.  Succeed with Blitzkrieg at first. (Soviet s army are badly trained or equipped)  As winter set in, their progress slowed, then stopped, due to not prepared to extreme temperature. Soviet rebuild its military and fought back.  USA and Japan: Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941, the Japanese attack began, surprise attack on US naval base. Japan took over Pearl Harbor.  Isolationism: Desire to avoid involvement in the affairs of other nations. Disappeared after attack on Pearl Harbor. Joined Allies against Axis Power.  Battle of Atlantic: Germany uses U boat and submarine against British navy. October 1941 a U-boat sank the American escort ship USS Reuben James (1st ship of US)  Germany sent its U-boats into American waters, destroying merchant ships etc.  1943 Allied factories finally began producing ships and planes in large numbers.  broken a key German code system used to transmit information about German plans  North Africa: 1940, Italian forces based in Libya attacked British-controlled Egypt  Back and Forth, both fought. Britain s victory in Battle of El Alamein, Axis power in North Africa was severely weakened.  November 1942 a combined American and British force landed in North Africa. May 1943, they surrendered, German and Italian in North Africa surrender.  Italy: July 1943 Allied soldiers landed on the Italian island of Sicily. Germany slow down the invasion.  Soviet Union: During summer, Germany continue to advance to a city Stalingrad.  1942, Soviet trapped Germany in Stalingrad. Due to Hitler s order of forbidding surrender, 90,000 Axis survivors were captured.  Pacific: Japan took strategic islands in Pacific: Singapore, Hong Kong, Burma, Philippine.  Battle of Coral Sea: May 1942 when Japanese and American aircraft carriers first came together in battle. Japanese invade the Britishcontrolled Port Moresby on the island of New Guinea, and block by the Allies. Both lost an aircraft carrier.  Battle of Midway: Japan try to capture the island of Midway. Americans had broken the secret Japanese code. Americans destroyed four Japanese carriers with a loss.  Island Hopping: skipping over Japanese strongholds and capturing weaker targets. It cuts off Japan s supply and surrounding it.

Ending of War:  1945 Soviet forces were within 40 miles of the German capital of Berlin.  June 6, 1944 D-Day Allied forces invaded France. With the beaches captured, Allies pour into Europe.  December 1944 Hitler ordered one last, massive counterattack in Belgium.  January 1945, the Allies had crushed the German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge

 April 1945, reached Berlin  May 2, found Hitler s body  Germany surrendered on May 7. The next day was proclaimed V-E Day Victory in Europe Day  Pacific: Allies started to bomb Japan  Took island of Iwo-Jima, with loss of 7000 deaths.  Took island of Okinawa, loss 12000s  A program to develop the atomic bomb had begun in 1939, and a bomb had been successfully tested in July 1945.  Considered lost in Iwo Jima and Okinawa, US considered the bomb.  July 26, 1945, the Allies issued a demand for Japan s surrender.  August 6, no responds, American plane dropped an atomic bomb fat man on the Japanese city of Hiroshima  August 9, the Americans dropped a second bomb over the city of Nagasaki  August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered.

Postwar:  1945, held Yalta Conference  1945 June, formed United Nations