Vorlesung Engl

Dr Martina Zimmermann
Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion
Machine Elements
04. Rolling and slide bearings
Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann
Rolling bearings
FAG PC-Catalogue
04.1
Structure of rolling element bearings
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue
04.2
Different types of rolling elements
Roloff / Mattek: Maschinenelemente
04.3
Classification of rolling bearings
Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements
Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements
04.4
Radial deep groove ball bearings

are complete units consisting of a machined inner and outer ring without filling slot and a ball and cage assembly (can also be said for the following bearing types) can support radial forces as well as low axial forces in both directions are suitable for high to very high speeds have very low operational and maintenance requirements
INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R
04.5
Axial thrust ball bearings

can support high axial forces in one or two directions may not be loaded with radial forces have modest speed capability are primarily used for vertical shafts one directional
www.ina.de
two directional
04.6
Angular contact ball bearings

have a contact angle varying from 15 to 40 are particularly suitable for combined loads - radial, axial, and moment loading can support axial forces in both directions if a duplex pair is mounted are also designed in a split ring version to support bi-directional thrust loads with a single bearing
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue
04.7
Self aligning ball bearings

have an outer-race ball path ground in a spherical shape can accept high levels of misalignment
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue www.askubal.de
04.8
Cylindrical roller bearings

have very high dynamic and static basic load ratings in full complement execution due to the maximum number of cylindrical rollers with either a cage or spacers are suitable for higher speeds due to the low frictional moment have high rigidity can be relubricated are available as non-, semilocating or locating bearings can be applied only where misalignment is very slight
04.9
Needle bearings
have a particularly space saving design can be mounted without inner or also outer ring if the shaft resp. the housing have hardened and ground surfaces as raceways can have a machined outer ring or a thin-walled, drawn outer cup
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R
04.10
Tapered roller bearings

can support high radial and axial forces can be loaded by axial loading in both direction if two bearings, one reversed, are mounted
www.askubal.de
04.11
Spherical roller bearings

are designed for very high loads consist of two rowed symmetric spherical rollers rolling in spherical shaped outer ring raceways can therefor accept misalignments and deflections of the shafts
www.askubal.de
04.12
Cylindrical roller thrust bearings

require hardened and ground surfaces or washers as raceways have a low axial section height can support high axial forces in one direction act as non-locating bearings in the radial direction have a high rigidity
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R
SKF Interactive Engineering Cataloguec
04.13
Sealed bearings
Because bearings are very sensitive they have to be protected against contamination and spray water. Sealed bearings can be mounted to avoid using expensive seals between shafts and housings. gap seals (non-contact) Sealed bearings get a whole life lubrication during assembly. They are suitable for operating temperatures from -20 C to 120 C, limited by the grease and sealing ring and cage materials. Non-contact seals have a low friction. Contact lip seals (contact) seals do not loose lubricant during a stop.
SKF Interactive Engineering Cataloguec SKF Interactive Engineering Cataloguec
04.14
Bearing classification acc. to the load direction
04.15
Identification structure from DIN 623
S6205.2RSR.W203B
NU2314E
04.16
Identification structure from DIN 623
Roloff / Matek
04.17
Arrangement of bearings
A minimum of two bearings is needed to support and guide a rotating shaft. Depending on the application it has to be designed as a locatingnon-locating bearing, a preloaded bearing or a floating mounting. Locating-non-locating bearing:
Variations of bearing distance due to process tolerances and temperature differences are adjusted by the non-locating bearing. A non-locating bearing is movable within the bearing itself, in the fit in the housing or at the shaft. In contrast, a locating bearing can support thrust forces as it is completely fixed in the axial direction.
Preloaded bearing
Two reversed mounted angular contact bearings or tapered roller bearings. The axial clearance of the bearing can be set.
The floating mounting is an economical solution if a axial guide is unnecessary. The shaft can be axially moved.
04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.18
Roloff/Matek: Maschinenelemente
04.19
04.20
Tandem-, X- and O-arrangement

A tandem-arrangement can support high axial forced, which will be distributed equally on both bearings. The X- and O-arrangement is used for preloaded bearings and/or for supporting bi-directional axial loads. The X-arrangement is chosen if the shaft becomes warmer than the housing, because the diametral clearance is not reduced. But it cannot accept misalignments. The O-arrangement is preferred when the housing is warmer than the shaft. It is less sensitive against misalignments.
tandem
O
X
04.21
Fixing devices for bearings

04.22
Locating/non-locating bearing I
Knne: Einfhrung in die Maschinenelemente
This example shows the design of a locating and non-locating bearing combination which will be found rather frequently in practice. The shaft rotates while it is subjected to a stationary load deriving from the gear wheel. The force is introduced by the mating gear. This load situation leads to a rotation of the inner ring while the gear force is stationary. As the inner ring is thus subjected to a peripheral force, it is mounted on the shaft with a press fit. In contrast to the inner ring, the outer ring of the bearing is subjected to a lumped force and can therefore be mounted into the housing by means of a loose fit or a press fit. The bearing on the left side is designed as the locating bearing. The outer ring is fixed by a cap which is screwed to the housing, whereas the inner ring sits close to the shaft shoulder on the one side and is fixed by means of a distance bush on the other side. On the right hand side the bearing is designed as a non-locating bearing. The inner ring is fixed in the same way as the locating one. The outer ring can endure a certain movement as the outer ring is not fixed in the axial direction.
Locating/non-locating bearing II
Due to the eccentric wheel, the force deriving from this device is a rotary one. This kind of shaft could for example be the driving device for a vibratory plate. As the external force (coming from the centrifugal force of the eccentric mass) rotates together with the shaft, the force on the also rotating inner ring is a lumped force. As the outer ring of the bearings is stationary, they are subjected to a peripherical force. Therefore the outer rings have to be mounted into the housing by using a press fit, whereas the combination of inner ring and shaft can optionally be realised by a press or a loose fit. Because of the load situation the inner ring of one of the bearings is designed as the non-locating part.
04.24
Locating/non-locating bearing III

In this example the non-locating bearing is realised by means of a cylindrical roller bearing. The cylindrical roller bearing is capable of enduring higher radial loads than the ball bearing, but apart from this advantage this bearing arrangement can be compared with the first one.
04.25
Locating/non-locating bearing IV
In this example the load situation cannot be defined clearly with regard to lumped or peripherical loads on the inner and outer ring. Because of the gear wheel and the eccentric wheel both load cases are possible. For this reason both the outer and the inner ring should be mounted on the shaft respectively into the housing by a press fit. Nevertheless one of the bearings has to be designed as a non-locating bearing. Therefore a cylindrical roller bearing is introduced, where the cylinder is not embedded in the inner ring and thus allows an axial movement.
04.26
Locating/non-locating bearing V
The design of this bearing situation is supposed to endure high radial as well as thrust forces. The non-locating bearing is realised by means of a cylindrical roller bearing with a free inner ring. The locating bearing is designed as a combination of a ball bearing to endure the thrust forces and a cylindrical roller bearing to endure the radial forces. Because of this separation of the forces, the outer ring of the ball bearing has a radial clearance. As the cylindrical roller of the second bearing is not embedded into the inner ring, it will definitely not endre any thrust forces, thus realising a clear separation of the forces.
04.27
Locating/non-locating bearing VI
In this case the bearing combination is designed by a pair of spherical roller bearings and plummer blocks for roller bearings on both sides. With this solution misalignements can be compensated. As the bearings are fixed on the shaft by means of clamping sleeves, it can be manufactured from a simple blanc semifinished product, which must not be further cutted. The driving device is also fixed on the shaft by means of a clamping sleeve. This way of fixation should only be realised if a precise axial alignement of the mounted elements is not required. This would for example be the case for the design of an axle of a simple railway vehicle, whereas this kind of fixation (by means of clamping sleeves) would not be reasonable for a gear system.
Bearing of a slewing crane column

Force: very high axial forces acc. to the lifting mass and the dead load of the crane, very high radial forces as well due to the overturning moment of the above mentioned forces Design: A combination of a locating bearing system of a radial spherical roller bearing and a spherical roller thrust bearing. With regard to the design of this bearing combination the center point of the radius of the thrust bearing has to correspond with the one of the radial bearing. This can be adjusted by means of a distance ring.
04.29
Bearing of a gear shaft

Force: as the gearing system is realised by means of a helical gear wheel, both radial as well as axial loads have to be supported Design: simple and economical design by means of two deep groove ball bearings, both bearings are realised as a nonlocating bearing in order to enable an axial clearance to compensate possible thermal expansions, this floating bearing design can only be realised when a constant sense of rotation is given
04.30
Bearing of a crane trolley

Force: very high radial loads but minor thrust loads (due to possible tilting motion, acceleration and braking forces of the crane trolley Design: two spherical roller bearings designed as floating bearing arrangement, the axial clearance is realised by leaving the position of the inner ring non-located
04.31
Wheel bearing of a building machine

Force: high radial forces and average to high axial loads due to bending manoeuvres Design: Two tapered roller bearings which are arranged in a laterally reversed way, the axial clearance of the two bearings can be adjusted by means of a castel nut
04.32
Bearing in a worm gear drive

Force: the worm brings mostly axial forces into the system and only minor radial forces, whereas the worm gear induces mostly radial forces Design: The bearing of the worm is realised by means of a locating and a nonlocating bearing, the locating one being designed by means of two angular contact ball bearing, which are arranged in a Xposition so as to get a less rigid design which can also adjust to certain misalignments, the non-locating bearing is given by a cylindrical roller bearing; for the bearing system of the gear wheel a combination of a deep groove ball bearing as a locating bearing and a cylindrical roller bearing as the non-locating bearing
Designing rolling bearings
04.34
Dynamically loaded rolling bearings

thrust index
f 0 Fa C0
Fa F e ? a >e Fr Fr
equivalent radial load
P = XFr + YFa
expected life in revolutions expected life in operating hours
L10 ,U
C = P
L10 ,h =
L U ,10 n
= taken from manufacturers catalogue = taken from calculation of reaction forces 04.35
Extended life time calculation

Lna: life time according to extended calculation L: life time from standard calculation in revolutions (L10,U) or hours (L10,h) a1: a2: a3: ft:
operating temperature temperature factor ft 150 C 1 0.73 0.42 0.22 04.36 5 L5 4 L4 3 L3 2 L2 1 L1 200 C 250 C 300 C
failure probability in % 10 sign for life time factor a1 L10 1
0.62 0.53 0.44 0.33 0.21 04. Rolling and slide bearings
Characteristics of angular contact bearings

Within angular contact bearings the radial forces create additional thrust forces. For tapered roller bearings and angular contact ball bearings these thrust forces have to be included into the calculation of the equivalent load (in addition to the external thrust forces).
load conditions thrust force Fa,calc which has to be used for calculation of equivalent radial load P or and
FrA FrB > YA YB FrA FrB YA YB
Fa ,calc = Fa + 0.5
bearing A
FrB YB
F F Fa > 0.5 rA rB YA YB FrA FrB and YA YB F F Fa 0.5 rA rB YA YB
Fa ,calc = 0.5
FrA Fa YA
definition of bearing A and bearing B

Knne: Einfhrung in die Machinenelemente
bearing B
04.37
Statically loaded rolling bearings

static equivalent radial load application type static index P0 = X0Fr + Y0Fa
fs =
C0 f s min P0
static minimum- kind of demand index fs min 1.5 ... 2.5 1.0 ... 1.5 0.7 ... 1.0 high low
example for application machine tool = taken from manufacturers catalogue = taken from bearing loading 04.38 farming a. building machines 04. Rolling and slide bearings
medium general machine design
Example: Design data for radial deep groove ball bearing DIN 625-6208
valid only for bearing DIN 625-6208
inner diameter d outer diameter D width B radius rs min factor f0 basic static load rating C0 basic dynamic load rating C speed limit 40 mm 80 mm 18 mm 1.1 mm 14 18 kN 29 kN 20000 min-1 0.3 0.22 0.5 0.24 0.9 0.28 1.6 0.32 3 6 0.36 0.43
valid for all deep groove ball bearings

f 0 Fa C0
e
Fa e Fr X Y
1 1 1 1 1 1
Fa >e Fr X Y
2
0 0.56
0 0.56 1.8 0 0.56 1.58 0 0.56 1.4 0 0.56 1.2 0 0.56 X0 Y0 1
valid for all bearings

life cycle index p ball bearings 3 roller bearings 10/3
Fa 0.8 1 0 Fr Fa > 0.8 0.6 0.5 Fr

Auxiliary faktor f0 for bearing dimensioning
Knne Einfhrung in den Maschinenbau
04.40
Slide bearings
04.41
Modes of friction
Decker: Maschinenelemente
1 2 3 4 5
moving body stationary body lubricant movement load

04.42
Comparison between
rolling bearings and slide bearings
Starting friction is low a desirable feature for intermittent service or for starting at low temperatures. Loads can be inclined at any angle in the transverse plane. Maintenance costs are low. Bearings are easily replaced when worn out. Less axial space is required than for slide bearings. Shafts are thus shorter, and may even be smaller in diameter Thrust loads can be supported. Operation is quieter than with rolling bearings, especially after first wear effects. There is less difficulty with fatigue. First cost is usually lower. They are less easily injured by foreign particles. Less radial space is required than for rolling bearings. They are better suited to overload and shock conditions.
Spotts / Shoup: Design of Machine Elements
04.43
Pressure distribution around a journal bearing
The lubricating grooves have to be positioned outside the pressure zone (a) of the slide bearing. Otherwise the supporting oil film will be interrupted (b).
Hydrodynamic slide bearings

Because of the viscous shear stresses developed in the oil, the moving journal draws oil into the converging, wedge-shaped area above the region of contact. The resulting pumping action produces a pressure in the oil film which lifts the journal from the bearing. The boundary lubrication and the mixed-film lubrication precede the full-film lubrication.
Radial slide bearing bushes
04.46
Standardised radial slide bearings
04.47
Thrust slide bearings
04.48
Fixed-incline thrust slide bearing
Hamrock: Fundamentals of Machine Elements
04.49
Pivoted-pad thrust slide bearing
04.50
Pivoted pads of thrust slide bearings
04.51
Bearing materials
Tin- and lead-base babbitts: quickly run in, assume very smooth surfaces, good conformability and embeddability Bronze: suitable for high loads and slow speeds, low misalignments Copper lead: suitable for high loads, low misalignments Cast-iron: bearing can be lubricated by graphite inclusions in case of missing lubricant Porous bearings: self lubricating bearings are made of sintering powdered metal and then impregnated with oil. Carbon and plastic: for high temperature service, teflon has an extremely low coefficient of friction, no lubricant is required; high loads Laminated phenolic bearings: plastic bearings formed by impregnated paper with the phenolic resin, formed into shape and then curing by heat and pressure; good resistance against corrosion, fatigue and shock Rubber and wood Bonded coatings
Spotts / Shoup: Design of Machine Elements
04.52
Hydrostatic slide bearings

In hydrostatic (also called externally pressurised) lubricated bearings the bearing surfaces are separated by a fluid film maintained by a pressure source outside the bearing. These bearings avoid the disadvantages of necessary high speeds and constant operation in order to establish the liquid friction mode. Moreover the shaft does not run eccentrically in the bearing. The characteristics of hydrostatic slide bearings are: extremely low friction extremely high load-carrying capacity at low speeds high positional accuracy in high-speed, light-load applications a lubrication system more complicated than that for slider bearings Therefore hydrostatic slide bearings are only used when the requirements are extreme, as in large telescopes and radar tracking units, where extremely heavy loads and extremely low speeds are used; or in machine tools, where extremely high speeds, light loads and gas lubricants are used.
Set up of hydrostatic slide bearings
04.54

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Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Structure of rolling element bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Different types of rolling elements

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

Roloff / Mattek: Maschinenelemente

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Classification of rolling bearings

Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements

Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Radial deep groove ball bearings

INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R

INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Axial thrust ball bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Angular contact ball bearings

04. Rolling and slide bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Self aligning ball bearings

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Cylindrical roller bearings

INA-Schaeffler KG: medias-R

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

04. Rolling and slide bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion

Tapered roller bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Dr Martina Zimmermann

Universitt Siegen Institut fr Konstruktion