S.V. Lebedev - Implosion Dynamics of Wire Array Z-Pinches

Implosion dynamics of wire array Z-pinches S.V.
Lebedev
Mini-course on Z-pinches Monterey, CA
18-19 June 2005 Imperial College London
Acknowledgements
D.J. Ampleford S.N. Bland D. Bliss S.C. Bott J.P. Chittenden M. Cuneo J. Davis C. Deeney J. Goyer C. Jennings M.G. Haines G.N. Hall D.A. Hammer J.B.A. Palmer S.A. Pikuz D.D. Ryutov T. Sanford T.A. Shelkovenko D. Sinars A. Velikovich E. Waisman
Experiments at Imperial College are supported by Sandia National Laboratories and by NNSA DOE
2
S.V. Lebedev, Implosion dynamics of wire array Z-pinches. Z-pinch mini-course, Monterey, CA, June 19, 2005
Outline
Introduction: why wire arrays? Overview of the implosion dynamics Early stages of plasma formation Implosion phase in wire arrays and the X-ray pulse Trailing mass and trailing current Different implosion modes of nested wire arrays Possible non-MHD effects Other configurations/applications of wire array Z-pinches
3
0-D implosion
Thin conducting shell with axial current
Equation of motion of a shell driven by the pressure of magnetic field (m0 is mass per unit length) :
0 I 2 B2 && m0 R = 2R = 20 4R
In dimensionless variables
Implosion trajectory
1.0
I ~ sin (t)
Current
r = R / R0, = t / tmax f() = I() / Imax
0.5
0.0
Radius
d 2r r 2 = f ( ) 2 d
2 2 0 I max t max 4 m0 R02
1.0
=5
0.5
=20
is a dimensionless scaling parameter: identical implosions for identical values of and the same current pulse shape (f())
0.0 0.0
0.5
1.0
Time
X-ray power from Z-pinch implosion or why wire arrays?

Imploding plasma shell Energy
CU 2 mV 2 WX ray 2 2
Power
WX
R
V
Small mass to maximize implosion velocity Wire array Z-pinch Wire array is equivalent to ~50nm thick foil and wires should rapidly merge into a shell
Wire array Shell
This transition does not happen!
3-D effects are important throughout the implosion!

5
Wire array Z-pinches: two stage implosion dynamics

Wires survive for ~3/4 of the implosion time!
Ablation of wire cores
Two-stage implosion dynamics

Trailing mass
1.0
l on a c or a sm pla
0-D Snowplow-like final implosion
Radius
Slow ablation of wires and radial redistribution of mass Snowplough-like final implosion phase, stabilised by the peaked on axis density profile
0.5
Precursor pinch Stagnation
0.0
0.5
1.0
time
6
Wires in wire array (magnetic field configuration)

Inter-wire separation >> initial wire diameter
gap =
Magnetic field lines (N=8)
6
2R0 >> w N
( ~5-20 m)
( >200m)
Global and private magnetic flux
Bshell
0 2 4 x, mm 6 8 10
0 I (I / N ) = Bwire 0 2R 2
@ =
gap 2
Magnetic field distribution (N=16)

2.0 1.5 1.0
Magnetic field distribution

[ Felber & Rostoker, Phys. Fluids 1981]
array: through wire shell array: between wires
B/Bshell
0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 0.6
r r Cos ( ) 0 I 0 N B = 2 2 2N =1 r + r 2rr Cos ( )
Br =
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
r Sin( ) 0 I 0 N 2 2N =1 r + r2 2rr Cos ( )

7
radius
Wires in a wire array (R and L)

Typical cold array resistance: R~25 m/cm for 6mg, N=300 tungsten array
Typical inductance:
Lout =
0 h R Ro 1 (ln ret + ln ) 6.8 10 10 H 2 R0 N rwire N
Typical Ohmic heating time to ~Tmelt: ~9ns

R (Ohm)
0.5 0.4 0.3 Z array W 6mg, 1cm long N=300
4000
L/Rcold ~ 30ns Typical array resistance at T=Tmelt:

R~8.7 /cm
R
0.2 0.1
2000
1000
I (kA)
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 0 10 time (ns)
After plasma formation current is in the coronal plasma:

Rplasma =?
8
T (K), I (kA)
3000
Experimental set-up: MAGPIE (1MA) and Z (20MA)

MAGPIE
Wire arrays:
MAGPIE R (mm) N timplosion 4-8mm ~32 ~250ns 30 kA Z 10-20mm ~300 ~100ns 60 kA
Diagnostics: X-ray/optical imaging, laser probing Radiography: X-pinch in current return
Current per wire
Z-Beamlet and spherical crystals
1ns, 10m h ~ 3-5keV 9

Core-corona structure of plasma in wire arrays (1MA)

Dense, stationary wire cores surrounded by low density coronal plasma
Radiography Laser probing Same Radiography
Al
W 250m 100m
Film density (a.u.)
20
18
16
array edge
two wires
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5 2.0 0.5 Radial position (mm)
1.0
1.5
Wires remain at initial positions until ~80% of implosion Non-uniformity of coronal plasma formation imprints on the cores Sharp outward and a shallow inward edges of wire cores
Shape of wire cores is not cylindrical

10
Core-corona structure of plasma in wire arrays (1MA)

Dense, stationary wire cores surrounded by low density coronal plasma
Radiography Laser probing Same Radiography
Radiography
Laser probing
Wires remain at initial positions until ~80% of implosion Non-uniformity of coronal plasma formation imprints on the cores Maximum ablation and maximum plasma flow are at different axial positions!
flow gap 11
Precursor plasma flow in wire arrays (1MA)

Inward streaming of the coronal plasma
End-on laser probing End-on XUV Radial optical streak
X-ray image of precursor
Plasma on axis at t ~50% timpl

(V~15cm/s from end-on measurements)
Inertially confined precursor column on axis

Implosion starts at t ~80% timpl
12
Core-corona structure of plasma in wire arrays (Z)

Radiography
D. Sinars et al, PoP 2005.
Visible imaging
D. Bliss et al, ICOPS 2004.
End-on X-ray image

M. Cuneo et al., PRE 2005
Radiography shows wire cores until ~60% of implosion Non-uniformity of coronal plasma formation Maximum ablation and maximum plasma flow are in different axial positions! Precursor column on axis
precursor 13
Delayed implosion trajectories

MAGPIE
1.0
0-D Al N=16 N=32 N=32, 8mm W N=32 N=64
R / R0
shell-like implosion
0-D
0.5
0.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
t / t imp
During the first 80% - 60% of time the JxB force is not applied to the cores, accelerating instead the coronal plasma Fast acceleration not all mass participates Rate of plasma formation is the most important parameter during the first phase
14
Ablation rate of wires in a wire array

Direct application of single wire results is not possible !
Ablation in conical array Ablation time depends on array radius
32x15m Al arrays driven by the same current pulse have different ablation times
The JxB force of the global magnetic field determines the ablation rate of wires in an array
15
Rocket model of ablation and mass redistribution

Ablation of stationary wire cores
Momentum balance: JxB force is only acting on the coronal plasma
(0-D model)
0I 2 d 2r m0 2 = dt 4 r
(Rocket model)
0I 2 dm = V dt 4 R 0
Ablation rate:
0 I 2 dm = dt 4R0Vabl
Ablated mass:
Concept of ablation velocity (Vabl) highlights the main dependence of the ablation rate on current and array radius (Vabliis a weak function) Radial profile of the ablated material:
2
m(t ) =
4Vabl R0
I
0
dt
( r, t ) =
2 8 2 R 0 r Vabl
R0 r 2 [ I (t )] Vabl
16
Lebedev et al., PoP 2001

Ablation rate of wires in a wire array

Direct application of single wire results is not possible !
Ablation in conical array Ablation time depends on array radius
32x15m Al arrays driven by the same current pulse have different ablation times
Starting time of the implosion is consistent with ablation of about half of array mass:
m(t )
m0
4Vabl R0 m0
I
0
dt
17
Early time XUV radiation as indicator of ablation rate

32x15m Al arrays driven by the same current pulse show different level of XUV emission
Linear wire array
The same current, but larger Bgl (x6.6)
I Bglobal dm = dt 2 Vabl
E~
Prad dm / dt
~ 300 eV / ion ( Al ), ~ 4 keV / ion (W )

18
Variation of ablation rate with inter-wire gap

Ablation time of an array Ablation velocity versus inter-wire gap
Magnetic field
2.0
N=32 N=16 R=8mm R=8mm N=64 R=8mm N=8 R=8mm
Vabl (107 cm/s)
1.5 1.0 0.5
x N=16, R=4mm f ( x) = 1.5 1 exp 3.4
0 0 2 4 x, mm 6 8 10
N=32, R=4mm N=64, R=4mm
m(t )
m0
4Vabl R0 m0
2 I dt 0
0.0 0
(critical ratio)
5 10 15 20 25
Al W 30 35
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 7 8 x, mm 9 10
gap / core size
Rapid increase of ablation rate for the gaps below critical: change in the magnetic field topology at cr ~ 3 x (core size) Could be an additional dependence of Vabl on wire diameter
[D. Sinars et al., PoP 2005] 19
Implosion similarity of wire arrays

0-D similarity
In dimensionless variables:
How the similarity criteria should change to account for the redistribution of mass by the precursor plasma? Ablation rate:
= t / t max r = r / R0 f (t) = I ( ) / I max ) ) d 2r r 2 = f ( ) 2 d

2 2 0 I max t max 4 m0 R02
0 I 2 dm = dt 4R0Vabl
Ablated mass:
0-D dimensionless scaling: identical implosions for identical and the same current pulse shape f()
m(t )
m0
4 m0Vabl R0
I 2 dt
0
20
Implosion similarity of ablating wire arrays

Dimensionless variables:
= t / t m r = r / R0 (r , t) = /(m0 / R02 )
Ablated mass fraction:
m( )
m0
2 R0 0 I 2t m ~ 2 ~ = ( I ) d = K ( I ) 2 d 4 m0 R02 Vabl t m 0 0
is fixed the same 0-D implosion time and the same trajectory + K is fixed the same degree of mass redistribution Density profile:
K2 ( r , ) = I ( K (1 r )) 2 r
1.0
Ablated mass fraction
~6
0.4
KMagpie ~0.2 KAngara ~0.2 KZ ~ 0.4 - 0.7 KSphinx ~0.7

Density
~6
0.3
K=0.7, =0.7 (Z ?)
Current
0.5
K=0.7 (Z ?)
K=0.2 (Magpie)
0.2
0.1
K=0.2, = 0.97 (Magpie)
0.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
time
Radius
21
Distribution of mass at the start of implosion phase

1.0 0.8
~6
~50% of mass in wire cores at R0
K=0.2, = 0.97 (Magpie)
Mass fraction
0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0

K=0.7, =0.7 (Z ?)
~50% of mass is inside the array
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Radius
Implosion phase:
Snowplough-like implosion of the distributed mass Stabilisation by density profile Does all mass participate in the implosion?
22
Axial non-uniformity of the ablation rate

Axial modulation of the ablation rate is responsible for existence of trailing mass in wire array Z-pinches
1MA MAGPIE
20MA Z (SNL)
Process of wire ablation is the same for 1MA and 20MA currents
23
Transition to the implosion phase

Axial modulation of ablation rate
Laser probing (Al, N=16)
formation of breaks in the wires

XUV images (Cu, N=8)
precursor
Imploding current sheath, formed by a number of magnetic bubbles
24
Snowplough-like implosion in W arrays

Laser probing of 32 x 4 m tungsten wire array
Optical density (a.u.)
200 150 100 initial array diameter 50 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Optical density (a.u.)
250
precursor
200 150 100 50
imploding plasma piston
precursor
initial array diameter 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Radius (mm)
Radius (mm)
Implosion of current sheath through the plasma pre-fill

25
Snowplough implosion phase

Two possible implosion scenarios:
No current through the gaps Trailing mass Current re-strike All mass implodes
8 0-D
32 x 15m Al array on MAGPIE

implosion trajectory
experiment streak x-ray: outer inner
Radius (mm)
6 4 2 0 100
mass fraction in the piston: 0% 10% 60%
60% 10%
Imploding sheath on end-on X-ray images
150
200
250
300
350
time (ns)
(r) from rocket model Initial piston mass is adjusted to fit implosion trajectory ~40% of array mass is left behind
26
Snowplough implosion phase on Z facility

Density profile from the ablation model:
( r, t ) =
8 R 0 r V
2
Radiation power from the inelastically accreted plasma: P(t ) = 1 dm dr 2 ( ) (r , t ) (V p Vabl ) 3 2 dt dt

100
2 abl
[ I (t
R0 r 2 )] Vabl
density (mg/cc)
6 4 2 0 0
Density profile along implosion trajectory
10 Radius (mm)
Vabl = 1.45x107 cm/s t0 = 71.4ns
Vabl = 1.45x107 cm/s Vpiston = Vabl
5
Shot674nf rpeak R0D rad
1
P_exp
P_model
0.1 0.01
10
60
80 100 120 140 time (ns)
60
80 100 120 140
Radius (mm)
time (ns)
~35% of array mass is left behind
The foot of the X-ray pulse is produced by the snowplow radiation

27
Power (TW)
10
Expansion of precursor during the implosion phase

Equilibrium radius of precursor during wire ablation phase:
Kinetic pressure of plasma flow is equal to the precursor thermal pressure
Pkin =
Vabl dm 2R p dt
E=
3 2 ( Z + 1)R p niTl 2
Pth = ( Z + 1)niT =
2 E 2 3 R p l
Equilibrium precursor radius:
R=
4 E 3 V l dm abl dt
Heating of precursor by the snowplow radiation leads to increase of equilibrium radius
dR dE = F (1 ) Qrad dt dt
28
Implosion and stagnation phase

XUV images (32x10m Al)
X-ray peak
Laser probing
Transition from small modulation on wires to the global m=0 mode with ~2mm (Al) Fraction of mass is left behind, and it is gradually reducing with time Significant fraction of mass is left behind even at the time of the X-ray peak Development of m=1 mode after the peak of X-ray pulse
29
Implosion and stagnation phase

XUV images (32x10m Al)
X-ray peak
X-ray signals
Expansion of precursor during the implosion phase Start of the main X-ray pulse at ~time of the current sheath collision with precursor Fast electrons (~100keV e-beam) during the X-ray pulse phase
X-ray >10keV
30
Spatial structure of stagnated pinch (MAGPIE)

Axially resolved X-ray spectrum (Al) Correlation between positions of hot spots and the most pronounced m=0 structures in the trailing plasma
Al K-shell spectral lines Continuum radiation from localised hot spots Similar hot spots emitting continuum radiation were observed on Z [Sinars et al., JQSRT, in press]
31
Spatial structure of stagnated pinch (Z)

X-ray image of W array on Z
[Deeney et al., PRL 1998]
Radiography of W wire array on Z

[Sinars et al., PRL 2004]
The spatial structure of the stagnated pinch could be related to the axial distribution of the trailing mass?
Pinch diameter ~1.5mm
32
Trailing mass at the time of the radiation pulse

X-ray peak
Laser probing
X-ray image
X-ray peak
Diameter of Xray emitting region is a small fraction of the plasma diameter
~10 -30% of mass is trailing at time of X-ray peak gradual clearing of trailing throughout the X-ray pulse mass
Trailing mass on Z (Cuneo et al. PRE 05)
Trailing mass could prevent efficient delivery of current (magnetic energy) to the radiating pinch
33

X-ray peak
Laser probing
X-ray image
X-ray peak
Secondary implosions could act as a mechanism transporting magnetic energy to stagnated pinch
34
Dynamic modes of nested wire arrays

Plasma shell
Model of two plasma shells:

Mitigation of R-T instability by the inner shell X-ray pulse at the strike
3-D reality:
No current in the inner array Initial array transparency > 99% Interpenetration of the arrays and implosion due to fast transfer of current to the inner array
Wires
Davis et al., APL 1997, Deeney et al., PRL 1998, Terry et al. PRL 1999, Lebedev et al., PRL 2000, Deeney et al., PRL 2004, Cuneo et al PRL 2005 35
Current division in nested wire arrays

Inductive current division
Array inductance Mutual inductance
Larr =
0 h R Rarr 1 (ln ret + ln ) Rarr N rwire N 2
M=
0 h R (ln ret ) Rarr 2
Current fraction in the inner array
I inner ( Lout M ) Ro ) = ln( I total ( Lout + Lin 2 M ) rwire N
For large wire number arrays (e.g. on Z) only a small fraction of total current (~2%) should be in the inner array For arrays with N~16 (e.g. on MAGPIE) current fraction is ~ 20% Resistivity could play a role in the current division
A. Velikovich et al., PoP 2002
36
Nested wire arrays operating in a current switching mode

Current pulse through the inner array is suppressed
6 current (kA) current in inner array
6% of total current
2 0
10
20
30
40
50
time (ns)
Current pulse through the inner array is controlled by the phase transitions in the wires of outer and then inner arrays Small core size of the inner array wires Inner array retain high transparency (~98%)
Lebedev et al., PRL 2000, Bland et al, PoP 2003
37
Nested wire arrays operating in a current switching mode

No momentum transfer at strike
Trajectory and the X-ray pulse
8
radius (mm)
nested
4
sinlge array
0
PCD (a.u.)
Current from the sheath switches into the inner array at strike Decay of snowplough emission, plasma piston coasts to the axis
Ablation phase of the inner array after current pulse [Cuneo et al., PRL 2005] Interaction radiation pulse in talk by M. Cuneo
single array
10 5 0 150
nested array
200 250 300
time (ns)
38
Nested wire arrays offer control of the radiation pulse shape

Different current division between the outer and the inner array affects the X-ray pulse shape
Implosion trajectories
0.8 Radius (cm) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 experiment: single array I = 100% (single array) experiment: nested array
X- ray pulses
radius (mm)
c
1.0
Effect of inner array radius on X-ray pulse shape

8 6 4 2 0
pcd1s0726 pcd1s0802
b current (MA) current
X-ray PCD
3
0-D, 100% current transfer
PCD (a.u.)
2 0.5
stagnation strike precursor

1 0
single array
nested
0.8 Radius (cm) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 100 Iin = 22% Iin = 35% 150 200 time (ns) 250 I = 100% (single array) Iout = 78% Iout = 65%
d
PCD (a.u.)
2
time (ns) nested array
PCD (a.u.)
0.0
10 5 0
pcd3s0802 pcd3s0830
nested Rin=4mm
PCD (a.u.)
single array
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
300
nested Rin=2mm
0 150
200
250
300
time (ns)
39
Some hot topics (very subjective)

Optimal wire number Effect of electric field polarity on plasma formation Non-MHD effects? Effects of turbulence on plasma resistivity?
40
Effect of wire number on X-ray power

Rise-time of the X-ray pulse for Al and W arrays Expected scaling of Vabl with wire number for Z conditions
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0
N=600 N=120 N=300
Change in the density profile along the implosion trajectory

6
Vabl (107 cm/s)
density (mg/cc)
f(x) = 2.2*(1-exp(-x/3.4))
N=50
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2
V=0.8, t_0=61.6ns V=1.0, t_0=65.1ns V=1.2, t_0=68.1ns V=1.45, t_0=71.5ns V=2.2, t_0=80ns
0.8 1 1.2 1.45 2.2
10
15
20
25
30
35
10
gap / core size
radius (mm)
Optimal wire number in wire array implosions:

at large gaps improvement with wire number due to statistics of uncorrelated perturbations
Mazarakis et al., Pl. Dev. Oper. 2005
small gaps degradation due to less stabilisation of the R-T by the density profile
41
Non-MHD or initial conditions effects?
The wires in the array should have the same current. However, the top and the bottom halves show very different dynamics!
The reason for this appears to be in the sign of the radial electric field on the wires
42
Effect of polarity of the radial electric field

The polarity of the radial electric field changes in the middle of the long array
Long single array Electric field in long array
Standard array: Er <0 Long array:
8mm
80
Distance (mm)
Er <0 at the top Er >0 at the bottom half Difference in: time of plasma formation core size ablation rate (Vabl) implosion time The half with Er>0 behaves as a standard array (in which Er<0) !?
43
Anode MITL Holes in electrodes
60
40
20
-1
-0.5
0 0
0.5
Electric Field (AU)
Effect of polarity of the radial electric field

The polarity of the radial electric field changes in the middle of the long array
Laser probing
High resolution XUV image
Later breakage of the wires and later start of the implosion for the top half of the array Different ablation rate:
Standard / bottom half top half
Size of the wire core shadows:

Standard array 300-350m Long array bottom half ~350m top half ~100m
Vabl ~15cm/s
Vabl ~40cm/s
44
Axial plasma flow: two-fluid MHD?

MAGPIE
Plasma has an axial velocity component (from cathode to anode), especially on the outward side of the wires Is this related to the mechanism responsible for the axial modulation of ablation rate?
45
X-ray pulse: kinetic energy or current convergence?

Configuration with post-convolute transfers a fraction of current from the wires into precursor column, leading to delay in implosion
Total current
total current (MA)
1.0
Id0117 Id0121
Different current left in the wires different array mass to keep the same implosion time different kinetic energy ( x2) The same current after stagnation and the same X-ray pulse
20
pcd2s1013
Id0128
0.5
0.0
current on axis (MA)
0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

4
Precursor current
Iin0117 Iin0121 Iin0128
15 10
pcd2s0921
m=1 instability in the precursor
X-ray pulse
PCD (a.u.)
pcd1s0117 pcd1s0121 pcd1s0128
5 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 220 240 260 280 300

pcd5s1013 pcd5s0921
pcd (a.u.)
3 2 1 0
100
200 time (ns)
300
time (ns)
46

X-ray peak
Laser probing
X-ray image
X-ray peak
Trailing mass on Z (Cuneo et al. PRE 05)
47
What limits the current flowing through the trailing mass? For Spitzer resistivity all current should remain in the trailing mass
High non-uniformity of the trailing mass Anomalous resitivity Ion Acoustic Turbulence: The following conditions should be satisfied
(see e.g. Ryutov et al., RMP, 72, 167 (2000)):
1. Current velocity should exceed critical velocity:
For typical Z array

(m0 =6mg, tungsten)
u > ucrit = Cs
( ~ 1 2)
If mtr / m0 = 10% u > ucrit for Itr > 3 MA
2. Ion sound speed should exceed ion thermal speed by, e.g., factor of 2:
Cs = ZT e + T i > 2 mi 2T i mi
Te > 7
Ti Z
For high Z plasma satisfied even for Te=Ti

48
Is I.A.T. responsible for sub-quadratic power scaling?

Only the current flowing through the radiating pinch is useful!
Current density in the trailing mass is saturated at the threshold of ion acoustic turbulence:
j = ene ucrit = ene Cs

Ohms law with Ion Acoustic Turbulence
Total trailing current is proportional to the trailing mass:
I tr = j (r )2rdr =
C s Ze
Am p
mtr
2.5 2.0 400
R=2cm
Magnetic energy delivered to the array axis:
1.5 1.0 0.5
Power (TW) (=5ns)
Energy (MJ)
0-D R=10mm R=20mm Exp R=10mm Exp R=20mm
R=1cm 200
W=
R 0 h ( I 0 I tr ) 2 ln( 0 ) 4 Rp
Trailing plasma parameters: A =183, Z =8, T =30eV, = 0.1, = 1.1
Z
0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25
ZR
0 30
current (MA)
49
Some other configurations of wire arrays

Radiatively cooled supersonic plasma jets: hydrodynamic magnetic
50
The dynamic life story of wire array Z-pinches
Ablation of wire cores
1.0
l ona cor a sm pla
Trailing mass
Radius
0-D
0.5
Snowplow-like final implosion
Precursor pinch
Stagnation
0.0
0.5
1.0
time
51
References used in this talk

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. D. D. Ryutov, M. S. Derzon, M. K. Matzen, The physics of fast Z pinches, Rev. Mod. Physics 72, 167 (2000) M. K. Matzen, Phys. Plasmas 4, 1519 (1997) T. W. L. Sanford et al, - Improved Symmetry Greatly Increases X-Ray Power from Wire-Array Z-Pinches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 5063 (1996) M. K. Matzen et al., - Pulsed-power-driven high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion research, Phys. Plasmas 12, 055503 (2005) F.S. Felber, N. Rostoker, Kink and displacement instabilities in imploding wire arrays, Phys. Fluids 24 1049 (1981) M.E. Cuneo et al., - Characteristics and Scaling of Tungsten-Wire-Array Z-Pinch Implosion Dynamics at 20 MA, Phys. Rev., E71, 046406 (2005). S.V. Lebedev et al., - Physics of Wire Array Z-Pinch implosions: Experiments at Imperial College, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 47, A91 (2005) S.V Lebedev. et al., Snowplow-like behaviour in the implosion phase of wire array Z pinches , Phys. Plasmas, 9, 2293 (2002) S.V. Lebedev et al., - Effect of discrete wires on the implosion dynamics of wire array Z pinches , Phys. Plasmas, 8, 3734 (2001)
10. C. Deeney et al., - Enhancement of X-Ray Power from a Z Pinch Using Nested-Wire Arrays, Phys. Rev. Letters, 81, 4883 (1998) 11. S.V., Lebedev et al., Plasma formation and the implosion phase of wire array Z-pinch experiments, Laser and Particle Beams, 19, 355 (2001) 12. D. B. Sinars et al., - Mass-Profile and Instability-Growth Measurements for 300-Wire Z-Pinch Implosions Driven by 1418 MA, Phys. Rev. Letters, 93, 145002-1 (2004) 13. D. B. Sinars et al., Measurements of the mass distribution and instability growth for wire-array Z-pinch implosions driven by 1420 MA, Phys. Plasmas, 12, 056303 (2005)
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14. A. L. Velikovich, I. V. Sokolov, A. A. Esaulov, - Perfectly conducting incompressible fluid model of a wire array implosion, Phys. Plasmas, 9, 1366 (2002) 15. D.B. Sinars et al., - Measurements of K-shell Ar spectra from z -pinch dynamic hohlraum experiments made using a focusing spectrometer with spatial resolution, JQSRT (in press) 16. E. M. Waisman et al., - Wire array implosion characteristics from determination of load inductance on the Z pulsedpower accelerator, Phys. Plasmas, 11, 2009 (2004) 17. J. Davis, N. A. Gondarenko, A. L. Velikovich, - Fast commutation of high current in double wire array Z-pinch loads, Appl. Phys. Letters, 70, 170 (1997) 18. R. E. Terry et al., - Current Switching and Mass Interpenetration Offer Enhanced Power from Nested-Array Z Pinches, Phys. Rev. Letters, 83, 4305 (1999) 19. S.N. Bland et al., Nested wire array z-pinch experiments operating in the current transfer mode, Phys. Plasmas, 10, 1100 (2003) 20. C. Deeney et al., - Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Nested-Wire-Array Dynamics and Interpenetration at 7 MA, Phys. Rev. Letters, 93, 155001-1 (2004) 21. M. E. Cuneo et al., - Direct Experimental Evidence for Current-Transfer Mode Operation of Nested Tungsten Wire Arrays at 1619 MA, Phys. Rev. Letters, 94, 225003-1 (2005) 22. S.V. Lebedev et al., - Effect of core-corona plasma structure on seeding of instabilities in wire array z-pinches, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 98 (2000) 23. C. A. Coverdale et al., - Optimal Wire-Number Range for High X-Ray Power in Long-Implosion-Time Aluminum Z Pinches, Phys. Rev. Letters, 88, 065001-1 (2002) 24. M. G. Mazarakis et al., - Tungsten wire number dependence of the implosion dynamics at the Z-accelerator, Plasma Devices and Operations, 13, 157 (2005)
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25. C. Deeney, C.A. Coverdale, M.R. Douglas, - A review of long-implosion-time z pinches as efficient and high-power radiation sources, Laser and Particle Beams 19, 497 (2001) 26. S.V. Lebedev et al., - Two different modes of nested wire array Z pinch implosions - Phys. Rev. Lett., 84 1708 (2000) 27. S. N. Bland et al., Use of linear wire array Z-pinches to examine plasma dynamics in high magnetic fields, Phys. Plasmas, 11, 4911 (2004) 28. S.V. Lebedev et al., - The dynamics of wire array z-pinch implosions, Phys.Plasmas, 6, 2016 (1999) 29. W. A. Stygar et al., - X-ray emission from z pinches at 107 A: Current scaling, gap closure, and shot-to-shot fluctuations, Phys. Rev. E 69, 046403 (2004) 30. V. V. Aleksandrov et al., - Dynamics of Heterogeneous Liners with Prolonged Plasma Creation, Plasma Physics Reports, 27, 89 (2001) 31. I. K. Aivazov, V. D. Vikharev, G. S. Volkov, L. B. Nikandrov, V. P. Smirnov, and V. Ya Tsarfin, JETP Lett. 45, 28 (1987) 32. Bekhtev M B et al, Sov. Phys.JETP 68 955 (1989) 33. C. Deeney et al., - Power enhancement by increasing the initial array radius and wire number of tungsten Z pinches, Phys. Rev. E 56, 5945 (1997)
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S.V. Lebedev - Implosion Dynamics of Wire Array Z-Pinches

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Implosion dynamics of wire array Z-pinches S.V.

r = R / R0, = t / tmax f() = I() / Imax

2 2 0 I max t max 4 m0 R02

X-ray power from Z-pinch implosion or why wire arrays?

This transition does not happen!

3-D effects are important throughout the implosion!

Wire array Z-pinches: two stage implosion dynamics

Ablation of wire cores

Two-stage implosion dynamics

0-D Snowplow-like final implosion

Precursor pinch Stagnation

Wires in wire array (magnetic field configuration)

Global and private magnetic flux

Magnetic field distribution (N=16)

Magnetic field distribution

array: through wire shell array: between wires

0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 0.6

r r Cos ( ) 0 I 0 N B = 2 2 2N =1 r + r 2rr Cos ( )

r Sin( ) 0 I 0 N 2 2N =1 r + r2 2rr Cos ( )

Wires in a wire array (R and L)

0 h R Ro 1 (ln ret + ln ) 6.8 10 10 H 2 R0 N rwire N

Typical Ohmic heating time to ~Tmelt: ~9ns

0.5 0.4 0.3 Z array W 6mg, 1cm long N=300

L/Rcold ~ 30ns Typical array resistance at T=Tmelt:

After plasma formation current is in the coronal plasma:

Experimental set-up: MAGPIE (1MA) and Z (20MA)

Diagnostics: X-ray/optical imaging, laser probing Radiography: X-pinch in current return

Current per wire

Z-Beamlet and spherical crystals

1ns, 10m h ~ 3-5keV 9

Core-corona structure of plasma in wire arrays (1MA)

Film density (a.u.)

1.5 2.0 0.5 Radial position (mm)

Shape of wire cores is not cylindrical

Core-corona structure of plasma in wire arrays (1MA)

Precursor plasma flow in wire arrays (1MA)

X-ray image of precursor

Plasma on axis at t ~50% timpl

Inertially confined precursor column on axis

Core-corona structure of plasma in wire arrays (Z)

End-on X-ray image

Delayed implosion trajectories

Ablation rate of wires in a wire array

Rocket model of ablation and mass redistribution

Lebedev et al., PoP 2001

Ablation rate of wires in a wire array

Early time XUV radiation as indicator of ablation rate

Linear wire array

The same current, but larger Bgl (x6.6)

~ 300 eV / ion ( Al ), ~ 4 keV / ion (W )

Variation of ablation rate with inter-wire gap

Vabl (107 cm/s)

1.5 1.0 0.5

x N=16, R=4mm f ( x) = 1.5 1 exp 3.4

N=32, R=4mm N=64, R=4mm

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 7 8 x, mm 9 10

gap / core size

Implosion similarity of wire arrays

= t / t max r = r / R0 f (t) = I ( ) / I max ) ) d 2r r 2 = f ( ) 2 d

Implosion similarity of ablating wire arrays

Ablated mass fraction

KMagpie ~0.2 KAngara ~0.2 KZ ~ 0.4 - 0.7 KSphinx ~0.7