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Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction

3-117
3-164 A circuit board houses electronic components on one side, dissipating a total of 15 W through the
backside of the board to the surrounding medium. The temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board are
to be determined for the cases of no fins and 20 aluminum fins of rectangular profile on the backside.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The temperature in the board and along the fins varies
in one direction only (normal to the board). 3 All the heat generated in the chips is conducted across the
circuit board, and is dissipated from the backside of the board. 4 Heat transfer from the fin tips is negligible.
5 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire fin surface. 6 The thermal properties
of the fins are constant. 7 The heat transfer coefficient accounts for the effect of radiation from the fins.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 12 W/mC for the circuit board, k = 237 W/mC
for the aluminum plate and fins, and k = 1.8 W/mC for the epoxy adhesive.
Analysis (a) The thermal resistance of the board and the
convection resistance on the backside of the board are
R
L
kA
R
hA
R R R
board
conv
total board conv
m
W/ m. C) m m
C/ W
W/ m. C) m m
C/ W
C/ W
= =

=
= =

=
= + = + =
0 002
12 01 015
0 011
1 1
45 01 015
1481
0 011 1481 1492
.
( ( . )( . )
.
( ( . )( . )
.
. . .

Then surface temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board becomes



.
Q
T T
R
T T QR
Q
T T
R
T T QR
=

= + = + =
=

= = =

1
1
1 2
2 1
37
59 4
total
total
board
board
C (15 W)(1.492 C/ W)
C (15 W)(0.011 C/ W)
59.4 C
59.2 C

(b) Noting that the cross-sectional areas of the fins are constant, the
efficiency of these rectangular fins is determined to be

1 -
2
m 78 . 13
) m 002 . 0 )( C W/m. 237 (
) C . W/m 45 ( 2 2
) (
) 2 (
=


= = ~ =
kt
h
tw k
w h
kA
hp
a
c

q
fin
-1
-1
m m
m m
= =

=
tanh tanh( . . )
. .
.
aL
aL
1378 002
1378 002
0975
The finned and unfinned surface areas are

2
unfinned
2
finned
m 0090 . 0 ) 15 . 0 )( 002 . 0 ( 20 ) 15 . 0 )( 1 . 0 (
m 0.126 =
2
002 . 0
02 . 0 ) 15 . 0 ( 2 ) 20 (
2
2 ) 20 (
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
A
t
L w A

Then,


( )

(

( )( )
Q Q hA T T
Q hA T T
Q Q Q h T T A A
finned fin fin,max fin fin base
unfinned unfinned base
total unfinned finned base fin fin unfinned
)
= =
=
= + = +

q q
q

Substituting, the base temperature of the finned surfaces is determined to be

C 39.5 =
+
=
+
+ =

)] m 0090 . 0 ( ) m 126 . 0 )( 975 . 0 )[( C . W/m 45 (
W 15
+ C 37
) (
2 2 2
unfinned fin fin
total
base
A A h
Q
T T
q


2 cm
R
aluminum
T
1

R
board
T


R
epoxy
R
board
T
1

T


R
conv
T
2

Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-118
Then the temperatures on both sides of the board are determined using the thermal resistance network to be

R
L
kA
R
L
kA
aluminum
epoxy
m
W/ m. C) m m)
C/ W
m
W/ m. C) m m)
C/ W
= =

=
= =

=
0 001
237 01 015
000028
0 00015
18 01 015
000555
.
( ( . )( .
.
.
( . ( . )( .
.


C 39.6
C 39.8
= = =

=
= + =
+ +

=
+ +

=
C/W) W)(0.011 (15 C 8 . 39
C/W) W)(0.0168 (15 C 5 . 39
C/W ) 011 . 0 00555 . 0 00028 . 0 (
C ) 5 . 39 (
board 1 2
board
2 1
1
1
board epoxy aluminum
base 1
R Q T T
R
T T
Q
T
T
R R R
T T
Q





3-165 A circuit board houses electronic components on one side, dissipating a total of 15 W through the
backside of the board to the surrounding medium. The temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board are
to be determined for the cases of no fins and 20 copper fins of rectangular profile on the backside.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The temperature in the board and along the fins varies
in one direction only (normal to the board). 3 All the heat generated in the chips is conducted across the
circuit board, and is dissipated from the backside of the board. 4 Heat transfer from the fin tips is negligible.
5 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire fin surface. 6 The thermal properties
of the fins are constant. 7 The heat transfer coefficient accounts for the effect of radiation from the fins.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 12 W/mC for the circuit board, k = 386 W/mC
for the copper plate and fins, and k = 1.8 W/mC for the epoxy adhesive.
Analysis (a) The thermal resistance of the board and the
convection resistance on the backside of the board are

R
L
kA
R
hA
R R R
board
conv
total board conv
m
W/ m. C) m m
C/ W
W/ m. C) m m
C/ W
C/ W
= =

=
= =

=
= + = + =
0 002
12 01 015
0 011
1 1
45 01 015
1481
0 011 1481 1492
.
( ( . )( . )
.
( ( . )( . )
.
. . .

Then surface temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board becomes



.
Q
T T
R
T T QR
Q
T T
R
T T QR
=

= + = + =
=

= = =

1
1
1 2
2 1
37
59 4
total
total
board
board
C (15 W)(1.492 C/ W)
C (15 W)(0.011 C/ W)
59.4 C
59.2 C

R
board
T
1

T


R
conv
T
2

Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-119
(b) Noting that the cross-sectional areas of the fins are constant,
the efficiency of these rectangular fins is determined to be

1 -
2
m 80 . 10
) m 002 . 0 )( C W/m. 386 (
) C . W/m 45 ( 2 2
) (
) 2 (
=


= = ~ =
kt
h
tw k
w h
kA
hp
a
c

q
fin
-1
-1
m m
m m
= =

=
tanh tanh( . . )
. .
.
aL
aL
1080 002
1080 002
0985
The finned and unfinned surface areas are

2
unfinned
2
finned
m 0090 . 0 ) 15 . 0 )( 002 . 0 ( 20 ) 15 . 0 )( 1 . 0 (
m 0.126 =
2
002 . 0
02 . 0 ) 15 . 0 ( 2 ) 20 (
2
2 ) 20 (
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
A
t
L w A

Then,

( )

(

( )( )
Q Q hA T T
Q hA T T
Q Q Q h T T A A
finned fin fin,max fin fin base
unfinned unfinned base
total unfinned finned base fin fin unfinned
)
= =
=
= + = +

q q
q

Substituting, the base temperature of the finned surfaces
determine to be
C 39.5 =
+
=
+
+ =

)] m 0090 . 0 ( ) m 126 . 0 )( 985 . 0 )[( C . W/m 45 (
W 15
+ C 37
) (
2 2 2
unfinned fin fin
total
base
A A h
Q
T T
q


Then the temperatures on both sides of the board are determined using the thermal resistance network to be
R
L
kA
R
L
kA
copper
epoxy
m
W/ m. C) m m)
C/ W
m
W/ m. C) m m)
C/ W
= =

=
= =

=
0001
386 01 015
000017
000015
18 01 015
000555
.
( ( . )( .
.
.
( . ( . )( .
.


C 39.6
C 39.8
= = =

=
= + =
+ +

=
+ +

=
C/W) W)(0.011 (15 C 8 . 39
C/W) W)(0.0167 (15 C 5 . 39
C/W ) 011 . 0 00555 . 0 00017 . 0 (
C ) 5 . 39 (
board 1 2
board
2 1
1
1
board epoxy copper
1
R Q T T
R
T T
Q
T
T
R R R
T T
Q
base


R
copper
T
1

R
board
T


R
epoxy
2 cm
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-120
3-166 Steam passes through a row of 10 parallel pipes placed horizontally in a concrete floor exposed to
room air at 25C with a heat transfer coefficient of 12 W/m
2
.C. If the surface temperature of the concrete
floor is not to exceed 40C, the minimum burial depth of the steam pipes below the floor surface is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer is two-dimensional (no change in the axial
direction). 3 Thermal conductivity of the concrete is constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of concrete is given to be k = 0.75 W/mC.
Analysis In steady operation, the rate of heat loss from the steam through the concrete floor by conduction
must be equal to the rate of heat transfer from the concrete floor to the room by combined convection and
radiation, which is determined to be
W 9000 C ) 25 40 )]( m 5 )( m 10 )[( C . W/m 12 ( ) (
2
= = =

T T hA Q
s s


Then the depth the steam pipes should be buried can be determined with the aid of shape factor for this
configuration from Table 3-5 to be

( )

( ) ( . )( )
. Q nSk T T S
Q
nk T T
= =

=

=
1 2
1 2
9000
10 075 150 40
1091
W
W/ m. C C
m (per pipe)
w
a
n
= = =
10
10
1
m
m (center - to- center distance of pipes)

cm 20.5 = =
(

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
m 205 . 0
) m 1 (
2
sinh
m) (0.06
m) 2(1
ln
m) 5 ( 2
m 91 . 10
2
sinh
2
ln
2
z
z
w
z
D
w
L
S
t
t
t
t
t
t

10 m

Room
25C
40C
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-121
T
1

3-167 Two persons are wearing different clothes made of different materials with different surface areas.
The fractions of heat lost from each persons body by respiration are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is accounted for in the heat transfer coefficient. 5 The human body is
assumed to be cylindrical in shape for heat transfer purposes.
Properties The thermal conductivities of the leather and synthetic fabric are given to be k = 0.159 W/mC
and k = 0.13 W/mC, respectively.
Analysis The surface area of each body is first determined from

2
1 2
2
1
m 335 . 1 6675 . 0 2 2
m 6675 . 0 m)/2 m)(1.7 25 . 0 ( 2 /
= = =
= t = t =
A A
DL A

The sensible heat lost from the first persons body is

C/W 10930 . 0 09988 . 0 00942 . 0
C/W 09988 . 0
) m 6675 . 0 ( C) . W/m 15 (
1 1
C/W 00942 . 0
) m 6675 . 0 ( C) W/m. 159 . 0 (
m 001 . 0
conv leather total
2 2
conv
2
leather
= + = + =
=

= =
=

= =
R R R
hA
R
kA
L
R

The total sensible heat transfer is the sum of heat transferred through the clothes and the skin

W 3 . 38 20 3 . 18
W 0 . 20
C/W 09988 . 0
C ) 30 32 (
W 3 . 18
C/W 10930 . 0
C ) 30 32 (
skin clothes sensible
conv
2 1
skin
total
2 1
clothes
= + = + =
=

=
=

Q Q Q
R
T T
Q
R
T T
Q


Then the fraction of heat lost by respiration becomes
0.362 =

= =
60
3 . 38 60
total
sensible total
total
n respiratio
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
f


Repeating similar calculations for the second persons body
C/W 05570 . 0 04994 . 0 00576 . 0
C/W 04994 . 0
) m 335 . 1 ( C) . W/m 15 (
1 1
C/W 00576 . 0
) m 335 . 1 ( C) W/m. 13 . 0 (
m 001 . 0
conv leather total
2 2
conv
2
synthetic
= + = + =
=

= =
=

= =
R R R
hA
R
kA
L
R

W 9 . 35
C/W 05570 . 0
C ) 30 32 (
total
2 1
sensible
=

=

R
T T
Q


0.402 =

= =
60
9 . 35 60
total
sensible total
total
n respiratio
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
f


R
leather
R
conv
T
1

T
2

R
synthetic
R
conv
T
2

Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-122
3-168 A wall constructed of three layers is considered. The rate of hat transfer through the wall and
temperature drops across the plaster, brick, covering, and surface-ambient air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is accounted for in the heat transfer coefficient.
Properties The thermal conductivities of the plaster, brick, and covering are given to be k = 0.72 W/mC, k
= 0.36 W/mC, k = 1.40 W/mC, respectively.
Analysis The surface area of the wall and the individual resistances are

2
m 8 . 16 m) 8 . 2 ( m) 6 ( = = A
C/W 02253 . 0 00350 . 0 00085 . 0 01653 . 0 00165 . 0
C/W 00350 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) . W/m 17 (
1 1
C/W 00085 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) W/m. 4 . 1 (
m 02 . 0
C/W 01653 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) W/m. 72 . 0 (
m 20 . 0
C/W 00165 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) W/m. 36 . 0 (
m 01 . 0
conv,2 3 2 1 total
2 2
2
conv,2 o
2
3
3
covering 3
2
2
2
brick 2
2
1
1
plaster 1
= + + + = + + + =
=

= = =
=

= = =
=

= = =
=

= = =
R R R R R
A h
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R

The steady rate of heat transfer through the wall then becomes
W 665.8 =

=

C/W 02253 . 0
C ) 8 23 (
total
2 1
R
T T
Q


The temperature drops are

C 2.3
C 0.6
C 11.0
C 1.1
= = = A
= = = A
= = = A
= = = A
) C/W 00350 . 0 )( W 8 . 665 (
) C/W 00085 . 0 )( W 8 . 665 (
) C/W 01653 . 0 )( W 8 . 665 (
) C/W 00165 . 0 )( W 8 . 665 (
conv conv
covering covering
brick brick
plaster plaster
R Q T
R Q T
R Q T
R Q T



T
1
T
2

R
1
R
2
R
3
R
o
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-123
3-169 An insulation is to be added to a wall to decrease the heat loss by 85%. The thickness of insulation
and the outer surface temperature of the wall are to be determined for two different insulating materials.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is accounted for in the heat transfer coefficient.
Properties The thermal conductivities of the plaster, brick, covering, polyurethane foam, and glass fiber are
given to be 0.72 W/mC, 0.36 W/mC, 1.40 W/mC, 0.025 W/mC, 0.036 W/mC, respectively.
Analysis The surface area of the wall and the individual resistances are

2
m 8 . 16 m) 8 . 2 ( m) 6 ( = = A
C/W 02253 . 0
00350 . 0 00085 . 0 01653 . 0 00165 . 0
C/W 00350 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) . W/m 17 (
1 1
C/W 00085 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) W/m. 4 . 1 (
m 02 . 0
C/W 01653 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) W/m. 72 . 0 (
m 20 . 0
C/W 00165 . 0
) m 8 . 16 ( C) W/m. 36 . 0 (
m 01 . 0
conv,2 3 2 1 ins no total,
2 2
2
conv,2 o
2
3
3
covering 3
2
2
2
brick 2
2
1
1
plaster 1
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
=

= = =
=

= = =
=

= = =
=

= = =
R R R R R
A h
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R

The rate of heat loss without the insulation is
W 666
C/W 02253 . 0
C ) 8 23 (
ins no total,
2 1
=

=

R
T T
Q


(a) The rate of heat transfer after insulation is
W 9 . 99 666 15 . 0 15 . 0
ins no ins
= = = Q Q


The total thermal resistance with the foam insulation is
C) W.m/ 42 . 0 (
C/W 02253 . 0
) m C)(16.8 W/m. 025 . 0 (
C/W 02253 . 0
4
2
4
conv,2 foam 3 2 1 total

+ =

+ =
+ + + + =
L L
R R R R R R

The thickness of insulation is determined from
cm 5.4 m 0.054 = =

+

=

=

4
4 total
2 1
ins
C) W.m/ 42 . 0 (
C/W 02253 . 0
C ) 8 23 (
W 9 . 99 L
L R
T T
Q


The outer surface temperature of the wall is determined from
C 8.3 =

=

2
2
conv
2 2
ins
C/W 00350 . 0
C ) 8 (
W 9 . 99 T
T
R
T T
Q



T
1
T

2

R
2 R
3
R
1
R
ins
R
o
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-124
R
i
R
alum
T
1
T
2

R
o
(b) The total thermal resistance with the fiberglass insulation is
C) W.m/ 6048 . 0 (
C/W 02253 . 0
) m C)(16.8 W/m. 036 . 0 (
C/W 02253 . 0
4
2
4
conv,2 glass fiber 3 2 1 total

+ =

+ =
+ + + + =
L L
R R R R R R

The thickness of insulation is determined from
cm 7.7 m 0.077 = =

+

=

=

4
4 total
2 1
ins
C W.m/ 6048 . 0 (
C/W 02253 . 0
C ) 8 23 (
W 9 . 99 L
L R
T T
Q


The outer surface temperature of the wall is determined from
C 8.3 =

=

2
2
conv
2 2
ins
C/W 00350 . 0
C ) 8 (
9 . 99 T
T
R
T T
Q


Discussion The outer surface temperature is same for both cases since the rate of heat transfer does not
change.


3-170 Cold conditioned air is flowing inside a duct of square cross-section. The maximum length of the
duct for a specified temperature increase in the duct is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 Steady one-dimensional heat conduction relations can be used due to small thickness of the duct
wall. 5 When calculating the conduction thermal resistance of aluminum, the average of inner and outer
surface areas will be used.
Properties The thermal conductivity of aluminum is given to be 237 W/mC. The specific heat of air at the
given temperature is C
p
= 1006 J/kgC (Table A-15).
Analysis The inner and the outer surface areas of the duct per unit length and the individual thermal
resistances are

2
2 2
2
1 1
m 0 . 1 m) 1 ( m) 25 . 0 ( 4 4
m 88 . 0 m) 1 ( m) 22 . 0 ( 4 4
= = =
= = =
L a A
L a A

| |
C/W 14022 . 0 12500 . 0 00007 . 0 01515 . 0
C/W 12500 . 0
) m 0 . 1 ( C) . W/m 8 (
1 1
C/W 00007 . 0
m 2 / ) 1 88 . 0 ( C) W/m. 237 (
m 015 . 0
C/W 01515 . 0
) m 88 . 0 ( C) . W/m 75 (
1 1
o alum i total
2 2
2
o
2
alum
2 2
1
i
= + + = + + =
=

= =
=
+
= =
=

= =
R R R R
A h
R
kA
L
R
A h
R

The rate of heat loss from the air inside the duct is
W 8 . 149
C/W 14022 . 0
C ) 12 33 (
total
1 2
=

=

R
T T
Q


For a temperature rise of 1C, the air inside the duct should gain heat at a rate of
W 804 C) 1 )( C J/kg. kg/s)(1006 8 . 0 (
total
= = A = T C m Q
p


Then the maximum length of the duct becomes
m 5.37 = = =
W 8 . 149
W 804
total
Q
Q
L


Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-125
R
i
R
wood
T
1
T
2

R
o
R
i
R
glass
T
1
T
2

R
o
3-171 Heat transfer through a window is considered. The percent error involved in the calculation of heat
gain through the window assuming the window consist of glass only is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal conductivities are
constant. 4 Radiation is accounted for in heat transfer coefficients.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be 0.7 W/mC for glass and 0.12 W/mC for pine
wood.
Analysis The surface areas of the glass and the wood and the individual thermal resistances are

2
wood
2
glass
m 45 . 0 m) 2 ( m) 5 . 1 ( 15 . 0 m 55 . 2 m) 2 ( m) 5 . 1 ( 85 . 0 = = = = A A
C/W 41433 . 1 17094 . 0 92593 . 0 31746 . 0
C/W 08787 . 0 03017 . 0 00168 . 0 05602 . 0
C/W 17094 . 0
) m 45 . 0 ( C) . W/m 13 (
1 1
C/W 03017 . 0
) m 55 . 2 ( C) . W/m 13 (
1 1
C/W 92593 . 0
) m 45 . 0 ( C) W/m. 12 . 0 (
m 05 . 0
C/W 00168 . 0
) m 55 . 2 ( C) W/m. 7 . 0 (
m 003 . 0
C/W 31746 . 0
) m 45 . 0 ( C) . W/m 7 (
1 1
C/W 05602 . 0
) m 55 . 2 ( C) . W/m 7 (
1 1
wood o, wood wood i, wood total,
glass o, glass glass i, glass total,
2 2
wood 2
wood o,
2 2
glass 2
glass o,
2
wood wood
wood
wood
2
glass glass
glass
glass
2 2
wood 1
wood i,
2 2
glass 1
glass i,
= + + = + + =
= + + = + + =
=

= =
=

= =
=

= =
=

= =
=

= =
=

= =
R R R R
R R R R
A h
R
A h
R
A k
L
R
A k
L
R
A h
R
A h
R

The rate of heat gain through the glass and the wood and their total are

W 4 . 193 3 . 11 1 . 182
W 3 . 11
C/W 41433 . 1
C ) 24 40 (
W 1 . 182
C/W 08787 . 0
C ) 24 40 (
wood glass total
wood total,
1 2
wood
glass total,
1 2
glass
= + = + =
=

= =

=

Q Q Q
R
T T
Q
R
T T
Q



If the window consists of glass only the heat gain through the window is
2
glass
m 0 . 3 m) 2 ( m) 5 . 1 ( = = A

C/W 07469 . 0 02564 . 0 00143 . 0 04762 . 0
C/W 02564 . 0
) m 0 . 3 ( C) . W/m 13 (
1 1
C/W 00143 . 0
) m 0 . 3 ( C) W/m. 7 . 0 (
m 003 . 0
C/W 04762 . 0
) m 0 . 3 ( C) . W/m 7 (
1 1
glass o, glass glass i, glass total,
2 2
glass 2
glass o,
2
glass glass
glass
glass
2 2
glass 1
glass i,
= + + = + + =
=

= =
=

= =
=

= =
R R R R
A h
R
A k
L
R
A h
R

W 2 . 214
C/W 07469 . 0
C ) 24 40 (
glass total,
1 2
glass
=

=

R
T T
Q


Then the percentage error involved in heat gain through the window assuming the window consist of glass
only becomes
10.8% =

= 100
4 . 193
4 . 193 2 . 214
Error %
with wood
with wood only glass
Q
Q Q



Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-126
3-172 Steam is flowing inside a steel pipe. The thickness of the insulation needed to reduce the heat loss by
95 percent and the thickness of the insulation needed to reduce outer surface temperature to 40C are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the centerline and no variation in the axial
direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is
negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 61 W/mC for steel and k = 0.038 W/mC for
insulation.
Analysis (a) Considering a unit length of the pipe, the inner and the outer surface areas of the pipe and the
insulation are

2
3 3 3 3
2
2
2
1
m 1416 . 3 m) 1 (
m 3770 . 0 m) 1 ( m) 12 . 0 (
m 3142 . 0 m) 1 ( m) 10 . 0 (
D D L D A
L D A
L D A
o
i
= t = t =
= t = t =
= t = t =

The individual thermal resistances are
C/W
02274 . 0
0.23876
) 12 . 0 / ln(
03079 . 0
02274 . 0
0.23876
) 12 . 0 / ln(
00048 . 0 03031 . 0
C/W 22026 . 0 18947 . 0 00048 . 0 03031 . 0
C/W
02274 . 0
) m 1416 . 3 ( C) . W/m 14 (
1 1
C/W 18947 . 0
) m 3770 . 0 ( C) . W/m 14 (
1 1
C/W
0.23876
) 12 . 0 / ln(
) m 1 ( C) W/m. 038 . 0 ( 2
) 12 . 0 / ln(
2
) / ln(
C/W 00048 . 0
) m 1 ( C) W/m. 61 ( 2
) 5 / 6 ln(
2
) / ln(
C/W 03031 . 0
) m 3142 . 0 ( C) . W/m 105 (
1 1
3
3
3
3
insulation o, 2 1 insulation total,
steel o, 1 insulation no total,
3
2
3
2
insulation o,
2 2
steel o,
3 3
2
2 3
insulation 2
1
1 2
pipe 1
2 2
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
= + + = + + =
=

= =
=

= =
=
t
=
t
= =
=
t
=
t
= =
=

= =
D
D
D
D
R R R R R
R R R R
D
D
A h
R
A h
R
D D
L k
r r
R R
L k
r r
R R
A h
R
i
i
o o
o o
i i
i

Then the steady rate of heat loss from the steam per meter pipe length for the case of no insulation becomes
W 976.1
C/W 0.22026
C ) 20 235 (
2 1
=

=

total
R
T T
Q


The thickness of the insulation needed in order to save 95 percent of this heat loss can be determined from
C/W
02274 . 0
0.23876
) 12 . 0 / ln(
03079 . 0
C ) 20 235 (
W ) 1 . 976 05 . 0 (
3
3 insulation total,
2 1
insulation

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=

=

D
D R
T T
Q


whose solution is cm 10.78 = = = =
2
12 - 33.55
2
-
thickness m 3355 . 0
2 3
3
D D
D
R
i
T
1

R
2
R
o
T
2

R
1
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-127
(b) The thickness of the insulation needed that would maintain the outer surface of the insulation at a
maximum temperature of 40C can be determined from

C/W
02274 . 0
C ) 20 40 (
C/W
02274 . 0
0.23876
) 12 . 0 / ln(
03079 . 0
C ) 20 235 (
3
3
3
insulation o,
2 2
insulation total,
2 1
insulation

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=

D
D
D
R
T T
R
T T
Q


whose solution is
cm 2.22 = = = =
2
12 - 16.44
2
-
thickness m 1644 . 0
2 3
3
D D
D


3-173 A 6-m-diameter spherical tank filled with liquefied natural gas (LNG) at -160C is exposed to
ambient air. The time for the LNG temperature to rise to -150C is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer can be considered to be steady since the specified thermal conditions at the
boundaries do not change with time significantly. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal
symmetry about the midpoint. 3 Radiation is accounted for in the combined heat transfer coefficient. 3 The
combined heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The temperature of the
thin-shelled spherical tank is said to be nearly equal to the temperature of the LNG inside, and thus thermal
resistance of the tank and the internal convection resistance are negligible.
Properties The density and specific heat of LNG are given to be 425 kg/m
3
and 3.475 kJ/kgC,
respectively. The thermal conductivity of super insulation is given to be k = 0.00008 W/mC.
Analysis The inner and outer surface areas of the insulated tank and the volume of the LNG are

3 3 3
1 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
m 1 . 113 6 / m) 6 ( 6 /
m 9 . 116 m) 10 . 6 (
m 1 . 113 m) 6 (
= t = t =
= t = t =
= t = t =
D V
D A
D A

The rate of heat transfer to the LNG is

C/W 43601 . 5 43562 . 5 00039 . 0
C/W 00039 . 0
) m 9 . 116 ( C) . W/m 22 (
1 1
C/W 43562 . 5
) m 05 . 3 )( m 0 . 3 ( C) W/m. 00008 . 0 ( 4
m ) 0 . 3 05 . 3 (
4
2 2
2 1
1 2
insulation
= + = + =
=

= =
=
t

=
t

=
insulation o total
o
o
R R R
A h
R
r kr
r r
R

W 74 . 32
C/W 5.43601
C )] 160 ( 18 [
total
1 2
=

=

R
T T
Q


The amount of heat transfer to increase the LNG temperature from -160C to -150C is
kg 5 . 067 , 48 ) m )(113.1 kg/m 425 (
3 3
1
= = = V m
| | kJ 346 , 670 , 1 C (-160) - (-150) C) kJ/kg. 475 . 3 ( kg) 5 . 067 , 48 ( = = A = T mC Q
Assuming that heat will be lost from the LNG at an average rate of 32.74 W, the time period for the LNG
temperature to rise to -150C becomes
days 590.5 = = = = = A h 14,174 s 498 , 018 , 51
kW 0.03274
kJ 346 , 670 , 1
Q
Q
t


R
o
T
2

R
insulation
T
1

LNG tank
-160C
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-128
3-174 A hot plate is to be cooled by attaching aluminum fins of square cross section on one side. The
number of fins needed to triple the rate of heat transfer is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The temperature along the fins varies in one direction
only (normal to the plate). 3 Heat transfer from the fin tips is negligible. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is
constant and uniform over the entire fin surface. 5 The thermal properties of the fins are constant. 6 The
heat transfer coefficient accounts for the effect of radiation from the fins.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the aluminum fins is given to be k = 237 W/mC.
Analysis Noting that the cross-sectional areas of the fins are constant, the efficiency of the square cross-
section fins can be determined to be

1 -
2
2
2
m 99 . 12
m) 002 . 0 )( C W/m. 237 (
m) 002 . 0 C)( . W/m 20 ( 4 4
=


= = =
ka
ha
kA
hp
a
c

919 . 0
m 04 . 0 m 99 . 12
) m 04 . 0 m 99 . 12 tanh( tanh
1 -
-1
fin
=


= = q
aL
aL

The finned and unfinned surface areas, and heat transfer rates from these
areas are

W 0048 . 0 36
C ) 25 85 )( m 000004 . 0 0.03 )( C . W/m 20 ( ) (
W 35328 . 0
C ) 25 85 )( m 0.00032 )( C . W/m 20 ( 919 . 0
) (
m 000004 . 0 0.03
m) m)(0.002 002 . 0 ( m) m)(0.20 15 . 0 (
m 0.00032 m) m)(0.04 002 . 0 ( 4
fin
2
fin
2
unfinned unfinned
fin
2
fin
2
fin fin max fin, fin finned
2
fin
fin unfinned
2
fin fin fin
n
n T T hA Q
n
n
T T hA Q Q
n
n A
n n A
b
b
=
= =
=
=
q = q =
=
=
= =



Then the total heat transfer from the finned plate becomes
W 0048 . 0 36 35328 . 0
fin fin unfinned finned fin total,
n n Q Q Q + = + =


The rate of heat transfer if there were no fin attached to the plate would be

W 36 C ) 25 85 )( m 03 . 0 )( C . W/m 20 ( ) (
m 03 . 0 ) m 20 . 0 )( m 15 . 0 (
2 2
fin no fin no
2
fin no
= = =
= =

T T hA Q
A
b


The number of fins can be determined from the overall fin effectiveness equation
207 =
+
= = c
fin
fin fin
fin no
fin
fin
36
0048 . 0 36 35328 . 0
3 n
n n
Q
Q





4 cm
2 mm 2 mm
T
b
= 85C
T

= 25C
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-129
3-175
"!PROBLEM 3-175"

"GIVEN"
A_surface=0.15*0.20 "[m^2]"
T_b=85 "[C]"
k=237 "[W/m-C]"
side=0.002 "[m]"
L=0.04 "[m]"
T_infinity=25 "[C]"
h=20 "[W/m^2-C]"
"epsilon_fin=3 parameter to be varied"

"ANALYSIS"
A_c=side^2
p=4*side
a=sqrt((h*p)/(k*A_c))
eta_fin=tanh(a*L)/(a*L)
A_fin=n_fin*4*side*L
A_unfinned=A_surface-n_fin*side^2
Q_dot_finned=eta_fin*h*A_fin*(T_b-T_infinity)
Q_dot_unfinned=h*A_unfinned*(T_b-T_infinity)
Q_dot_total_fin=Q_dot_finned+Q_dot_unfinned
Q_dot_nofin=h*A_surface*(T_b-T_infinity)
epsilon_fin=Q_dot_total_fin/Q_dot_nofin




c
fin
n
fin

1.5 51.72
1.75 77.59
2 103.4
2.25 129.3
2.5 155.2
2.75 181
3 206.9
3.25 232.8
3.5 258.6
3.75 284.5
4 310.3
4.25 336.2
4.5 362.1
4.75 387.9
5 413.8




Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-130

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
c
fin
n
f
i
n

Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-131
3-176 A spherical tank containing iced water is buried underground. The rate of heat transfer to the tank is
to be determined for the insulated and uninsulated ground surface cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer is two-dimensional (no change in the axial
direction). 3 Thermal conductivity of the concrete is constant. 4 The tank surface is assumed to be at the
same temperature as the iced water because of negligible resistance through the steel.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the concrete is given to be k = 0.55 W/mC.
Analysis The shape factor for this configuration is given in Table 3-5 to be
m 30 . 10
m 4 . 2
m 4 . 1
25 . 0 1
) m 4 . 1 ( 2
25 . 0 1
2
=

t
=

t
=
z
D
D
S
Then the steady rate of heat transfer from the tank becomes
W 102 = = = C ) 0 18 )( C W/m. 55 . 0 )( m 30 . 10 ( ) (
2 1
T T Sk Q


If the ground surface is insulated,
m 68 . 7
m 4 . 2
m 4 . 1
25 . 0 1
) m 4 . 1 ( 2
25 . 0 1
2
=
+
t
=
+
t
=
z
D
D
S
W 76 = = = C ) 0 18 )( C W/m. 55 . 0 )( m 68 . 7 ( ) (
2 1
T T Sk Q


T
1
=18C
T
2
= 0C
z = 2.4 m

D = 1.4 m

Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-132
3-177 A cylindrical tank containing liquefied natural gas (LNG) is placed at the center of a square solid bar.
The rate of heat transfer to the tank and the LNG temperature at the end of a one-month period are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer is two-dimensional (no change in the axial
direction). 3 Thermal conductivity of the bar is constant. 4 The tank surface is at the same temperature as
the iced water.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the bar is given to be k = 0.0006 W/mC. The density and the
specific heat of LNG are given to be 425 kg/m
3
and 3.475 kJ/kgC, respectively,
Analysis The shape factor for this configuration is given
in Table 3-5 to be
m 92 . 12
m 6 . 0
m 4 . 1
08 . 1 ln
) m 9 . 1 ( 2
08 . 1
ln
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
|
.
|

\
|
t
=
D
w
L
S
Then the steady rate of heat transfer to the tank becomes
| | W 1.395 = = = C ) 160 ( 20 ) C W/m. 0006 . 0 )( m 92 . 12 ( ) (
2 1
T T Sk Q


The mass of LNG is
kg 07 . 48
6
m) 6 . 0 (
) kg/m 425 (
6
3
3
3
= t = t = =
D
V m
The amount heat transfer to the tank for a one-month period is
J 840 , 615 , 3 s) 3600 24 W)(30 395 . 1 ( = = A = t Q Q


Then the temperature of LNG at the end of the month becomes
| |
C -138.4 =
=
=
2
2
2 1
C ) 160 ( ) C J/kg. kg)(3475 (48.07 J 840 , 615 , 3
) (
T
T
T T mC Q
p






3-178 3-184 Design and Essay Problems







-160C
L = 1.9 m

D = 0.6 m

20C
1.4 m

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