NAGASAKI

Nagasaki is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the second half of the 16th century on the site of a small fishing village, formerly part of Nishisonogi District. It became a center of Portuguese and other European peoples' influence in the 16th through 19th centuries, and the Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki have been proposed for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War. Its name means "long cape". During World War II, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack.[1] Contents 1 History 1.1 Medieval and early modern eras 1.2 Modern era 1.3 World War II and atomic bombing 1.4 After the war 2 Geography and climate 3 Nagasaki in Western music and song 4 Schools 4.1 Universities 4.2 Junior colleges 5 Transportation 6 Tourism 6.1 Sights 6.2 Events 6.3 Foods and souvenirs 6.4 Shopping 7 International relations 7.1 Twin towns and sister cities 7.2 Within Japan 7.3 Outside Japan 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

History
Medieval and early modern eras

A small fishing village secluded by harbours, Nagasaki enjoyed little historical significance until contact with European explorers in 1543 among them, possibly, Ferno Mendes Pinto when a Portuguese ship landed nearby in Tanegashima. Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade freighters, thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and the rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China, with whom Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to a number of incidents involving Wokou piracy in the South China Sea, with the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two Asian countries. Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parts involved, the lack of a proper seaport in Kysh for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major problem for both merchants and the Kyushu daimyo (feudal lords) who expected to collect great advantages from these trade intercourse with the Portuguese. In the meantime, Navarrese Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier arrived in Kagoshima, South Kysh, in 1549, and soon initiated a thorough campaign of evangelizationthroughout Japan, but left for China in 1551 and died soon afterwards. His followers who remained behind converted a number of daimyo. The most notable among them was mura Sumitada, who derived great profit from his conversion to the "Kirishitan" religion through an accompanying deal to receive a portion of the trade from Portuguese ships. In 1569, mura gave permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was finally set in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristo Vaz de Veiga, with mura's personal assistance.[2]

A Japanese Nanban bybu detail depicting a Portuguese carrack arriving at Nagasaki, c. 1571

Kameyama Ware Jar With Nagasaki Dutch Trading Ship, 19th Century The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city, and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, textiles and a Portuguese sponge-cake called castellas) were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese recipe originally known aspeixinho-da-horta, and takes its name from the Portuguese word, 'tempero' another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods from China.

Due to the instability during the Sengoku period, Sumitada and Jesuit leader Alexandro Valignano conceived a plan to pass administrative control over to the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non-Catholic daimyo. Thus, for a brief period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan.[3] In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to unify the country arrived in Kysh. Concerned with the large Christian influence in southern Japan, as well as the active and what was perceived as the arrogant role the Jesuits were playing in the Japanese political arena, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries, and placed the city under his direct control. However, the expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population remained openly practicing Catholic. In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku, and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot [4] that the Spanish Franciscans were the vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of that year (i.e. the "Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan"). Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive.

Meganebashi (Spectacles Bridge) In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism was still tolerated. Many Catholic daimyo had been critical allies at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's offspring killed, though, the Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave. Most Catholic daimyo apostatized, and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau, Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kysh and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion. Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion, and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration, was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. While there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Domain had been a Christian han for several decades, and the rebels adopted many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons. Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word

"Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda. The Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy. The Portuguese, who had been previously living on a specially-constructed islandprison in Nagasaki harbour called Dejima, were expelled from the archipelago altogether, and the Dutch were moved from their base at Hirado into the trading island. In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of rangaku, or "Dutch Learning". During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto, the Nagasaki bugy, as its chief administrator.

ura Church built in 1864, a national treasure of Japan Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the Ryky Kingdom, Korea and Russia through Satsuma,Tsushima and Matsumae respectively. Nevertheless, Nagasaki was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic curiosities from the Western World.[5] In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars the Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the British demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing seppuku as a result. Laws were passed in the wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators Mushroom cloud from the atomic explosion over Nagasaki at 11:02 a.m, August 9, 1945 The Tjinyashiki or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various colourful Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined the roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai. It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese.[6]

Nagasaki Prefect Office, Meiji period

Nagasaki City Office, Taisho period Modern era

One legged Torii

Part of Urakami Cathedral that remained standing after the atomic bombing With the Meiji Restoration, Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became a free port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1, 1889. With Christianity legalized and the Kakure Kirishitan coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a center for Roman Catholicism in Japan. During the Meiji period, Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry. Its main industry was ship-building, with the dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby Sasebo Naval District. These connections with the military made Nagasaki a major target for bombing by the Allies in World War II. World War II and atomic bombing Main article: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki On August 9, 1945, Nagasaki was the target of the United States' second atomic bomb attack (and second detonation of a plutonium bomb; the first was tested in central New Mexico, USA) at 11:02 a.m., when the north of the city was destroyed and an estimated 70,000 people were killed by the bomb codenamed "Fat Man." According to statistics found within Nagasaki Peace Park, the death toll from the atomic bombing totalled 73,884, including 2,000 Korean forced workers[7] and eight POWs, as well as another 74,909 injured, and another several hundred thousand diseased and dying due to fallout and other illness caused by radiation. [8] This bomb was supposed to be more destructive than "Little Boy" but was dropped in a valley, and therefore did roughly the same amount of damage as Little Boy. After the war

The city was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. New temples were built, as well as new churches due to an increase in the presence of Christianity. [citation needed] Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a onelegged torii gate and an arch near ground zero. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum. Nagasaki remains first and foremost a port city, supporting a rich shipping industry and setting a strong example of perseverance and peace. On January 4, 2005 the towns of Ijima, Kyagi, Nomozaki, Sanwa, Sotome and Takashima, all from Nishisonogi District, were merged into Nagasaki. Geography and climate Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and Saikai, and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District. Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay which forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kysh. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on a small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles (10 km2). Nagasaki has the typical humid subtropical climate of Kysh and Honsh. Apart from Kanazawa and Shizuoka it is the wettest sizeable city in Japan and indeed all of temperate Eurasia, and in the summer the heat and humidity can be very unpleasant, with wet bulb temperatures sometimes reaching 26 C (79 F). In the winter, however, it is drier and sunnier than Got to the west, and temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kysh. Since records began in 1878 the wettest month has been July 1982 with 1,178 millimetres (46 in) including 555 millimetres (21.9 in) in a single day, whilst the driest month has been September 1967 with 1.8 millimetres (0.07 in).

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Michaito Ichimaru is professor of medicine at the Nagasaki University School of Medicine. As a witness to the bombardment in Nagasaki, he gives us an unusual and striking view of nuclear warfare. He writes about the Nagasaki bombing from the angle of a participant and has selected his details with utmost care to communicate the horrors he had witnessed. It was the month of August in 1945 when the writer was a first year student in Nagasaki Medical

School. It was August 9, when he set out for his School at the usual time of eight in the morning. Luckily, he had to come back because his train had been derailed in an accident. He returned to his hostel room. At 11 am he heard the sound of a B-29 passing overhead. After a while, the air flashed with a brilliant yellow light and there was a huge blast of wind. He got terrified and ran to save his life. He hid himself in a toilet with a fellow student. Every thing around them was shattered. He was hit in his shoulder by a piece of glass and was bleeding. When his senses restored, he saw the horrible destruction around him. All the walls had been changed in to a heap of bricks. The sky had turned black and the black rain started to fall. When the writer came to his senses, he tried to go to his medical School in Urakami. It was very close to the centre of attack. Here the rate of radiation was very high. He tried to go ahead but could not because the fire had broken out everywhere. He saw the people who were coming back from Urakami. Their condition was very bad. Their clothes were tattered, the skin hung with their bodies and their limbs were missing. They were terrified to death and looked with vacant eyes. They were still baffled and shocked. There were dead bodies lying around with white edges of bones showing through. Almost all living or dead were badly charred. The effect on the people was so tremendous that none of them survived. All the victims died in the coming few weeks. The humanity was helpless before the immense power of weapons. The war was won but the humanity lost. The politics came on front and civilization was dragged back. The butchered bodies of men cried for justice but there was no one to listen to this crying entity. The scene was horribly pathetic and severe. It looked like a slap on the face of so called champions of humanity and human rights. The writer managed to enter Urakami the next day. In Urakami the condition was heart-rending. Still too many students, doctors and patients were crying there for help. They were in a very bad condition and wanted water badly. Every one was severely wounded. The buildings had reduced to ashes, only their skeletons remained standing. Writer heard many voices in pain. He was unable to bear it.

Even now when he remembers them he shudders with horror, anguish and grief. Every thing around had been perished. The ladies were crying in their last moments. They all suffered from many diseases because their bodies had been melted from inside on account of tremendous effects of the radiations. The writer tried to help them but he could not save them from death. All his friends died in few weeks. Urakami was totally destroyed with its buildings, vegetations animals and men. There was nothing left except the debris, smoke and ashes. Mutilated human dead bodies were mocking at the ambition of barbaric human passions. It was the worst destruction caused by man on his fellow beings, and that only for some pieces of land. The man won but the humanity lost, leaving a trial of chaos and darkness behind it. Urakami became the graveyard of man and humanity alike. The healthy people had to come forward to help the survivors. The writer himself took part in these activities. He brought many of his friends to the survivor camps. The condition of these survivors was pitiable. They cried in pain. They were desperately trying to live but were helpless before the tremendous power of nuclear weapons. So many people died, even a larger number got disabled. The healthy people helped to rehabilitate these survivors with full devotion. One of the writer''s jobs was to contact the families of missing people. The schools, where they established the camps for survivors, presented a

hellish picture. There were deaths, groans, shrieks and a terrible stench. Writer remembered it as inferno. A large number of People died. It became difficult to dispose of their dead bodies. So they burnt these bodies in piles of wood. Writer could clearly see the bowels moving in the fire Dr. Michaito Ichimaru recalls this nightmare to shake us from our slumber. It is not the whole account of this event but is only a glimpse of it. He narrates it truthfully so that we can see the future of the present world in this perspective. At the end of the essay he says that the souls of his friends will never rest in peace if mankind does not renounce the nuclear weapons and their Source: http://www.shvoong.com/books/1619540-nagasaki-august-1945/#ixzz1liiLG9FI
What are the names of the planes that dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? The names of the planes that dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki are Enola Gay and Bockscar. On August 6, 1945, at 9:15 AM Tokyo time, a B-29 plane, the "Enola Gay" piloted by Paul W. Tibbets, dropped a uranium atomic bomb, code named "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, Japan's seventh largest city. In minutes, half of the city vanished. According to U.S. estimates, 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or missing, 140,000 were injuried many more were made homeless as a result of the bomb. Deadly radiation reached over 100,000. In the blast, thousands died instantly. The city was unbelievably devastated. Of its 90,000 buildings, over 60,000 were demolished. That plane was named Enola gay. It was a b29 bomber. Paul Tibbets was the pilot and the commander of the plane. On August 6, 1945, at 9:15 AM Tokyo time, a B-29 plane, the "Enola Gay" piloted by Paul W. Tibbets, dropped a uranium atomic bomb, code named "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, Japan's seventh largest city. The hydrogen bomb was not developed until the 1950's, long after the end of World War II. The two fission-type atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan during World War II were each dropped by two different B-29 bomber. The first atomic bomb, named "Little Boy," was dropped on Hiroshima, by the Enola Gay. The second atomic bomb, named "Fat Man," was dropped on Nagasaki, by Bockscar. The plane was a B29 Superfortress. Its name is Enola Gay. It was flown by Colonel Paul Tibbets. The bomber squadron that released the bomb was the 393rd Heavy Bomber Squad. I have added another link for you below. Enola Gay. It's on display in the Smithsonian at Dulles Airport. Enola Gay is the name of the U.S. Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb, "Little Boy," on Hiroshima, on August 6, 1945. Bockscar is the name of the U. S. Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped the the atomic bomb, "Fat Man," on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The name, which is painted on the aircraft is a pun on "boxcar," after the name of the aircraft's commander, Captain Frederick C. Bock. For this mission, however, it was Major Charles Sweeney who flew Bockscar. Some official and unofficial documents have mistakenly called the plane Bock's Car, Bocks Car and Boxcar over the years.

See Sources and related links for additional information and a photo of Bockscar. On August 6, 1945, at 9:15 AM Tokyo time, a B-29 plane, the "Enola Gay" piloted by Paul W. Tibbets, dropped a uranium atomic bomb, code named "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, Japan's seventh largest city. In minutes, half of the city vanished. According to U.S. estimates, 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or missing, 140,000 were injuried many more were made homeless as a result of the bomb. Deadly radiation reached over 100,000. In the blast, thousands died instantly. The city was unbelievably devastated. Of its 90,000 buildings, over 60,000 were demolished. Another bomb was assembled at Tinian Island on August 6. On August 8, Field Order No.17 issued from the 20th Air Force Headquarters on Guam called for its use the following day on either Kokura, the primary target, or Nagasaki, the secondary target. Three days after Hiroshima, the B-29 bomber, "Bockscar" piloted by Sweeney, reached the sky over Kokura on the morning of August 9 but abandoned the primary target because of smoke cover and changed course for Nagasaki. Nagasaki was an industrialized city with a natural harbor in Western Kuushu, Japan. At 11:02 a.m., this bomb, known as the "Fat Man" bomb, exploded over the north factory district at 1,800 feet above the city to achieve maximum blast effect. Buildings collapsed. Electrical systems were shorted. A wave of secondary fires resulted, adding to their holocaust. Flash burns from primary heat waves caused most of the casualties to inhabitants. Others were burned when their homes burst into flame. Flying debris caused many injuries. A fire storm of winds followed the blast at Hiroshima as air was drawn back to the center of the burning area. Trees were uprooted. The bomb took the lives of 42,000 persons and injured 40,000 more. It destroyed 39 percent of all the buildings standing in Nagasaki. According to U.S. estimates, 40,000 people were killed or never found as a result of the second bomb.

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