HEALTH III Greatest contributions of modern science: - Conquest of communicable diseases - promulgation of human life Louis Pasteur - he created

the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax, invented pasteurization, Father of Bacteriology Edward Jenner - the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, Father of Immunology Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Discoverer of germs invented the microscope, Father of Microbiology" Robert Koch - famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) Jonas Salk - Discovered vaccine for paralytic poliomyelitis Albert Sabin -developed an oral polio vaccine Alexander Fleming - discovered penicillin for antibiotic therapy William Roentgen - produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays William Harvey - first to describe correctly and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart. Marie Curie - She discovered radium and polonium Gerhard Hansen - identified bacterium Mycobacterium leprae as the causative agent of leprosy Modern concepts of Disease - disease exists whenever there is an impairment of the normal state of organisms that affect the performance of vital Functions .It is the detectable reaction of the individual, the human host to a parasite Factors that cause disease Host (man) A. HOST Obligate Host where the microbiological agent has been established in man and only in man for its survival. Ex. Virus of measles Principal host man is the reservoir of infection. Ex. Salmonella infection Occasional host animals are the principal reservoir; man is an unimportant Agent Environment reservoir. Ex. Rabies Six essential factors in the development of the infection process A. CAUSATIVE AGENT capable of producing infection in the host 1. Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. Pathogens bacteria that can cause disease Toxins waste that poisons the body Classification of bacteria according to cell cluster formation: a. Diplococci - two cocci cells paired b. Staphylococci - a number of cells clustered together c. Streptococci - a number of cells arranged in a chain d. Sarcina a number of cells in cubes consisting of eight cells Classification of bacteria accdg to to their shape: Cocci (round shape) - common diseases produced are tonsillitis, septic sore throat, pimples, pneumonia Bacilli (rod-shape) - diphtheria, cholera, el tor, leprosy, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, dysentery Spirilla (spiral-shape) - syphilis and tropical ulcer 2. 3. 4. 5. Fungi - are organisms that feed on animal or plant tissues. Ex. Ringworm,athelete s foot, tinea flava Rickettsiae - are small bacteria that can be produced only within living cells. Protozoans - are one-celled organisms which live on or in other organisms. Viruses - made up of genetic materials surrounded by a protein shell. - they are responsible for more diseases than any other type of pathogens Man -is recognized as the most important reservoir and source of infection at the same time. Mode of Escape: -Gastrointestinal tract -Urinary tract

-Respiratory tract

-Skin

-Mechanical escape like sucking of insects

Common Communicable Diseases: 1. Common Colds most common communicable diseases in the world. 2. Influenza is a highly contagious disease 3. Pneumonia- disease of the lungs caused by pneumococcus and other bacteria. Untreated cold or influenza may develop into pneumonia. 4. Tuberculosis - is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs, but may spread to other organ

5. Hepatitis inflammation of the liver caused by a virus. a. Hepatitis A - is caused by eating food and drinking water. Highly infectious and the most common form of Hepatitis b. Hepatitis B - is potentially a more serious form of viral liver infection which may result in cancer c. Hepatitis C frequently lead to chronic liver disease. Can be identified with a blood test. d. Hepatitis D - it is spread through contact with infected blood, dirty needles, and unprotected sex.A person can only get hepatitis D he is already infected with hepatitis B. e. Hepatitis E - causes swelling of the liver, but no long-term damage. It can also be spread through oral-anal contact. 6. HIV infection and AIDS AIDS (acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is an immune deficient state caused by HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) Non-communicable diseases: 1. Cancer - is any disease characterized by body cells that grow abnormally and tend to spread throughout the body. Tumor a mass of unnecessary cells Types of tumor: a. benign non-cancerous tumor b. malignant cancerous tumor Metastasis - means that cancer cells are carried by the circulatory and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Prevention and treatment: a. Mechanical irritation - hot pipe stems or cigars on the lip or tight-fitting clothes on a wart or mole can promote cancer b. Chemical irritation - tars of cigarette, certain dyes c. Radiation damage Treatments for Cancer: a. Surgery type of treatment applied if the tumor is still at an early stage and has not yet metastasized b. Chemotherapy - is a treatment where medicine is used to kill cancerous cells. It can be given in tablet form or as an injection into a vein c. Radiation is the use of high energy rays to destroy the cancer cells d. Immunotherapy- is a treatment that uses the body's own immune system to help fight cancer Types of Cancer: 1. Skin cancer the most commonly reported cancer 2. Lung cancer - is the leading cause of cancer for Filipino men 3. Liver cancer - is the eight most common cancers in the world. Chronic hepatitis B causes cirrhosis of the liver which is a major risk factor of liver cancer. 4. Cervical cancer - This type of cancer is common among women from age 30 to 55 5. Colon cancer - occurs when abnormal cells develop in the large intestine 6. Thyroid cancer - it is the most common cancer for women at age 15 to 24 7. Breast cancer- the leading sites of cancer among women. The risk is greatest for women who never had children. 8. ovarian cancer as the 5th most common cancer among women. It is considered a "silent killer" 2. Cardiovascular diseases disease of the heart and blood vessels. a. High Blood Pressure (hypertension) - is a chronic condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated b. Heart attack (myocardial infarction) - occurs when blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies c. Aneurysm - is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. d. Stroke - is the rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain e. Atherosclerosis hardening of arteries, a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of plaque. Medicinal plants and the corresponding disease they treat: Balimbing for fever Garlic and guava toothache Eucalyptus and Oregano Cough Guava diarrhea Tsaang Gubat - headache Endoscopy - is a procedure that lets your doctor look inside your body. Kinds of endoscopy: Arthroscopy: joints Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: large intestine Bronchoscopy: lungs Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy: urinary system Laparoscopy: abdomen or pelvis Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: esophagus and stomach

ARTS III is an expression in rhythmic movement of an intensified sense of life. - came from the German word Danson which means to stretch or to drag Kinds of Latin-American dances: 1. Samba considered sinful by the Europeans as they involved touching of navels. It is a circle dance with steps like the Charleston done to clapping and percussion, and with a solo couple performing in the center of the circle. 2. Rumba emphasis is on the movement of the body rather than the feet. It evolved in Havana in the 19th century by combination with contraganza. 3. Paso Doble means two step . Based on a bull fight 4. Cha cha cha derived from the rhythm of the giro (scraper) and the shuffling of the dancers feet.Currently danced at about 120 beats per minute. It is danced with minimal upper torso movement. 5. Jive was probably derived from jev meaning to talk disparagingly . Similar to the war dance of Seminole - it is danced at a speed of 176 beats per minute Ballet - comes from the latin word ballare (to dance) and the Italian word ballet , the diminutive of ballo (dance) - is a technique and style of dancing strictly based on a well codified theatrical school of dance. Ballet Comique de la Reine (1581) was considered the first ballet Michel Fokine Father of Modern Ballet European Ballet - is an expression of the love for fine things Types of Ballet: a. Modern Ballet is a dance production of contemporary content but utilizing classical ballet technique and style. b. Opera Ballet is a dance within the context of an opera which may elucidate an idea or symbol, advance a plot, set a place in a vision or a festivity, or present a straight-forward divertissement. c. Folkloric Ballet is a manner of theatrical presentation that utilizes the stories, themes, motifs, and styles found in the arts and culture of the ordinary people or folk. Leonor Orosa-goquingco folkloric ballet pioneer of the Philippines Masks - are indispensable accessories in many primitive cultures in the world. It is a form of disguise. - It is any device, which wholly or partially conceals the face. Mask-making - is a traditional art which can communicate the culture of a people. Masque is a band of masked person of the same sex who are accompanied by torchbearers arrives at a social gathering to dance with guest. Shape, color, material, form, and ornamentation of the mask have specials meanings Colors may symbolize death, spirit, evil, or good fortune Materials - beads, tuft, wood, grasses, bones, feathers, shells, stones, and seeds. Are believed to increase the power of the mask or to oppose an evil spirit. African mask are important to Africans because they are believed that the mask possess some magical power/energy that represent the spirits of their ancestors Lizard is a symbol of alertness and protection against evil spirits Fish - symbol of peace and fertility Types of African masks: Kanaga mask - represents harmony between the people, the earth and the sky Goli mask - used in dances during harvest festivals, in processions to honor distinguished visitors and at the funerals of important figures. Ramu mask - is used in ceremonial dances Yohure masks - are used in dance rituals to help villagers come to terms with the death of one of their people Sowo mask used during a young girl's initiation period Bwa mask Mvondo mask used to celebrate boys initiation to adulthood Dan mask Senufo mask - used to educate young men in the traditions and responsibilities necessary for their coming of age Biombo mask and Lulua mask - are usually worn during circumcision rites Dance

Bwoom mask - symbolically speaks for the common man cowrie shells - indicate wealth and royal status. pattern of scars - considered marks of beauty in a Baule woman. Colors: Red represents courage, bravery, uprightness and loyalty Black

represents an impartial and selfless personality

Yellow - signifies fierceness, ambition and cool-headedness Blue - represents fierce and astute character Purple represents upright and cool-headed character Green represents impulsive and violent character White represents treacherous and suspicious character Gold and silver - usually used for gods and spirits Theater the art of Staging a play or drama Drama it is a reflection of many phases of life. Believed to have its origin in the art of dance. Ancient Greece Birthplace of Western drama Amphitheater in ancient Greece was built on a hallowed out area of a hillside in a semi-circular form Aboriginal myth involves the community gathered in the open under the sky. Nature provides the backdrop and Scenery. The actions are interdisciplinary. Christian theater focused on the actor. The community becomes the listener. The performances are moved indoors on a stage raised above the people under artificial lights. Thalia (laughing face) - the Muse of comedy Melpomene (weeping face) - the Muse of tragedy Three Famous Greek Dramatists: a. Aristophanes - known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy b. Sophocles - is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived c. Euripides one of the Ancient Greek tragedians Genres of Ancient drama: a. Comedies - are designed to be humorous, are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters b. Tragedy- often involves death and is designed to cause the reader or viewer to feel sadness Renaissance drama an unwritten impromptu drama William Shakespeare known as the greatest English playwright Shakesperean Drama Wrote to be acted, not read. The drama were written to be played, not printed Bertolt Brecht an influential German dramatist who pioneered Contemporary post modernism in theater